How to identify an object in a sentence. Members of the sentence: addition, definition, circumstance

Applications are usually considered as a type of definition.

Secondary members are directly or indirectly related to the grammatical basis, that is, from the grammatical basis you can ask a question to a minor member, from this minor member to another, etc.

The frightened face of a young girl peeked out from behind the trees.(Turgenev).

Grammar basis - face peeked out. From the subject you can ask questions to two words: face(which?) scared; face(whose?) girls. From definition girls you can ask a question about one word girls(Which?) young. Predicate looked out associated with a noun with a preposition: looked out(where?) from behind the trees.

Thus, one sentence includes all words that are somehow related to the grammatical basis. This is especially important when placing punctuation marks in complex sentence. Commas (less often other symbols) separate parts of a complex sentence from each other. Therefore, to check punctuation marks, you need to clearly understand where these boundaries are.

In the evening, while we were silently waiting for Asya, I was finally convinced of the need for separation.(Turgenev).

To correctly place punctuation marks in this sentence, you need to:
a) highlight grammatical basics;
b) establish which words are associated with these stems.

There are two grammatical bases in this sentence:

1 - I'm convinced; 2 - we expected.

This means the proposal is complex.

The words associated with the first grammatical stem are: convinced(How?) finally; convinced(in what?) in need; convinced(When?) In the evening; in need(what?) separation. Therefore, the first sentence will look like: In the evening I was finally convinced of the need for separation.

The words associated with the second grammatical basis are: expected(whom?) Asya; expected(How?) silently. Bye is a temporary union in subordinate clause. Therefore, the second sentence will look like: while we silently waited for Asya, and it is located inside the main clause.

So, punctuation marks in a complex sentence should be arranged as follows:
In the evening, while we were silently waiting for Asya, I was finally convinced of the need for separation.

But for the correct placement of punctuation marks, it is necessary not only to identify all the minor members of the sentence, but also to determine their specific type (definition, addition, circumstance), since each of minor members has its own rules of separation. Consequently, incorrect parsing of minor terms can lead to errors in punctuation.

Each of the minor members has its own system of questions.

Definition answers which questions? whose?
Red dress; cheerful boy.
Addition answers questions about indirect cases.
I saw a friend.
Circumstances answer questions with adverbs: Where? When? How? Why? etc.
They waited in silence.

Pay attention!

Several different questions can sometimes be asked of the same minor member. This happens especially often if the secondary member is expressed by a noun or a noun pronoun. You can always ask them a morphological question of the indirect case. But not always a noun or pronoun will be an object. The syntax issue may be different.

For example, in combination girl's face You can ask a morphological question to a noun in the genitive case: face(whom?) girls. But noun girls in a sentence will be a definition, not an addition, because the syntactic question will be different: face(whose?) girls.

Subject- this is the main member of a two-part sentence, denoting the bearer of a sign (action, state, characteristic), called the predicate. The subject can be expressed nominative case name, pronoun, infinitive.

Answers the question who? What. Factory works. I I'm doing. Someone sings. Seven 1st is not expected. Smoking harmful.

Predicate- this is the main member of a two-part sentence, denoting a feature (action, state, property) attributed to the carrier, which is expressed by the subject. The predicate is expressed by the conjugated form of the verb, infinitive, noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, adverb, phrase. Answers the questions: what is he doing (did, will do)? Which. He reads. Live - means to fight. Sister doctor. Son tall. Weather warm. She warmer. than yesterday. This book yours. This lesson third. Study Interesting. Studies plays a big role. Daughter becomes an adult And wants to be a doctor.

Definition- this is a minor member of the sentence, answering the questions what? whose? which? Definitions are divided into:

Agreed Definitions. They agree with the defined member in the form (case, number and gender in singular), are expressed by adjectives, participles, ordinal numbers, pronouns: Large trees grow near paternal house. IN our no class lagging behind students. He decides this task second hour.

Inconsistent definitions. Does not agree with the defined member in the form. Expressed by nouns in indirect cases, comparative degree of adjectives, adverbs, infinitive: The leaves rustled birch trees. He liked the evenings at grandma's house. Choose fabric more fun with a picture. They gave me eggs for breakfast soft-boiled. They were united by desire see you .

Application– this is a definition (usually agreed upon) expressed by a noun (one or with dependent words): city- hero. students- Uzbeks; We met Arkhip- blacksmith. She, darling. I almost died of fear. The doctor appeared small man. Applications expressed by nicknames, conventional names, placed in quotation marks or attached using words by name are not consistent in form with the word being defined. by last name. In the newspaper “Komsomolskaya Pravda” interesting report. He reads about Richard Lionheart. I went hunting with a husky nicknamed Red.

Addition– this is a minor member of the sentence, answering questions of indirect cases (whom? what? to whom? to what? what? by whom? what? about whom? about what?). Expressed by nouns, pronouns in indirect cases or noun phrases: Father developed he has an interest in sports. Mother sent brothers and sisters for bread.

Circumstance- this is a minor member of a sentence, expressing a characteristic of an action, state, property and answering the questions how? how? Where? Where? where? Why? For what? etc. Expressed by adverbs, nouns in indirect cases, participles, infinitives, phraseological units: It's loud in the distance the woodpecker knocked. The song sounds everything is quieter. She spoke smiling. He left from Moscow to Kyiv. Can't work carelessly.

Homogeneous members of the sentence- these are the main or minor members of the sentence, performing the same syntactic function (i.e. being the same members of the sentence: subjects, predicates, definitions, additions, circumstances), answering the same question and pronounced with the intonation of enumeration: All the road neither he nor I didn't talk. We sang and danced. Cheerful, joyful, happy laughter filled the room. Tell about ambushes, about battles, about campaigns. She long, confused, but joyfully shook his hand. Homogeneous definitions must be distinguished from heterogeneous ones, which characterize an object from different sides: in this case, there is no intonation of enumeration and it is impossible to insert coordinating conjunctions: Buried in the ground round hewn oak column.

Introductory words and sentences- words and sentences that are equivalent to a word, occupying an independent position in a sentence, expressing different aspects of the speaker’s attitude to the subject of speech: certainly, probably, apparently, of course, or rather, more precisely, roughly speaking, in one word, for example, by the way, imagine, I think, as they say, it would seem, if I’m not mistaken, you can imagine, etc.

Plug-in structures– words, phrases and sentences containing additional comments, clarifications, amendments and clarifications; Unlike introductory words and sentences, they do not contain an indication of the source of the message and the speaker’s attitude towards it. Sentences are usually highlighted with parentheses or dashes: On a hot summer morning (this was at the beginning of July) we went for berries. Soldiers – there were three of them - They ate without paying attention to me. I didn't understand (now I understand). how cruel I was to her.

Secondary members of a sentence are one of the most difficult topics in the Russian language. On the other hand, everything obeys simple rules, which are very easy to understand. What are definitions, additions and circumstances in Russian, how to find them in a sentence and under what conditions are they separated by commas? Let's find out.

A little theory

The complement answers questions of indirect cases (all except the nominative) and refers to the subject. Most often expressed by a noun, a phraseological phrase, a combination of a numeral with a noun, an infinitive (looked ( to whom?) on the person who entered; gave ( to whom?) to him; I bought ( What?) three books). Additions can be direct or indirect. In the first case, they are expressed as part of speech in the genitive case without a preposition (didn’t read (who, what?) books) or a noun expressing a part of the whole in the same case (I’ll drink ( what?) tea). All other additions are indirect.

The definition denotes the attribute of an object and answers the questions “which?”, “whose?” It can be any part of speech, the main thing is descriptive functions. Concordant occurs (combines with the word being defined in gender, number and case (handle ( which?) blue, forest ( Which?) green)) and inconsistent (connected with the main word in meaning or grammatically (cap ( which?) askew, in the house ( which one?) made of wood)).

The circumstance in Russian is the largest secondary member of a sentence. It answers adverb questions and can denote a place (went ( Where?) home), time (meet you ( When?) tomorrow), course of action (say ( how?) loudly), etc. (all the same characteristics as the adverb).

In parsing

The Russian language is amazing: addition, definition, circumstance are not only minor members that explain the main ones, but also help to perform syntactic analysis. If there is a circumstance in a sentence, but there is no predicate that it explains, we can safely talk about an incomplete two-part sentence (I ( Where?) home - the verb “I go”/“went” is missing, and therefore incomplete). The addition and definition, in turn, explain the subject, therefore a sentence in which there is no predicate, but there are these minor members, can also be denominative ( "Early Morning").

But here it is important to remember that an adjective definition, standing after a noun, automatically turns into a predicate, i.e. a sentence "Golden Autumn" will be a common noun, and "Golden Autumn"- two-part.

Separate with commas

But let's return to the isolation of such members as additions and circumstances. The Russian language is designed in such a way that they are rarely separated by commas from the main sentence. Moreover, we can say that additions are almost never highlighted.
In turn, the Russian language includes separate circumstances. In total, there are three cases when this part of the sentence is separated by commas:

Firstly, if it is expressed by an adverbial phrase ( "After traveling two hundred kilometers, we understood everything") or single gerundial participle ( "After eating, the boy went on his way"). But here it is important to distinguish the usual participle from the participle, which is more reminiscent of an adverb of manner of action ( "He read while lying down"), because in this case there will be no separation.
Secondly, if the construction “despite” (this is something like an IPP assignment) can be replaced by the preposition “despite”, it is not an adverbial phrase ( "Despite all the difficulties, we got there").
Thirdly, if there are comparative phrases with the words “as”, “as if”, “as if”, also similar to adverbs of manner of action ( "The clouds, like cotton wool, floated low above the ground").

The following circumstance is not highlighted in Russian:

If it is expressed by a phraseological unit that can be replaced by an adverb ( "Ran at breakneck speed", i.e. very quickly).
In the case of participial phrases - if they are homogeneous members of a sentence with a non-isolated circumstance ( “He told everything frankly and without any embarrassment.”). Here everything depends on the meaning: if it is important how the action was performed, i.e. it is impossible to separate the predicate from the circumstance without breaking the logical connection, then no separation is required ( "She sat with her head down").

Conclusion

Isolated addition, definition and circumstance in the Russian language are not at all complicated, but very useful and, admittedly, a frequently encountered topic. Understanding the rules will allow you to easily complete tasks of any complexity related to highlighting minor parts of sentences with commas.

RULE Definition is a minor member of a sentence that denotes a sign, quality, property of an object and answers the questions what? which? Circumstances answer the questions of adverbs: where? When? How? Why? This article will consider such members of the sentence as definition, addition and circumstance.

An object can refer to verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, for example: They believed (what?) in these scribbles (these doodles are an object). The addition that denotes the object to which the action is directly directed is called direct.

He saw (who?) me and froze (me - addition). By meaning, circumstances are traditionally divided into circumstances of place, time, cause, purpose, condition, concession, manner and degree of action. The predicate is the main member of a two-part sentence, denoting a characteristic (action, state, property) related to the carrier, which is expressed by the subject. Agreed definitions.

Does not agree with the defined member in the form. Expressed by nouns in indirect cases, comparative degrees of adjectives, adverbs, infinitives: The birch leaves rustled. We sang and danced. Sentences are usually highlighted with parentheses or dashes: On a hot summer morning (it was in early July) we went for berries.

Usually we say: a circumstance with the meaning of an addition. If the question is asked from a noun (except for verbal ones), the word form cannot be an adverbial adverbial, but it is possible to confuse the definition and the complement.

Direct and indirect objects

In the village - only a definition. It cannot be a complement, it is not the object of the action and does not explain another subject. If the name for this village was chosen beautifully, then “For the village” will simultaneously define the word “name” and be the object of the action. This means an addition with the meaning of a definition. A complement is an object to which an action extends, it “ADDITIONS”, extends the action (attribute) and is usually expressed in a case form.

Also: The road went uphill (direction, circumstance). It is also interesting to compare: the book of this author (whose, definition) and the author of this book (what, addition). Addition in syntax Russian language- the second member of a sentence, embodied by a noun or pronominal noun. Where? Where?, etc.) the dotted-dot definition in the syntax of the Russian language is emphasized - the second member of the sentence, denoting a symptom of the subject.

Addition and circumstance

The subject is the subject (person, creature, phenomenon referred to in the sentence, that is, the subject is the main thing character sentences.) The subject is usually underlined with one line. A definition denotes an attribute of an object, that is, we make a question of definition from a noun. For comparison, the object most often receives a question from a verb, and a definition from a noun.

If this word is a noun, then we have a definition. From the definition of a girl, you can ask a question to one word of a girl (what?) young. Thus, one sentence includes all words that are somehow related to the grammatical basis. This is especially important when placing punctuation marks in a complex sentence. To correctly place punctuation marks in this sentence, you need to: a) highlight the grammatical basics; b) establish which words are associated with these stems.

Therefore, the first sentence will look like: In the evening I was finally convinced of the need for separation. The words associated with the second grammatical basis are: expected (whom?) Asya; waited (how?) in silence. While is a temporary conjunction in a subordinate clause. So, punctuation marks in a complex sentence should be placed as follows: In the evening, while we were silently waiting for Asya, I was finally convinced of the need for separation.

Each of the minor members has its own system of questions. The addition answers questions about indirect cases. Several different questions can sometimes be asked of the same minor member. This happens especially often if the secondary member is expressed by a noun or a noun pronoun.

But not always a noun or pronoun will be an object. For example, in combining the face of a girl with a noun in the genitive case, you can ask a morphological question: the face of (who?) a girl. But the girl’s noun in the sentence will be a definition, not an addition, because the syntactic question will be different: the face (whose?) of the girl.

Predicate questions What to do? Subject questions Who? What? parts of speech noun in I.p. places in I.p. numbers I.p. n. f. g. (infinitive) indivisible phrase. Sometimes an object denotes the subject of an action or state.

Additions expressing the object of action are used with verbs, as well as with nouns formed from them: deliver goods - delivery of goods; work on an article - work on an article. The direct object can also be expressed by a noun in the genitive case without a preposition.

How to distinguish an addition from a definition?

Unlike the app inconsistent definition, expressed by a noun, always expresses the attribute of an object by indicating its relationship with another object. They answer questions where? Where? where? They answer the question under what condition? Due to their bookish nature, the conditions are rarely used. Do they answer questions no matter what? in spite of what? and denote phenomena that interfere with or do not correspond to the actions or states reported in the grammatical basis of the sentence.

Chapter 25. Syntax. Secondary members of the sentence

Sentences with circumstances of concession speak of phenomena that are observed contrary to the circumstances: Contrary to the prediction of my companion, the weather cleared up and promised us a quiet morning... 2) nouns in the indirect case: On holidays we slept until ten o'clock...

Therefore, this is a circumstance. In this case, two questions can be asked from the predicate verb to the object: the question of the indirect case and the question of the infinitive. If the question is asked from a verb, then this is an object. RULE A circumstance is a minor member of a sentence that explains under what circumstances an action is performed, or indicates the method, measure, degree of manifestation of an action or attribute. A circumstance is a minor member of a sentence that expresses a characteristic of an action, state, property and answers the questions how? how?

When individual words are combined into sentences, they become members of the sentence, and each one has its own. Syntax studies how words are used to create coherent text. Definition, circumstance, addition - these are the names of the words participating in the sentence, which are combined into a group of minor members.

"Lords and Servants"

If there are minor members in a sentence, then there are also major ones. These are subject words and predicate words. Every sentence has at least one of the main members. More often, syntactic constructions consist of both a subject and a predicate. They represent the grammatical basis of a sentence. And what do the secondary ones do (definition, circumstance, addition)? Their task is to complement, clarify, explain the main members or each other.

How to distinguish secondary members from the main ones in a sentence?

First, let's remember that the main members of a sentence contain basic information about an object, person, action, state. In the sentence “It recently rained (predicate) (subject),” the basis is the phrase “it rained,” which contains the main meaning of the statement.

The secondary members (definition, circumstance, addition) do not contain statements about objects, persons, states and actions; they only clarify those statements contained in the main members. “It rained (when?) recently.”

Secondly, you can recognize the main points by the questions that are asked about them. The subject will always answer the question “who?” or “what?” The predicate in the sentence will answer the question “what does it do?”, “who is it?”, “what is it?”, “what is it?”. The members of the sentence, which are called secondary, also have their own, unique to them, questions. Let's talk about them in more detail.

Questions of definition, additions, circumstances

A definition is what linguists call a member of a sentence that describes a characteristic, quality of an object or person. “Which, which, whose?” - questions asked for the definition.
An addition is that secondary member that contains the name of a person or object, but not the one that performs or experiences the action, but the one that has become the object for the action. Questions (this does not include the nominative) are questions of addition (circumstances and definitions never answer them).
A circumstance is a minor member that denotes a sign of an action or other feature in a sentence. “Where, from where and where, when, how, why and why?” - these are the questions that can be asked about the circumstance.

We examined the issues of definition, addition, circumstances. Now let's find out what parts of speech each of these minor members can be expressed.

Definition characteristics, examples

From the questions asked about the definition, it is clear that adjectives and participles act as this member of the sentence.

“I heard (what?) a growing noise.” The participle “increasing” is the adjective here.
“I’m already taking (what?) the third exam.” The ordinal number “third” plays the role of a definition.
“Katya was wrapped in (whose?) mother’s jacket.” The adjective “mother’s” is a definition.

During syntactic parsing, this part of the sentence is emphasized with a wavy line.

Specific circumstances

The groups of words that can express a circumstance are huge, and therefore this member of the sentence has several types - place and time, purpose and reason, comparison and mode of action, conditions, and concessions.

Circumstances of the place

They characterize the direction and place of action. They are asked the questions “where, where and where”?

“Man has not yet visited (where?) Mars.” The circumstance in this case is expressed by a preposition and a noun in the prepositional case: “on Mars.”

Circumstances of the time

They characterize the time period in which the action takes place. They are asked questions “from when, until what time, when?”

“We haven’t seen each other (since when?) since last winter.” The circumstance is expressed by a phrase of an adjective and a noun, which is in the genitive case and has the preposition: “since last winter.”
“I’ll be back (when?) the day after tomorrow.” The adverb “the day after tomorrow” is used as a circumstance.
“We need to cross the border (by what time?) before evening.” The circumstance of time is expressed by the noun in birth. case with the preposition: “until the evening.”

Circumstances of the goal

They explain why the action is being performed. “Why, for what purpose?” - his questions.

“Raisa Petrovna went to the sea (why?) to swim.” The circumstance is expressed here by the infinitive “to bathe.”
“Sergei came to the set (for what?) to audition.” The circumstance became a noun that resides in and has a preposition: “for testing.”
“Masha cut up the rug (why?) to spite the governess.” The circumstance is expressed by the adverb “out of spite.”

Circumstance of the reason

It characterizes the reason for the action. “On what basis, why and wherefore?” - questions about this

“Artem was absent from the rehearsal (on what grounds?) due to illness.” The circumstance is expressed by a noun in gender. n. with the preposition: “due to illness.”
“I said stupid things to her (why?) in the heat of the moment.” Circumstances expressed by the adverb “rashly”.
“Alice opened the doors, (why?) Taking pity on the traveler.” The adverbial phrase “taking pity on the traveler” is used as a circumstance.

Circumstances of the course of action

They describe exactly how, in what way it is performed, to what extent this action is expressed. His questions are also appropriate.

“The master worked (how?) easily and beautifully.” The adverbs “easy” and “beautiful” are adverbs.
“The dress was (to what extent?) quite old.” The circumstance is expressed here by the adverb “absolutely”.
“The boys were running (how fast?) headlong.” The circumstance is expressed by phraseological units.

Circumstances of comparison

We also ask the question “how?” to them, but they express a comparative characteristic.

“The locomotive, (like who?) like an animal, flickered with its headlights.” Obst. expressed by a noun with the conjunction: “like a beast.”

Circumstances of conditions and assignments

The first shows under what conditions an action can be performed, and the second describes what it occurs against.

“He will remember everything (under what condition?) if he sees Victoria.” The adverbial combination is “conjunction, verb, noun”: “if he sees Victoria.”
“The club will not cancel the competition, (despite what?) despite the rain.” Obst. expressed by the adverbial phrase: “despite the rain.”

When parsing, this term is underlined with a dot-dotted line.

This is the definition and the circumstance. Objects can be expressed by nouns or pronouns.

Examples of add-ons

“The sun illuminated (what?) the clearing.” The object is expressed by a noun in wine. p.
“Marina suddenly saw (who?) him.” The object is a pronoun in the accusative case.
“The children were left without (what?) toys.” A gendered noun is used as an object. p.
“We recognized (who?) Martha by her gait.” The object is a gendered noun. p.
“Irina rejoiced at (what?) the sea like a child.” As an object - a noun in the dative case.
“Alexey gave (to whom?) me the manuscript” (expressed by a pronoun in the dative case).
“Last summer I became interested in (what?) drawing” (noun in the instrumental case).
“Ivan became (who?) a programmer” (noun in creative case).
“The child talked with enthusiasm about (what?) space” (noun in preposition).
"Don't tell him about (who?) her." As an addition, a pronoun in the prepositional case is used.

When parsing, this minor member is emphasized with dotted lines.

Place and role of minor members of the sentence

Secondary members can clarify and explain the main ones in different configurations. Example: “The mother’s gaze warmed (who?) the baby, (how?), like the sun, (what?) affectionate and hot.” The scheme of this sentence is as follows: definition, subject, predicate, object, circumstance, definition.

But here is a sentence in which only the predicate is present as the basis: “Let’s spend (what?) the year (what?) gone (how?) with a song.” Sentence scheme: compound predicate, complement, definition, circumstance.

We can be convinced that these terms are secondary only grammatically, but not in content. Sometimes the meaning contained in a definition, circumstance, or addition is more important than the information conveyed by the predicates and subjects.