Types of plant fruits. Fruits: classification of fruits and features of their structure. What are the types of juicy fruits?

Fruit (lat. fructus) is a flower modified as a result of double fertilization. It is formed from one flower, intended for the reproduction of angiosperms, and also serves for the formation, preservation and distribution of the seeds contained in it. Many fruits are valuable food products, raw materials for the production of dyes, medicines, etc. The science that studies fruits is called carpology, and its branch that studies the distribution of fruits and seeds is called carpoecology. In pharmacology, fruits are any types of fruits, their fragments, as well as infructescences.

Structure

The fruit is formed mainly from the ovary, but various parts of the flower (calyx, perianth and stamens) can take part in its formation. Seeds are formed from ovules. The wall (the so-called pericarp) is formed from the wall of the ovary. The pericarp consists of three layers: the outer - exocarp or epicarp, the middle - mesocarp and the inner - endocarp, all of them are clearly distinguishable. For example, consider the cherry fruit. It has an outer layer (exocarp) - thin, leathery, a middle layer (mesocarp) - edible juicy pulp, and an inner layer (endocarp) - a seed surrounded by a hard bone made of petrified tissue. There are fruits in which the layers of the pericarp are difficult to distinguish, even during anatomical examination, this is explained by compression and deformation of the cells during fruit ripening.

Development

The fruit develops after fertilization, but in some angiosperms the development of the seed embryo occurs in the absence of fertilization, i.e. by apomixis. The morphological basis of the fruit is the gynoecium, primarily the ovary. Other parts of the flower (calyx, perianth, stamens) most often dry out, and sometimes the ovary also participates in the formation of the fruit, transforming into juicy or woody, sometimes membranous fragments.

The ovary undergoes the greatest changes, in which increased cell division occurs, which leads to an increase in its size and proliferation of the walls. After pollination, the plant changes the direction of movement of nutritional compounds towards the developing fruits. For example, in herbaceous plants, almost all synthesized organic substances go to the development of seeds and fruits, while other plant tissues are depleted. After growth stops, the fruit begins to ripen, while chlorophyll and tannins decompose, and pigments accumulate in the vacuoles, which determine the color characteristic of this species. The walls contain various substances: sugar, some vitamins, proteins, starch, fatty oils, etc.

A mature fetus is characterized by a set of characteristics unique to it. The fruit contains a seed or seeds that are attached to the pericarp or are freely located in the cavity of the fruit, or are tightly covered with a fleshy wall. Seeds ensure the distribution of the plant species in nature, although by weight the seeds belong to a smaller proportion of the fruit. After ripening, nutrients stop flowing into it, it no longer grows, and over time, the tissues undergo destruction and rotting, releasing the seeds. Seedless fruits are also found.

Depending on the species, the fruits have different shapes: spherical, pear-shaped, cylindrical, spiral, lens-shaped, wing-shaped, etc. The surface of the fruit can be rough, smooth, prickly, warty, etc. Dimensions vary from 1mm to 1m.

Classification

According to the classification, fruits are divided into real or true, formed from an overgrown ovary, and false, in the formation of which other parts of the flower also take part.

Among true fruits, there are simple ones, formed exclusively from the pistil, and composite, complex ones, formed from a multi-membered apocarpous gynoecium (rose hips, strawberries, strawberries, raspberries, etc.). Simple fruits are divided according to the consistency of the pericarp into juicy (with a juicy pericarp) and dry (with a dry pericarp).

Dry ones include:

- boll-shaped or polyspermous (poppy, datura, tulip, bean), nut-shaped or single-seeded (walnut, hazel, hazelnut), grains (cereals), lionfish (maple), acorns (oak), achenes (sunflower).

FETUS
Meaning:

FRUIT, -a, m.

1. The part of a plant that develops from the ovary of a flower and contains seeds. Single-seeded, multi-seeded p. Succulent ~s(fruits, berries). Dry ~s(beans, pods, nuts, acorns). Ripe, unripe n. Edible ~s.

2. The human (animal) body in the womb (female). Development ~a.

3. trans. , what. Origin, result of something. The fruits of reflection. P. many years of work. P. negligence.

| adj. ~new, -th, -oe (to 1 value) and ~ny, -th, -oe (to 2 meanings; special). Fruit crops, plants. Fruit vegetables(tomatoes, cucumbers). Orchard, nursery. Membrane(surrounding ~).

S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language

Meaning:

1. m.

a) The part of a plant that develops from a flower (usually the ovary) as a result of pollination and contains seeds.

b) The edible part of plants used for food.

2) transfer Result, result of some kind. activities, smb. actions, efforts.

2. m.

1) The human or mammalian body during the uterine period of development.

2) outdated Child, baby.

Modern explanatory dictionary ed. "Great Soviet Encyclopedia"

FETUS

Meaning:

in botany, an organ of angiosperms, formed from a flower and serving to form, protect and distribute the seeds contained in it. It usually develops after fertilization (with the exception of so-called parthenocarpic fruits). The outer part of the fruit is represented by the pericarp. Dry fruits - leaflet, bean, pod, box, nut, achene, grain, etc., juicy - berry, apple, pumpkin, drupe, etc. Many fruits are valuable food products, raw materials for the production of medicinal, dyeing substances, etc. .---the embryo of mammals (except oviparous) during the period of intrauterine development after the formation of the main organs and systems. In humans, the embryo is from the end. 2nd month before birth.

Small Academic Dictionary of the Russian Language

fetus

Meaning:

A, m.

A plant organ that develops from the ovary of a flower and contains seeds.

The arrowhead has already given its first fruits - green cones covered on all sides with soft needles. Paustovsky, In the depths of Russia,

The juicy edible part of some plants (fruits, berries).

In the beautiful Novoselsky orchard, all the fruits are ripe, including large pears. Fet, Early years of my life.

I worked together with everyone; helped put apples on matting, in piles, and removed fruits from the branches. Shefner, Clouds over the road.

The embryo in humans and mammals.

Animal fetal development.

3. trans.; what.

Result, generation of something.

I read the fruits of my dreams and harmonious ideas only to the old nanny, the friend of my youth. Pushkin, Evgeny Onegin.

This supreme simplicity is the fruit of tireless writing, a tremendous creative effort. Kataev, Chekhov.

FRUIT synonyms

Dictionary of Russian synonyms

fetus

Synonyms:

grain, fruit, vegetable, berry; offspring, offspring, offspring, child, fiend, child, brainchild, cub, chick, product, outcome, result, consequence, result; cherry plum, tsedrate, pomona, embryo, orange, germ, papaya, testis, drupe, leaflet, willow carp, mirabalan, polydrupe, persimmon, polynut, grain, pod, capsule, achene, pumpkin, infructescence, multileaf, child, coenobium

Dictionary of Russian synonyms 4

fetus

Synonyms:

Origin, etymology:

genus. p. -a, dial. fruit "female fruit", resin. (Dobrovolsky), Ukrainian. plid, gen. p. fruit, other Russian, Old Slav. fruit καρπός (Supr.), fruitful, infertile. "barren woman", Bulgarian fruit, Serbohorv. fruit, genus n. fruit, Slovenian. plọd, plȏda, plodȗ, Czech., Slavic. plod, Polish pɫód, gen. n. rodu, v.-luzh. pɫód, n.-luzh. birth

Star. stem on -u, connected by alternating vowels with *pled- in tribe; see Meilleux, RS 6, 132; MSL 20, 99. Along with this, there is I.-E. *plot- in Irish. loth "foal", according to Pedersen (Kelt. Gr. 1, 135, 186), Persson (668); otherwise Petersson, Zur slav. Wortf. 23 et seq.

An organ like only angiosperms have fruit(flowering) plants. It is formed at the site of the flower if pollination of the flower and subsequent fertilization of the egg located in the ovule have occurred. The seed develops from the ovule, and the ovary of the pistil turns into the pericarp. However, other parts of the flower can also participate in the formation of the pericarp. A fruit is a pericarp containing seeds.

In temperate climates, plant fruits usually ripen in summer and autumn.

The fruit is the organ of seed dispersal and protection. Since seeds can spread in various ways, there are a huge variety of fruit varieties. But still, plant fruits are classified, combining them into various groups.

So plant fruits are divided into dry and juicy. In juicy fruits, the pericarp contains juicy pulp. But dry fruits do not have it.

The juicy fruits are usually spread by animals that eat them. At the same time, the juicy pericarp is digested in the digestive tract, and the seeds leave the body with excrement. This is beneficial for plants. This way, their seeds are carried far enough away from the parent plant and do not compete with it for resources, and also receive fertilizer.

Dry fruits are often adapted for dispersal by wind and self-dispersal. However, they can also be spread by animals. This happens with plants whose fruit is a nut. For example, hazel nuts are often carried throughout the forest by squirrels and other rodents that stock up for the winter. Animals forget about some of their reserves, and the seeds can germinate.

The most common juicy fruits are berries and drupes.

U berries The juicy pulp is covered on the outside with skin. Inside the pericarp there are many small seeds. Berries include currants, gooseberries, blueberries, and tomatoes.

U drupes there is also juicy pulp covered with a thin skin. However, there is only one seed inside, and it is enclosed in a hard inner layer of pericarp called a stone. Drupes include the fruits of cherries, plums, and apricots.

The most common dried plant fruits are the caryopsis, bean, pod, achene and capsule.

U grains very thin pericarp. It looks like a film and grows together with the seed. There is only one seed in a fruit.

Beans consist of two valves, which open at ripe fruits. In this case, the dry bean leaves curl and when they crack, the seeds fly out of them with little force. The seeds of the bean are attached to the inner sides of the valves. Legumes include the fruits of plants such as peas and beans, as well as a plant called beans.

Pods consist of two valves and look like beans. However, they have a septum inside the fruit. It is to this that the seeds are attached. The pods include the fruits of cabbage, radishes, and radishes.

Achenes are fruits containing only one seed. At the same time, their dry pericarp does not fuse with the seed. It is located quite freely inside the pericarp. The most famous plant that has an achene fruit is the sunflower (seeds).

Boxes contain numerous seeds. These fruits have holes through which ripe seeds spill out when the wind blows the plants. The fruit-box is observed in poppy and tulip.

• FETUS, A ( fruit outdated), pl. y, m. 1. The part of a plant that develops from a flower (mainly from the ovary) as a result of pollination and contains seeds (bot.). Single-seeded, multi-seeded fruits. 2. The juicy edible part of certain plants (fruits, berries, etc.). Eat fruits and vegetables. On every tree a ruddy, lush fruit burns. Nekrasov. Delicious dishes, golden fruits, desserts are shining in piles. Baratynsky. 3. Child embryo in humans and mammals (biol.). Fetal development. Know p.(see expel). From him came all the torment, from him was the poisoned fruit. A. N. Tolstoy. 4. trans. Product, result, consequence, generation of something, some. activities. The careless fruit of my amusements, insomnia, and light inspirations. Pushkin. Intelligence! where are the fruits of your labors? Nekrasov. These are the fruits worthy of evil! Fonvizin. My poems are the fruit of an unhappy life. Nekrasov. The ignorant also blindly scolds science and learning and all scientific works, not feeling that he is tasting their fruits. Krylov. The root of teaching is bitter, its fruit is sweet. Saying. P. long-term labor. P. misunderstandings. The secret fruit of unhappy love(child). Pushkin. ◊

  Forbidden fruit(book) - sth. tempting, attractive, desirable, but inaccessible or prohibited[according to the biblical legend about the fruits of paradise, which God forbade Adam and Eve to eat]. The forbidden fruit is sweet. Proverb. O people! You all look like the ancestor Eve... give you the forbidden fruit, and without it heaven will not be heaven for you. Pushkin.

Fetus- a reproductive organ of flowering plants that performs the functions of formation, protection and distribution of seeds. The fruit is formed as a result of the changes that occur in the flower after fertilization. The genica takes part in the formation of the fruit in most plants, but in many plants, especially those that have an inferior ovary, other parts of the flower, in particular the receptacle and pedicel, also take part in the formation of the fruit. Fruits formed only from the ovary are called true, if other elements of the flower participate in the formation of the fruit - false, and from several ovaries - combined.

The diversity of fruits is determined by three groups of characteristics:

The structure of the pericarp;

By way of opening or disintegrating;

Features associated with distribution.

Pericarp It is an overgrown and often highly modified wall of the ovary, which, together with other parts of the flower, forms part of the fruit. The pericarp has an outer layer - exocarp, internal - endocarp and average - mesocarp. These parts are not always clearly distinguishable. All three zones differ most clearly in drupe type fruits (Fig. 16).

Rice. 16. Structure of the fetus.

There is no uniform classification of fruits. There are both morphogenetic classifications of fruits, which to one degree or another reflect their evolutionary development, and morphological ones. The modern morphogenetic classification of fruits is based on the structural features of the gynoecium. Depending on the type of gynoecium, apocarpy (monocarpy) and coenocarpy (syncarpy, paracarpy and lysicarpy), pseudomonocarpy are distinguished. Each of these types combines a large number of fruits of the same evolutionary and morphological level.

Apocarpies- the most evolutionarily archaic fruits. They are formed from flowers with a superior ovary, which have an apocarpous gynoecium. Each individual simple pistil freely located on the peduncle in a mature fruit corresponds to a free fruit.

Among the apocarpies, there are succulent (polydrupe, succulent multileaf), dry indehiscent (multifoliate) and dry dehiscent (multifoliate). Multiple leaves are characteristic of many ranunculaceae and peonies; Polydrupe - for Rosaceae of the genus Rubus; juicy multileaf - for lemongrass. Strawberries are a special type of juicy multi-nut with an overgrown receptacle, characteristic of strawberries and wild strawberries.

Monocarpy also formed from flowers with a superior ovary, but having a monocarpous gynoecium. Genetically they are related to apocarps and are the result of the reduction of all carpels except one. The most typical fruits among this group are the following types: bean (for most representatives of legumes); dry druped almonds (almonds); succulent monodrupe (rosaceae).

Coenocarpous fruits are formed from flowers with an upper or lower ovary, having a complex pistil and a coenocarpous gynoecium. If a coenocarpous fruit is formed from one ovary, then it is called unilocular, and if it is formed from two or more ovaries, it is called multilocular. Dry multilocular coenocarpous fruits can be dehiscent or indehiscent. They are capable of disintegrating longitudinally (fractional fruits - schizocarps) or transversely (segmented fruits). Cenocarpous fruits are the most numerous and morphologically most diverse group of fruits. This group includes fruits such as berries, apples, pumpkins, coenocarpous drupes, bolls, pods, and coenocarpous leaflets.

This classification of fruits is quite difficult to use when identifying plants, since it does not have clear criteria for distinguishing gynoecium. The morphological characteristics of the fetus make it possible to fairly accurately diagnose its type, which is why the morphological classification of fruits is used in educational literature. This classification is based on the following characteristics: the consistency of the pericarp (dry or juicy fruits), the number of seeds (dehiscent or indehiscent fruits), the number of carpels, which may also indicate the method of distribution of fruits and seeds (Fig. 17).

Rice. 17. Types of plant fruits.

The table “Morphological characteristics of fruits” describes the most common types of fruits.

Table. Inflorescences (Bavtuto G.A. Workshop on the anatomy and morphology of plants: Textbook / G.A. Bavtuto, L.M. Erey. - Mn.: New knowledge, 2002. - 464 p.: ill. P. 410-416 )

Fruit type	Main features	Examples
Juicy fruits Berry	The fruit is coenocarpous, multi-seeded with a juicy, indehiscent pericarp. The seeds are immersed in the pulp of the pericarp. Their outer dense layer is formed as a result of sclerification of the integuments of the ovule. Some plants have only one seed. (barberry).	Grapes, gooseberries, currants, tomatoes, blueberries, potatoes, cranberries. Cowberry
Apple	The fruit is syncarpous, lower, juicy multi-seeded with a thin leathery exocarp. In addition to the ovary, the formation of the fruit involves the receptacle, the lower parts of the stamens, petals, and sepals. The seeds, surrounded by cartilaginous endocarp tissue, are located in nests. The fleshy mesocarp is formed from the overgrown modified hypanthium tissue.	Apple, pear, rowan, quince
Pumpkin	The fruit is paracarpous. Succulent polyspermous with a hard (woody) exocarp and fleshy growing placentas. It develops from the lower ovary, formed by three carpels.	Watermelon, melon, cucumber. Pumpkin
Pomeranian (Hesperidium)	The fruit is coenocarpous, juicy, multi-seeded. The exocarp is dense, leathery, colored, with many essential oil glands. The mesocarp is white spongy. The endocarp is thin, leathery (its overgrown hairs constitute the edible part of the fruit)	Species of the genus Citrus: lemon, orange, tangerine
Pomegranate	The fruit is coenocarpous. Develops from the inferior ovary. has a dry, leathery, very dense pericarp, opening in irregular cracks. The nests of the fruit are densely filled with large seeds with a bright red, very juicy peel (the edible part of the fruit). During the development of the fetus, due to the growth of the receptacle, the carpels of the outer circle move upward and appear above the carpels of the inner circle. As a result, the geniece becomes two-tiered, and in its lower circle the placentation is central-angular, and in the upper circle it is parietal. The pomegranate fruit in longitudinal section is two-tiered and four-lobed	Common pomegranate
Juicy monodrupe	The fruit is juicy. The layers of the pericarp are sharply differentiated into a thin leathery exocarp, a succulent mesocarp and a lignified endocarp that encloses the seed and forms the stone.	Cherry, sweet cherry, apricot, peach, viburnum, dogwood, buckthorn, elderberry
Dry monodrupe	Unilocular coenocarpous fruit with leathery or fibrous mesocarp	Almond, walnut, coconut palm
polydrupe	The fruit is juicy, apocarpous. Consists of two or numerous drupes. The mesocarp of each such fruit is juicy, and the endocarp is hard and sclerified. The fruit is coenocarpous	Raspberries, blackberries, drupes, cloudberries. Bearberry, ginseng, cordifolia
Dry unopened fruits Nut	The fruit is dry, single-seeded, indehiscent, pseudomonocarpous. The pericarp is strongly sclerified, woody, and bears one, sometimes two, seeds. It can be quite large, or relatively small. Sometimes it is winged (lionfish).	Hazel, hornbeam. Buckwheat, alder, hops. Birch, rhubarb, elm, alder
Polynut	The fruit consists of numerous free nuts, apocarpous	Types of buttercup, adonis, cinquefoil
Immersed polynut	Each nut is located in the recess of the disc-shaped spongy overgrown receptacle	Nut and yellow lotuses
Tsinarodiy	Polynut; the fruits are located inside the jug-shaped succulent hypanthium	Species of the genus Rosa (rose hips)
Strawberry, or frag	Polynut; fruitlets are located on a fleshy, overgrown receptacle	Species of the genus Fragaria (strawberry, strawberry)
Acorn	The fruit is dry, single-seeded, syncarpous. Formed from a flower with an inferior ovary. The pericarp is hard, leathery, partially or completely enclosed in the plus. Which is formed from the fused axes and bracts of a reduced inflorescence (an oak has only one acorn in its plus, a beech has 2-3)	Beech family (oak, beech, chestnut)
Achene	The fruit is dry, single-seeded, coenocarpous, with a relatively thin leathery pericarp, easily separated from the seed; often - with appendages (modified integument of a flower or bracts), with flakes	Family Asteraceae (annual sunflower, dandelion, meadow cornflower, etc.)
Caryopsis	The fruit is dry, single-seeded, pseudomonocarp, with a thin pericarp, tightly pressed to the seed and fused with it. In rye and wheat it falls naked, in oats, millet, barley and wild cereals - along with the flower scales. Such grains are sometimes equipped with: - tufts of hairs; - feathery awns and other appendages that facilitate the spread of fruits	Cereal family (rye, wheat, oats, timothy, millet, etc.) Reed grass, reed feather grass
Dry dehiscent fruits One-sheet	The fruit is dry, multi-seeded. Formed from a single carpel. It opens along the seam (monocarp). The seeds are located along the seam, less often - over the entire surface of the carpel (in the umbellate suede)	High larkspur, field larkspur
Juicy one-sheet	The pericarp becomes juicy when ripe. Thanks to their red color and juicy consistency, the leaflets resemble a berry, but the seam of a single carpel can be easily guessed from the longitudinal groove on their surface. The succulent tissue of the pericarp is poorly developed. The bulk of the fruit consists of seeds. They are arranged in two dense rows and fill the entire fetal cavity.	Voronets spicata
Juicy multileaf	The fruit usually does not open. In Schisandra, by the time the fruit ripens, the conical receptacle, seated with free pistils, becomes very elongated. As a result, a semblance of a twig is formed on which red juicy fruits - leaflets - sit. The Kadsura fruit is a head (several cm in diameter) formed by crowded fruitlets sitting on an expanded fleshy axis.	Schisandra chinensis Kadsura Subtropical family Annonaceae
Bean	The fruit is dry, multi-seeded. Develops from a single carpel. It opens with two doors, i.e. along the ventral suture and dorsal fold (monocarp). The fruits are morphologically extremely diverse - sometimes even within the same genus.	Legume family (peas, common beans, alfalfa, forest peas, fence peas, etc.)
Unopenable bob	When ripe, it falls off without opening. Contains up to five seeds, usually 1-2 seeds with constrictions, slightly swollen. The pericarp is dirty-fawn, with a pitted-mesh surface, leathery, dense, but fragile. Geocarpic: fruits ripen in the soil.	Astragalus licorice, peanut (groundnut)
Bob jointed	When ripe, it breaks down along false transverse partitions into closed single-seeded compartments.	Variegated Elm, Loosestrife, Seradella sativa
Bean juicy unopened	The fruits are similar in shape to dry beans (characterized by poor development of juicy tissues): - - flat, large (20-45 cm in length and up to 3 cm in width); the endocarp is slightly fleshy and sweetish; exocarp dense, leathery; remain on the tree for a long time after ripening; drying out, they become brittle, brittle, and are freed from seeds; - very peculiar, clearly shaped, fleshy, slightly wrinkled; individual single-seeded areas resemble raisins in appearance. (In Sophora, the entire pericarp becomes fleshy.) During storage, the fruit breaks up into segments.	Honey locust Sophora japonica
Single-seeded bean	The fruit is apocarpous, quite common in legumes: -dehiscent: Indehiscent (nut-shaped beans)	Types of clover (meadow, red, mountain, arable, alpine) Alfalfa, white and medicinal clover, licorice
Pod	The fetus is formed by two carpels, with a membranous septum between the placentas. Its length is approximately 3 times its width. It is opened with two doors along longitudinal-circular cracks in the wall. Coenocarp (pericarp) is dry, polyspermous. The seeds remain on the placenta surrounding the septum.	The cruciferous family (coltsa, tall grass, smooth tower, grey-headed left-wing)
Pod	The fruit is a shortened pod. Its length is approximately equal to its width.	Perennial moonflower, shepherd's purse, field grass, alyssum
Pod segmented	When the fruit ripens (like segmented beans), it splits along the transverse false partitions into closed single-seeded segments	Wild radish, perennial turnip
Box	The fruit is dry, dehiscent, coenocarpous: - single-seeded capsule, develops from the upper ovary: - multi-seeded capsule, develops from the upper and lower ovaries: a) unilocular, with wall placentation b) unilocular, with central placentation: c) two- and multilocular:	Families of Solanaceae, Noricaceae, Liliaceae, Violet, Campanulaceae, Poppy, Plantain, Cloveaceae, etc. Beetroot Families of Violet, Campanaceae Family of Cloveaceae Family of Solanaceae, Lilyaceae, Noricaceae
Fractional fruits Vislopordnik	The fruit is two-seeded, fractional. When ripe, it splits into two mericarps hanging on the so-called carpophora.	Most Umbelliferae (curly parsley, caraway seeds, poisonous vekh, parsnips, sativum, carrots)
Cenobius	Develops from the coenocarpous upper bilocular gynoecium. In the early stages, partitions appear in the nests; By the time of pollination, the ovary is divided into four nests, each of which contains one ovule. The mature fruit consists of four lobes, one of which corresponds to half of the carpel. Such hemimericarps are called erems.	The borage family (comfrey, comfrey, borage, lungwort, forget-me-not, etc.). The Lamiaceae family (creeping tenacious, ivy-shaped budra, common blackhead, common pikulnik, white jasmine, etc.).