Lesson on the theme "Prophet Muhammad". Lesson summary on the topic “Prophet Muhammad and the emergence of Islam” - ork, lessons Main trends in Islam

(Jesus) has a very high status among the prophets in the Quran. Unlike other prophets who, by the will of Allah, performed a miracle, Isa himself was a miracle, since he was born from an immaculate conception. The Almighty describes him and his mother Maryam in the Koran:

“We breathed into her through Our spirit (Jibril) and made her and her son (Isa) a sign for the worlds” (21:91).

At the same time, the Koran describes that Jesus was given signs, like other prophets: “We gave Jesus the son of Mary clear signs” (2:87).

Meal from heaven

The fifth chapter of the Koran, named after the miracle of Isa, tells how his followers asked him to ask the Almighty to send down a table of treats.

So the apostles said: “O Isa (Jesus), son of Maryam (Mary)! Can your Lord send us a meal from heaven? He said: "Fear Allah if you are believers." They said, “We want to taste it so that our hearts will be at peace, so that we will know that you have told us the truth, and so that we will be witnesses of it.” Isa (Jesus), the son of Maryam (Mary), said: “O Allah, our Lord! Send us a meal from heaven, which would be a holiday for all of us, from first to last, and a sign from You. Give us sustenance, for You are the Best of those who give sustenance” (5:112-14).

People asked for a meal that would be a holiday for them, also called the Eucharist, the Last Supper, the Lord's Supper. The Synoptic Gospels tell us that on the first day of unleavened bread, Jesus sent two disciples, Peter and John, into the city, that is, Jerusalem, to prepare the Passover (Passover meal), and they prepared it. In the evening, Jesus sat down with twelve disciples for a meal, during which He predicted the betrayal of one of them. At the Last Supper, Christ established the main sacrament of the Christian faith - the Eucharist, which translated from Greek means “thanksgiving.”

Talking baby

One of the miracles described in the Koran, but not described in the Bible, is that Isa spoke while still in the cradle to protect his mother Maryam from people who accused her of dishonor.

People attacked her with the most serious accusations. In response to this, Maryam only silently pointed to the baby. And then baby Isa spoke.

“He will speak to people in the cradle and to adults, and he will become one of the righteous” (3:46).
Isa told the people:

“Verily, I am a slave of Allah. He gave me the Scripture and made me a prophet. He made me blessed wherever I was and commanded me to perform prayer and give zakat as long as I live. He made me respectful to my mother and did not make me arrogant and unhappy. Peace be with me on the day I was born, on the day I die, and on the day I am raised to life” (19:30-3).

An animated bird

The Koran speaks of a miracle granted only to Isa, which is similar to how the Almighty himself created Adam. In the Qur'an, Isa says:

“I have brought you a sign from your Lord. I will create for you the likeness of a bird out of clay, I will blow on it, and it will become a bird by Allah’s permission” (3:49).

Healing the Blind and the Leper

Just like in the New Testament, the Koran speaks of Isa’s healing of the blind and sick.

“I will heal the blind (or blind from birth; or having weak eyesight) and the leper” (3:49).

Reviving the Dead

“And I will give life to the dead by Allah’s leave” (3:49).

Just like the creation of the bird by Isa, this miracle does not comply with the laws of nature. Thanks to this miracle, the Jews believed in the prophecy of Isa. This miracle is one of the most incredible.

Inventory knowledge

Isa was given the miracle of knowing what people ate and what they had in store for the future.

“I will tell you what you eat and what you store in your houses. Indeed, in this there is a sign for you, if only you are believers” (3:49).

Discovery of truth

Like other prophets, Jesus was given miracles to convince unbelievers of his righteousness, not to demonstrate his capabilities. The Koran says:

“Indeed, there is a sign for you, if you are believers” (3:49).

All these miracles were created only by the will of Allah, without whose desire they would never have happened. The Koran says:
"...by Allah's permission" (3:49).

“And those who disbelieved and rejected Our signs will be the inhabitants of Hell” (5:10).

Prophets are His beloved servants (people) chosen by Allah Almighty, who received revelations from Allah and taught people the true religion, i.e. God’s Laws (Shariah), sent down by Allah Almighty to the people through His messengers. And the messengers were sent by Allah to this or that people or all of humanity to bring to them the true religion, to convey to them His commands, i.e. guiding them along the path of truth. The messengers were also prophets.

Prophet - in Arabic “nabi” (plural – “anbiya’”).

Messenger - in Arabic “rasul” (plural – “mursalun” or “rusul”).
It is impossible to become a prophet through one’s own efforts, even trying in worship, for the Almighty Himself chooses prophets.
As evidence of the prophetic mission, Allah Almighty endows prophets with special abilities, not typical of other people, to perform miracles, called mu'jizat. For example, the staff of the prophet Musa (peace be upon him) turned into a snake, the prophet Isa (peace be upon him) could heal the sick and raise the dead, the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) split the moon, gave the army water flowing from his fingers, stones spoke to him. The greatest mujizat of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) is the Quran, for this miracle is not limited by time or space.
The first prophet was the first man - Adam (peace be upon him). He worshiped his Creator. But the descendants of Adam (peace be upon him) over time began to move away from the religion of Allah and distort it. To guide the sons of Adam on the path of truth, Allah sent messengers and prophets to them, and punished those who were zealous in their disobedience. After some time, people again forgot about the instructions conveyed to them through the prophets. And every time, when, succumbing to the suggestions of the devil and believing in the correctness of their worldview, people departed from the true religion, Allah, by His mercy, sent prophets to them to guide the lost to the right path.
Man distorted the true religion and moved away from it. He attributed to the Creator the properties of His creations, and attributed His syfat to the creations of Allah, brought religion into line with his own ideas about the universe, replacing the true knowledge received from Allah Almighty through His prophets with the knowledge of his limited intellect, corresponding to the level of public consciousness at this stage development of mankind, replaced the orders of the Almighty with invented norms and customs (adat), which led to the moral degradation of society.
Man, mired in pride and debauchery, gave the Creator such properties of His creations as plurality, gender, spatial and temporal dependence, perishability, etc. The ability of a person to overestimate his own mental and other abilities, the inability to objectively assess his real capabilities, the interpretation of the Books of Allah Almighty based on his own considerations and ideas - all this has always led and continues to lead him to false beliefs, movements or unbelief. Thus, where the true religion of Allah weakens, a “product” of limited intellect, human imagination and the suggestions of the devil appear.
To guide people on the path of truth, Allah sent 124 thousand prophets to humanity, including 313 messengers. Most Ulama believe that only Allah knows their number. Each of them confirmed the truth of the previous one and announced the next. All of them called for monotheism, observance of the commands and prohibitions of Allah Almighty, and there was complete continuity between them. One or more prophets were sent to each nation, each people, who were a kind of landmarks showing people the path of truth. They preached the truth in a form accessible to a given people at a given stage of development.
Prophets are the best, most valuable creations of Allah Almighty. Among the prophets, the most revered are the messengers, and among the messengers there are five: Muhammad (peace be upon him), Ibrahim, Musa, Isa and Nuh (peace be upon them). They are called “ulul-‘azmi”. Their significance corresponds to the given order of listing. Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) is the best creation of Allah Almighty, the most valuable of His creations.
After the prophets, the most highly revered are Jibril, Mikail, Israfil, ‘Israel and other archangels (highest angels). Then come the companions of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), that is, the ashabs, in the following order: Abu Bakr, 'Umar, 'Uthman, 'Ali - they are also called righteous caliphs, for they ruled righteously after the Prophet (peace be upon him).
Next come the other ashabs, who during their lifetime were also told the good news about the upcoming Paradise (there are only ten such ashabs, along with the four listed above): Talhat, Zubair, ‘Abdurrahman, Sa’adu, Sa’id, Abu ‘Ubaida. Then - the children and other members of the family of the Prophet (peace be upon him). Next come the participants in the ghazavat (holy war in the path of Allah) at Badr, at Uhud and the rest of the ashabs. Next come the Tabi'ins, then the imams, awliya', tariqat sheikhs, may Allah Almighty be pleased with them all. Among the believers who had true faith is the community (umma) of Muhammad (peace be upon him).
Belief in the truth of all the Holy Scriptures and prophets fosters religious tolerance and humanity towards followers of other faiths and beliefs and thereby guarantees a person freedom of thought. A clear confirmation of this is that Muslims name their sons after the names of previous prophets: Isa (Jesus), Musa (Moses), Ibrahim (Abraham), Yaqub (Jacob), Yahya (John the Baptist), Davud (David), Suleiman (Solomon), Yusuf ( Joseph) and others. The sacred verse from the Koran, which says that there is no coercion in religion, guarantees a person freedom of conscience.

New words: nabi, anbiya', rasul, mursalun, mu'jizat, tabi'in, awliya'.

Self-test questions:
1. Who are prophets and messengers?
2. How many prophets and messengers were there?
3. Which prophets are the most highly revered?
4. After the prophets, who are the most valuable creations of Allah?
5. How does Muslims demonstrate religious tolerance towards representatives of other faiths?

The Tabi'ins are the next generation of their followers after the Askhabs, i.e. Muslims who saw and heard the ashabs and followed them.

Awliya’ are holy people close to Allah.

Surah Al-Baqarah, verse 256.

Course "Fundamentals of Religious Cultures" Topic: Prophet Muhammad and the emergence of Islam Objectives: To know the main events in the life and work of the Prophet Muhammad. Lesson progress 1. Emotional mood for the lesson - Hello, guys! - Assalaam maleikum! - Please tell me why I greeted you like that today? - Sit down and discuss with your shoulder partner why today’s lesson began with such an unusual greeting? (1 min) - Many have already finished the discussion, I would like to know your opinion. (This is how Muslims greeted each other. We are studying the history of the religions of other peoples, now we will talk about Islam) - Absolutely right, guys. This is a greeting with wishes of peace and goodness - Assalam malikum! This is how Muslims all over the world greet each other, shake hands when they meet and wish peace and goodness. This greeting is determined by tradition and religion. Of course, you are right, today we are getting acquainted with the new religion of Islam. In previous lessons we became acquainted with the history of Christianity, the spiritual and moral values of Christian culture and, above all, Orthodox culture. 2. Checking homework - Let us repeat the topic of the previous lesson. Test, work in pairs. Check 1 Divine services are performed by A) Priests B) Church servants and parishioners B) Parishioners D) another answer 2 Church holidays include A) Christmas B) Easter B) Baptism D) All answers are correct 3 Banners with sacred images are called A) Banner B) Banners B) Flag D) Standard 4 Fasting is - A) Abstaining from food of animal origin B) Abstaining from food of plant origin C) Abstaining from food D) Abstaining from drinking 5 Special rituals are called A) secret B) sacraments B) hiddenness D) another answer 6 The baptism of a person in the Orthodox Church occurs with A) Fire B) Earth B) Wind D) Water 7 Confession is A) Repentance B) Communion B) Wedding D) Baptism 8 What do the bride and groom exchange during a wedding A) Wreaths B) Rings B) Families D) Nothing 9 Who created the sacrament of communion A) Priests B) Apostles B) Jesus Christ D) Another answer 10 The main church service is called A) Prayer B) Liturgy B) Procession D) All answers are correct 3. Work on topic - You and I know that every religion has its own founder. - Do you know very well who was the founder of Christianity? (Jesus Christ) - When we talk about Islam, we immediately remember the name Muhammad, which is translated as “glorified.” The life of one or another founder of a religion is reflected in the holy books and has important key events. - Today we will get acquainted with the initial pages of the Prophet Muhammad. - Guys, now I’m telling you a prophet, but who is a prophet? How do you understand the meaning of this word? I ask now, turn to your partner on the shoulder and discuss who the prophet is, numbers 1 and 3 begin. - Thank you, you have finished, these are your initial ideas... - Okay, now read in pairs who the prophet is from my judgments. - Let's summarize, so who is a prophet - a person who is considered a believing messenger of God and through him the text of the holy book of Muslims, the Koran, was transmitted. Prophets are people chosen by Allah who received revelations from Him and preached the true religion to people. The first prophet was the first man - Adam. For Muslims, the last prophet is Muhammad. Muhammad was born in Arabia, in the city of Mecca. Arabia is located on the Arabian Peninsula - the southwestern part of Asia. The peninsula is surrounded by the Persian Gulf to the east, the Red Sea to the west, and the Indian Ocean to the south. In the north are now the states of Iraq and Syria. Much of Arabia is covered with deserts, where the climate is dry and hot. - And now we will work with the contour map. I invite everyone to take a piece of paper and color the territory of Arabia. Think about what color we need to take (yellow or orange, since the territory is a desert). - I already told you in which city Muhammad was born, who remembers? In Mecca, that's right. Mark Mecca on your map and also, guys, mark the city with which you and I will get acquainted - Medina. Try to remember these city names. - Where is Arabia located, since it has a hot and dry climate, of course, in Africa. Put the outline maps aside and read about Arabia in the textbook on page 64, very interesting information about how they lived and what the inhabitants did. - And now I suggest that in the group, one by one, tell you what you learned from the material in the textbook. They start 1 number, I listen carefully to the rest

Subject: Prophet Muhammad

Lesson objectives:

- Reveal the Prophet Muhammad as a prominent religious figure, the founder and spreader of the Islamic religion and the caliphate, narrate the life of the prophet, identify the problems that arose along the way of the spread of Islam by Muhammad and his companions, using the example of the Prophet Muhammad to show boundless love and devotion to faith and neighbors;

Development of skills in systemic and analytical thinking, highlighting the main thing, establishing connections;

Formation of worldview, religious culture, moral qualities.

Equipment: map of the Middle East, images of the prophet Muhammad, the cities of Mecca and Medina, computer, interactive whiteboard.

Lesson type: combined

Methods : verbal, visual, interactive

Move

1.Organizational moment

2. Homework survey: test

3. Preparing to study new material

Teacher: Good afternoon guys! I would like to start today's lesson with the words of George Bernard Shaw, who we will talk about today.

George Bernard Shaw

“If a man like Muhammad were destined to single-handedly rule the present world, he would succeed in solving its problems, which in turn would bring this world the peace and happiness that it so lacks.”

(students' answers)

Teacher's opening remarks: The topic of our lesson today is “Prophet Muhammad”. We will study the lesson according to plan:

1. The Arabian Peninsula in the pre-Islamic period.

2. Birth of Muhammad

3. Muhammad's childhood

4. Marriage of Muhammad

5. Prophecy.

6. Islam after the death of Muhammad.

Your answers will be evaluated in the form of figures: pink - excellent, blue - good and yellow - satisfactory. For correct answers you will receive a figurine. So here we go.

Teacher's opening remarks:

At first In the 7th century AD, political and religious instability spread in the so-called heart of the Middle East on the Arabian Peninsula. Due to disagreements between the nomadic and settled Arab tribes, the once powerful state collapsed and lost its authority in the area. In the northern part of the island, the people professed Judaism and polytheism. This increasingly led to military clashes. At that time, the trade caravan route connecting Africa and Yemen, Palestine, Mesopotamia, passed through the Byzantine Empire and Sassanite Iran and, in addition, through the kingdoms of Himyarite and Aksum. The warlike Arab tribes that inhabited the Arabian Peninsula were at enmity with each other. Each tribe had its own pagan beliefs, gods, sanctuaries created in their honor.

Gods worshiped by the Arabians: the warrior god Hubal (patron of Mecca)

female deities - Manat, al-Uzza, al-Lat

Hanifism is a religious doctrine before the emergence of Islam.

Two students were given an advanced task about the birth, childhood and family of Muhammad. (video - “Muhammad (saw). Messenger of Allah.

2 students:

1 student: Two months before the birth of the Prophet, his father died, and after his birth, when he was 6 years old, his mother died. He was raised by his grandfather Abdumutalip until he was 8 years old, after which his uncle, the father of the fourth faithful caliph Ali, Abu Talib, took guardianship of him. Since childhood, he was faithful and truthful, so people called him Muhammadul - Amin (translated as faithful Muhammad). Religious myths say about the childhood of the prophet as follows: in those days there was a custom, so that the baby could breathe freely fresh air, they would give him up for a certain period of time to be raised by women in a suburban area. Such women came to the city and chose a child themselves to breastfeed. None of these women paid attention to Amin's son. And only one of them paid attention to the prophet. Her name was Halima. She lived very poorly. But after she took Muhammad to feed, everything went smoothly for her, the water in the well did not end, the earth was always covered with greenery. Already at three months the child began to walk, and at seven months he was already running, and when he was nine months old, he began to speak words that even adults were surprised at. When he was three years old, he was playing on the street, and two angels came to him and cleansed his heart of the sins that had accumulated since the time of Adam and Eve, and filled his heart with a ray of faith (iman). In childhood, an incident happened to Muhammad when a Nestorian monk named Bakhira predicted a great destiny for him. Abu Talib went with a caravan to Syria, and Muhammad, who was then still a boy, became attached to him. The caravan stopped in Busra, where the monk Bakhira, who was a Christian scientist, lived in a cell. Previously, when they passed by him, he did not speak to them or appear at all. It is said that the monk first saw Muhammad, above whom there was a cloud, covering him with its shadow and distinguishing him from the rest. Then he saw that the shadow of a cloud had fallen on a tree, and the branches of this tree were bending over Muhammad. After this, Bahira extended hospitality to the Quraish, surprising them with this. When he looked at Muhammad, he tried to see features and signs that would tell him that he really was a future prophet. He asked Muhammad about his dreams, appearance, deeds, and all this coincided with what Bahir knew from the description of the prophet. He also saw the seal of the prophecy between the shoulders in exactly the place where, according to his information, it should have been.

2nd student: Muhammad's first wife was named Hadisha. Islamic sources say that Muhammad married when he was 25 years old. His wife was the widow of a wealthy merchant and 15 years older. And in European sources of orientalists, taking into account the fact that Khadisha had 5 children from this marriage, they calculated that she was then 28 years old. One thing is clear that Khadisha from this marriage gave birth to four daughters and one son, whose name was Kasim. Following this, Muhammad was called Abukasym (father of Kasym). However, during Muhammad's lifetime, all of his children, except Fatima, died. Whatever they say, Muhammad’s marriage to Khadisha was successful and legal, and under Khadisha, despite the fact that Sharia allowed it, Muhammad did not marry again.

Teacher's explanation: Prophet Muhammad's insight at age 40

(watching a video about the prophet’s insight)

It is written in religious books that Muhammad's prophecy came when he was 40 years old. Before that, he traveled in a caravan to Damascus, and on the road he met many people, talked with them, and saw many places. Often Muhammad, secluded on Mount Hira, thought deeply. One day, when he was once again alone, he heard a voice. It was an order: “Read.” He asked: “What should I read?” Then he heard the verse, the revelation of the Koran. Muhammad looked around in surprise. Wherever he turned his head, everywhere before his eyes he saw the angel Jabrail in the form of a man. Jebrail told him: “Muhammad! You are a prophet of Allah." Even after this, he walked around in doubt for some time. However, even after that, verses were sent from Allah. Khadisha believed him that this was all at the command of Allah Almighty and she herself converted to Islam. The prophecy of Muhammad, which began in this way, endowed people with human qualities. And with its ray it illuminated the whole world.

Muhammad in sermon

Exercise:

work on the textbook on p. 145 “Sermons of Muhammad» students find answers on page 145 about the sermons of Muhammad and read aloud

addition of two students:

Initially, Muhammad was frightened by the revelations that had begun, only then did he realize that he had been chosen by the Almighty as a messenger and prophet to bring the word of God to people;

Muhammad's sermons were initially received in Mecca with distrust and ridicule, but gradually a close-knit group of supporters gathered around him, among whom were people from noble families and from the lower strata of society, including slaves;

Among the first followers of Islam were Muhammad's wife Khadija, who believed in the prophetic mission of her husband, nephew Ali and freedman Zeid, who was considered the adopted son of Muhammad;

Among the adherents of the new religion were Quraytis, including noble Meccans - Abu Bekr, Omar and Osman, who later became caliphs (successors of the Prophet Muhammad).

Next stage of work: Hijra

Work according to the textbook:(students' answers)

What do you know about Muslim chronology?

What event is it associated with?

Teacher's explanation: In 622, on September 22 (in one source - July 16), the prophet Muhammad moved to the city of Yasrib (Midina). A new page in the history of Islam opened here. This migration is called "hijra" in Arabic. And from that time on, a new Muslim calendar began.

From that day on, the city of Yathrib received the new name Madinatu an-nabawiya (city of the prophet). Later it was called simply the city of Medina. In the second year of the Hijri, on the site where the prophet first spoke, the Masjidu Nabawi (Prophet's Mosque) was built on Medina land. At first, only 120 people moved to Medina and the prophet. Eight years later, Muslim troops of 10 thousand soldiers went to Mecca.

The city of Mecca, which is also located along this trade route, began to grow and become rich over time due to the trade fairs that took place in the Mecca area, bringing together almost all the Arab tribes every year. During these meetings, military movements throughout the Arab Peninsula were stopped. This month coincided in time with the month of confession of believers of the holy Kaaba in Mecca. This month was called Zulhija, translated as the month of Hajja. It should be especially noted that Mecca is still a sacred place of pilgrimage for the whole world.

A Muslim community was formed in Medina:(students work together with the teacher).

Formation of the charter;

She developed the first laws and regulations in the field of ritual, cult and everyday life;

Moral and legal norms, permissions and prohibitions are formulated;

There was a ban on the consumption of pork and wine;

The rules of trading have been determined;

Polygamy was limited to four wives;

The city’s constitution, “Sahifa,” was adopted (all residents of Medina are endowed with equal rights and freedoms).

The rules of cult practice were established;

The first mosque was built;

Watch the video “Farewell Sermon of Muhammad” (students express opinions on this matter).

In the summer of 632, Muhammad died. Buried in the main Medina mosque.

Fastening: Muslim state after the death of Muhammad.

Islam says that “Muhammad is the seal of all prophecy,” because Islam is the very last true religion that was to come to the human race. And Muhammad is considered the very last prophet of Allah. After him, prophecy ends.

Who were the successors to Muhammad's spiritual mission? (students' answers).

Watch the video "Sunnah".

Summing up the lesson: The teacher marks the students who scored the most pink, blue and yellow pieces. And also the teacher presents the following video “About the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon Him).”

The teacher should especially note that in this lesson there is not and has not been any propaganda for the study of the Islamic religion by force. Because The Republic of Kazakhstan is a secular state and the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan states freedom of speech and preaching of any religion, but not to the detriment of the state. In accordance with the Constitution and the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan “On Freedom of Religion and Religious Associations”, the principle of freedom of religion has been legislated. Any restrictions on universal human and civil rights are prohibited.

Secondary school No. 44

Open lesson on “Fundamentals of Religious Studies”

on the topic: “Prophet Muhammad”

History teacher: Kurenbaeva A.T.

2015

More than 500 years have passed since Allah Almighty ascended the prophet ‘Isa (Jesus) to heaven. And there were very few people who professed the true faith of ‘Isa. Customs that contradict the foundations of monotheism spread. According to the Qur'an, the prophets Musa and 'Isa told their followers that after them would come the last and most honorable Prophet. And at the end of the 6th century, the last Prophet and Messenger of Allah Almighty, Muhammad, was born on the Arabian Peninsula. All who followed the teachings of Ibrahim, Musa, ‘Isa, followed the Prophet Muhammad, following their precepts.

Birth of the Prophet Muhammad. Prophet Muhammad was born in Holy Mecca, not far from the Kaaba, at dawn on the 12th of the month of Rabiul-Awwal, 571 according to the Gregorian calendar. The grandfather and mother of the baby Amina, at the inspiration of Allah Almighty, named the newborn Muhammad, which means “the most praised.” This name was not common among Arabs. But still, when the time of birth of the last Prophet approached, fourteen people who were well versed in the Torah and the Gospel named their sons the name Muhammad in the hope that their sons would turn out to be this harbinger of the previous prophets.

Little Muhammad was mainly breastfed and raised by Halima al-Sa'adiya and several other women. Amina's own mother fed him for several days. All his nurses accepted Islam because of his grace.

The prophet's trips to Sham. When Muhammad was 12 years old, he and his uncle Abu Talib went to Sham with a trading caravan. When Abu Talib was preparing to travel, Muhammad became attached to him with persistent requests to take him with him, and out of pity, Abu Talib gave in to the boy. When they reached the city of Busra, one monk named Bakhira recognized Muhammad as the future prophet. When Bahir was asked how he knew about this, he replied that he found its descriptions in the previous scriptures. The monk advised Abu Talib to quickly return with the boy to his homeland, because he was in danger from the Jews. And then Abu Talib, quickly completing his trade affairs, returned with Muhammad to Mecca.

Subsequently, Muhammad repeatedly traveled with caravans to Sham, including accompanying the caravans of his future wife, Khadija.

Participation of the prophet in the reconstruction of the Kaaba. When Muhammad was 35 years old, the Arabs decided to rebuild the Kaaba, which was significantly damaged after severe mudflows. When the time came to put in place the sacred Black Stone (the Muslim sanctuary in the Kaaba), a dispute arose between them over who would do it, for everyone wanted to receive this honor, and none of them wanted to cede it to another family. Things almost came to bloodshed. Everyone began to swear that they were ready to sacrifice themselves for this. In the end, they decided to do as the person who first entered the mosque through the Banu Shaiba gate (now the Babu Salaam gate) said. And it turned out to be Muhammad. Everyone expressed their confidence in him. He took off his cloak, placed the Black Stone on it and ordered that one representative of each clan take hold of the edges of the cloak. So they brought it to its place in the Kaaba, and Muhammad, with his blessed hands, placed the stone in the place where it is now. Everyone liked this resolution of the dispute, and they began to honor Muhammad even more. Muhammad was such a wise, honest and respected man even before receiving the prophecy.

First revelation. Even seven months before receiving the revelation, Muhammad had true dreams that clearly indicated that he would be a prophet, but he never felt the desire or desire to become a prophet.

He retired to the cave of Hira' in Mecca and spent a lot of time in worship, where he mainly reflected on the meaning of life, the greatness of the Creator and the amazing order and harmony reigning in all the creations of the Almighty. Then he returned home to Khadija and went into the cave again. He found support and understanding from her. This continued until the truth appeared to him, that is, during his next solitude in the cave of Hira’, the archangel Jibril (biblical Gabriel) suddenly appeared and commanded him:

- Read!

Then Jibril pressed him to himself and repeated the order, and the Prophet repeated the answer. The third time the archangel spoke the words of the Koran, which have the following meaning:

- Read! in the name of your Lord...

The Messenger of Allah repeated these words, which seemed to be carved into his heart. When he finished reading, the Heavenly Messenger declared:

- O Muhammad! Truly you are the Messenger of Allah.

And after this, the Prophet, excited, with his heart trembling with fear, returned home, entered Khadija and informed her about what had happened.

Khadija reassured him, saying: “I congratulate you with great joy. I swear by Allah, the Creator will never humiliate you, for you firmly maintain family ties, always speak the truth and are fair, and help the weak and those in need of support.” Then Khadija went with him to her uncle Waraqa bin Nawfal, an old man, a scientist who followed the true religion of the prophet Isa. He knew the Gospel (Injil) well. When Muhammad told him about everything he saw, Waraqa said: “This is Namus (Jibril), who appeared with God’s revelation to the Prophet Musa. Oh, if only I were young to help you when your people are driving you out.” - “Will my people drive me out?” – the Prophet asked in surprise. “Yes, it will,” Varaka replied. “Whatever person came with what you came with was treated with hostility, and if I catch your times, I will give you all possible help,” he added. However, Varaka did not live to see this.

From that time on, the revelation of the Koran through Jibril to the Prophet Muhammad began. This went on for 23 years. The Quran was revealed to humanity in parts, each time explaining the solution to a specific problem.

The Prophet began to call people to the truth after he had lived for forty years as an ordinary Arab among Arabs. Before this, he was not known either as a preacher or as an orator, although he was wise and prudent. He was not a commander, nor was he even known as a warrior. But when he came out of the cave with the message, he was completely transformed. All of Arabia admired his eloquence and oratorical abilities, which were manifested in his sermons. They were so amazing and impressive that even people who hated him were afraid to listen to them, lest his words penetrate their hearts and tear them away from their pagan beliefs. None of the outstanding Arab poets, preachers and orators could compare with him in eloquence. He appeared before the people as a unique and great reformer, creator of a new culture and civilization, politician and leader, pious judge and incomparable commander. He spoke with such knowledge and wisdom that no one spoke with before him and no one will speak with after him.

Messenger mission of Muhammad. So, when Muhammad was forty years old, Allah made him a Messenger. He was sent as a mercy to the worlds. The Almighty strengthened his prophecy with many amazing miracles (mu ‘ jizats), among which are the Qur'an, cutting the moon, Ascension to heaven (Mi'raj), greeting stones and trees, praising Allah (tasbih) with pebbles in his palm, healing the gouged out eye of one of the companions, etc.

The first Muslims. The first person to follow the Prophet Muhammad was the highly respected and beloved wife of the Prophet Khadija, and among the men - Abu Bakr, among the children - ten-year-old Ali Ibn Abu Talib, among the freed slaves - Zayd bin Haris, among the slaves - Bilal. After them, Usman, Sa'ad, Sa'id, Talha, Abdurrahman bin 'Awf and others became Muslims.

At first, the Prophet called to faith hidden, since there was no command from the Almighty to call openly. All who accepted the faith periodically gathered in the house of a man named al-Arqam and discussed issues related to religion. Then, when it was ordered to call openly, the Prophet began to call all Meccans to Monotheism. Then the polytheists began to be at enmity with Muslims and oppose them. 5 years after Muhammad received his first revelations, his followers, at the behest of the Prophet and fleeing persecution of the pagans, went to Ethiopia, where there was a just ruler. At this time, the Prophet was protected and supported by his uncle Abu Talib, who was respected by the Quraish.

After the death of Abu Talib in the 10th year after Muhammad was given the envoy mission, persecution by the Quraish intensified. Then the Prophet, together with Zayd bin Harith, went to Taif to call the Sekif tribe to Islam, hoping for support and understanding from the members of the tribe. But they not only did not accept the Prophet and Zayd, but also set children and madmen against them, who threw stones at them. They had to flee. Their feet were bleeding and Zaid's head was bloody. They took refuge on the outskirts of the city under the vineyards. Then the angel Jibril appeared and asked the Prophet whether to destroy the people of Taif, but the Prophet did not agree, saying that true Muslims could emerge from among them. Then the angel said: “You are truly as merciful and forgiving as the Almighty described you.” They returned to Mecca saddened.

People from all over the world came to Mecca to perform the Hajj. The Prophet took advantage of the time of Hajj and began to call pilgrims to embrace Islam. At this time, several residents of Yathrib (now Medina) came to him, wanting to convert to Islam. In subsequent years, their number increased. Seeing how Muslims were humiliated and oppressed in Mecca, they invited the Prophet and his followers to move to Yathrib. At first, the Prophet sent his companions there, and after receiving Allah’s permission, he went himself.

Relocation of Muslims to Ethiopia. After three months, the Muslims who had migrated to Ethiopia returned to Mecca. Their numbers were small, and it was difficult for them to live in a foreign land, because in addition to this, they were revered people among the Quraish, and their women were with them. Therefore, they returned to their homeland.

However, Muslims were again persecuted by pagans. Then the Prophet ordered to move to Ethiopia for the second time. Among the settlers there were approximately 83 men and 18 (or 19) women. The Muslims who moved to Ethiopia for the second time were led by Ja'far, the son of Abu Talib.

Thus, at the behest of the Prophet, the companions migrated from Mecca to Ethiopia in order to get the opportunity to worship Allah Almighty there. The Meccan infidels sent their envoys to the king of Ethiopia with a request to send the companions of the Prophet back to their homeland.

But the king of Ethiopia replied that first he must listen to these settlers. He called them to him and asked them: “What is this religion that you profess, leaving the religion of your fathers and not joining our religion?” Ja'far binu Abu Talib spoke from a group of companions and said: “O king, we were among those who were mired in ignorance, worshiped idols, ate carrion, committed evil and indecent acts, broke off relations with relatives, did not honor neighbors; those who have strength did not spare the weak and were ready to tear them to pieces like a predatory beast. This continued until Allah sent the Prophet to us to teach us that Allah is one and we need to worship only Allah alone... The Prophet called on us to speak only the truth, strengthen family relationships, leave behind evil and obscene and do only good . We followed him and believed in everything that came to him from Allah. And for this reason they began to oppress and torture us, they wanted to force us to abandon the true religion and worship idols. The violence and oppression did not stop, and when it became unbearable for us, we moved to you in the hope that you would not allow oppression against us.”

Then ambassadors from Mecca spoke and said that these companions were saying unacceptable things about the prophet Isa (Jesus). And the king asked the companions what they could say about Jesus. They read a verse from the Koran and answered that Jesus (Isa) is God's servant and His messenger, whose mother is Maryam.

Then the king of Ethiopia picked up a straw from the ground, saying that they had not departed from what Jesus had said, not even the size of that straw. He sent the envoys from Mecca home empty-handed.

Night Journey and the Ascension of the Prophet to Heaven.

Allah Almighty especially exalted the Prophet Muhammad, gifting him with a night journey (Isra') and ascension to heaven (Mi'raj). The Prophet, soul and body, made a night journey from Mecca to Jerusalem (Bayt al-Muqaddas) and from there ascended to the kingdom of heaven. To bestow such a boon upon His most beloved servant is not difficult for Allah, the Lord and Creator of all things. It was on the 27th night of the blessed month of Rajab, one and a half years before the Hijra. That night the angels Jibril, Mikail and Israfil appeared to him and led him to the sacred mosque of Mecca and to the source of Zamzam. They bathed him with Zamzam water, washed his heart in a golden basin three times and filled it with wisdom and faith (iman). Then he was put on a special paradise animal, Burak, which covers distances at the speed of light. On Burak he reached Bayt al-Muqaddas (Jerusalem) and there performed two rak'ahs of prayer in front of all the prophets as an imam. On the way there, he was shown many sacraments and miracles. All this was shown and explained to him by Jibril, who was the Prophet’s guide on this journey. Then they brought him a special ladder made of precious stones, and along it he ascended to heaven, where he was shown the entire heavenly kingdom and many miracles, including heaven and hell with their inhabitants. Then a conversation took place with the Almighty without an intermediary. The Almighty gave him the most valuable gift - five times prayer, for which Allah promised a great reward.

Relocation to Medina (Hijra). The Prophet moved to Medina when he was 53 years old. He was accompanied on this journey by his most beloved and devoted friend Abu Bakr. They were chased, but Allah protected them. A hundred camels were promised for their capture, so many people came out to look for them. This trip revealed many of the Prophet's miracles. On the way, they took refuge in the Savr cave. There they were helped by two pigeons and a spider. The pigeons made their nest at the entrance to the cave, and the spider covered the entrance with a web. Seeing all this, the Quraish thought that there was no one in the cave. They spent three days in this cave; food was brought to them by Abu Bakr's son Abdullah. Then, on Monday night, they went out riding the camel Jad'a. Soon they were overtaken by one of their pursuers named Surakat, but at a sign from the Prophet, he and his horse were swallowed up to the waist by the earth. Then the Prophet, at the request of Surakat, released him on the condition that he would not tell the Quraish about their whereabouts. He made a promise and kept it. Later he accepted Islam.

On the way to Medina they met many Jews. But with the help of the Almighty they avoided all dangers. On Monday, the 12th of the month of Rabiul-Awwal, they arrived in Medina, where all the Muslims were eagerly awaiting them and greeted them with great joy, chanting verses of welcome. People began to accept Islam in droves.

Formation of the first Muslim community. The Messenger's resettlement to Medina implied the emergence of the first house of Islam, the formation of the first Islamic state, the founder and leader of which was the Prophet Muhammad. First of all, he began to lay the most important foundations, the foundation of this state:

1) construction of a mosque;

2) the establishment of common brotherhood between all Muslims, especially between the Ansars (helpers) and the Muhajirs (who performed the hijra);

3) drawing up a document establishing the order of life and relationships of Muslims among themselves, their relationships with non-Muslims in general and with Jews in particular.

After the Prophet moved to Medina and settled there, he began to create a strong Islamic society formed from the Ansar and Muhajir Muslims. The first step towards this is the construction of a mosque, the construction of the most important center of support in the creation of an Islamic society. After all, the mosque is a source of spiritual influence on society.

The goal of Islam is to unite Muslims through the bonds of brotherhood and love. Thus, when Muslims gather daily, several times a day, in the house of Allah, where they are all equal, where the difference in dignity and honor is erased, brotherhood and love between them reach their fullest extent.

The goal of Islam is the generalization of the spirit of equality and justice between Muslims under different circumstances and conditions, which cannot achieve its fullness without daily meetings of Muslims, without joint worship, when their hearts are connected with each other by Allah Almighty. If they had worshiped Allah individually, each in his own home, then the idea of equality and justice would not have prevailed over the idea of dictatorship, arrogance and inner self.

The goal of Islam is to unite disunited Muslims with the law of God, Islamic Sharia. But such unity is subject to disunity, the development of disagreements between individuals due to their different understanding of the laws of Sharia, until mosques are built everywhere where Muslims could gather and study the laws of Sharia, adhere to them with full knowledge and understanding.

To achieve all the above goals in the Muslim society and in their new state, the Prophet Muhammad first built a mosque.

Second basis: brotherhood among Muslims. The Prophet established true brotherhood between the Ansar and Muhajir companions. They could inherit each other's property, since the rights of Islamic brotherhood prevailed over the rights of consanguinity (such inheritance was later abolished). The Prophet made Ja'far, the son of Abu Talib, and Ma'ad, the son of Shabal, brothers; Hamzat, son of Abul-Mutallib, and Zeid, son of Harisat; Abu Bakr and Harijat, son of Zagir; Umar, the son of Khattab, and Atban, the son of Malik, and others (may Allah be pleased with them!) The Messenger of Allah secured all the companions with the bonds of Islamic brotherhood, and it continued until the great battle of Badr.

In creating an Islamic society and an Islamic state, the Messenger relied on the foundation of brotherhood. The meaning of this basis was as follows:

1) Only on the basis of mutual love and support, brotherhood and community unity is the rise and development of the state possible. Also, society must have one creed. Otherwise, if there are two people with their own ideas and beliefs that contradict each other, it is only superstition.

Therefore, the Prophet established in his society the basis of brotherhood with the Islamic faith and united around him people who have in their hearts the worship of Allah Almighty, fear of God and good deeds.

2) Society differs from a group of isolated people in that it is based on mutual assistance between its members in all cases of life.

The Prophet Muhammad took as the foundation for the construction of the most humane society on earth the true brotherhood of the Ansars and Muhajirs, based on the Islamic faith.

Third basis: drafting a document for Muslims.

This document is the most important basis for the constitutional values of the new state. The Arab historian Ibnu Hisham reports that when the Prophet arrived in Medina, all the Arab residents of this city immediately united around Islam. There was not a single house left in which Islam was not accepted, except for some of the Aws tribe. And then the Prophet drew up a document for the Muhajirs and Ansars, calling for an end to hostile relations with the Jews and the conclusion of an agreement with them on the preservation of their property and tolerance of their religion, compliance with certain conditions on both sides.

The document contained the following important points:

1) Muslims, regardless of who they are: Quraysh, Medina, their followers or those who took part in the Gazavat, are a single ummah. Everyone is equal.

2) Muslims should help each other morally and financially. We should not leave each other in a difficult situation, burdened with debts or a large family.

3) God-fearing believers should not leave anyone without fair punishment, even their sons, if they have committed a sin for which punishment is due.

4) The protection of the Almighty is one. He is the patron of everyone, and believers are the patrons of each other.

5) The believer who accepted and confirmed the contents of this document has believed in Allah, and on the Day of Judgment it is not allowed to help or give shelter to someone who introduces contradictions to these norms into practice. For the one who helped and sheltered - the curse of Allah and His wrath on the Day of Judgment. And none of his deeds will be accepted: neither fard nor sunnah.

6) Jews of the Banu Aws tribe are a Muslim community. Jews have their own religion, and Muslims have theirs. If someone oppresses another or commits sin, he will only destroy himself and his household.

7) Jews must support themselves, Muslims must support themselves. And they must help each other against those who are at war with those living according to this document.

8) every quarrel or conflict between those living according to the document is subject to the explanations of Allah Almighty and His Prophet.

9) Everyone who is in Medina or goes beyond it is insured, except those who sin and oppress others.

10) Verily, the Almighty has approved the contents of this document. He cares for the God-fearing.

In modern language, this document can be called a constitution. It covers all aspects of public life, domestic and foreign policy. This is a constitution drawn up according to the revelation of Allah and recorded by the Companions. It forms the basis of relations between Muslims and Jews. It is a fact that from its inception, the Islamic state was based on strong constitutional and administrative values.

The above refutes the idea of some individuals who want to hide this simple truth from people and dispute that Islam explains only the norms of the relationship between slave and god, thereby trying to narrow the scope of Islam in society. This document indicates the following points of law:

1) the first paragraph says that Islam united everyone into one cohesive community and in this unity erased all differences between people;

2) the essence of equality, justice and mutual understanding, their responsibility to each other is explained. Sharia law is based precisely on responsibility and mutual understanding;

3) talks about the sensitivity and importance of the issue of equality between Muslims;

4) it is indicated that when making decisions one cannot deviate from the orders of Allah Almighty and His decisions. Otherwise, they doom themselves to misfortune and torment in both worlds.

Muslim society during the time of the Prophet and his followers rested on a solid foundation and over time became the strongest and most prosperous in the whole world.

Farewell Hajj of the Prophet. For twenty-three years, the Messenger of Allah called the people to true religion. And the fruits of his activities ripened: Islam spread throughout the Arabian Peninsula. Being in the radiant Medina, the Messenger of Allah taught Muslims to fulfill all the orders of the Almighty, such as prayer, fasting, zakat, explained to them what is permitted (halal) and forbidden (haram), desirable and useful, etc. But how to thoroughly perform the rites of hajj , he has not yet educated the Muslim community. In order to teach Muslims this, the Prophet announced to everyone that he was going to perform the Hajj, and everyone who wanted to fulfill this obligation should go on the journey with him.

And the number of people wishing to perform Hajj with the Messenger of Allah exceeded one hundred thousand. The Prophet told them: “Learn the rituals of Hajj from me.” On the day of standing in the valley of Araf (a sacred mountain near Mecca), the chosen one of Allah addressed Muslims with a general sermon. He told the audience that perhaps after this time he would not meet with them again, informed them that the harmful and useless customs of the era of ignorance (jahiliyya) were abolished, spoke about the need to honor and observe the ethical norms of the protected areas of Mecca and Medina and honoring holy days and months. He spoke about the mutual rights and responsibilities of spouses, about the prohibition of violence, oppression, about the need to preserve property and blood of people, to constantly remain in brotherhood with each other and to respect everyone around them.

Then, having completed the remaining rituals of the Hajj, the Messenger of Allah returned to Medina.

Death of the Prophet Muhammad. When the Prophet turned 63 years old according to the lunar calendar (in 632 according to the Gregorian calendar), he, having fully fulfilled his prophetic mission, which Allah Almighty entrusted to him, having conveyed to people everything that was commanded to him by the Creator, left this mortal world and passed into the world eternal. He ended his blessed life in the Radiant Medina and was buried there, in the room of the mother of the faithful, the beloved wife of the Prophet ‘Aisha, now located inside the Prophet’s mosque. Muslims must be convinced that the Prophet Muhammad was the most well-behaved, the most perfect in all respects, the most revered and the noblest and the true servant of the Almighty.

Questions and tasks

1. When was Prophet Muhammad born, his parents and childhood?

2. Tell the story of how the Black Stone of the Kaaba was put in place.

3. The first revelation of Muhammad.

4. Who was the first person to convert to Islam?

5. Relocation to Ethiopia.

6. Night journey and ascension of the Prophet.

7. What does “hijra” mean?

8. Fundamentals of the “Islamic constitution”?

9. Farewell Hajj and death of the Prophet.