In what cases is the separation of secondary ones carried out? Isolated members of a sentence and how they stand out in writing
6. Isolated members of a sentence
Minor members of a sentence can acquire greater independence within a sentence, emphasized by intonation in oral speech and punctuation marks in writing. Eg. : Exploding the fluffy reins, the daring wagon flies (P.); Onegin, my good friend, was born on the banks of the Neva (P.). Such minor members are called isolated. The following factors contribute to their isolation:
1) an isolated member of a sentence, usually widespread, significant in volume: this is a word with word forms dependent on it. This attribute is relative, since a single participle can be isolated, but a common definition (expressed by a participle with dependent words), standing in preposition, is not isolated;
2) inversion (unusual word order). This feature extends to the isolation of definitions. Wed: Finally, the DUSTY AND TIRED father arrived - Finally the father arrived, DUSTY AND TIRED;
3) the presence of semantic connections that are not expressed by syntactic means. Such connections are emphasized by intonation. For example .: The road led south, INTO THE VALLEY- before the clarifying component you can put the conjunction NAMELY. The clarification is emphasized by intonation. If this sentence is pronounced with normal intonation, then the second circumstance will not be isolated.
Isolated members of a sentence perform the function of additional predicates: usually a sentence with isolation can be transformed into a complex one with two predicates or into two simple ones. For example .: Without wasting a minute, she jumps into the saddle (S. Zweig) - She jumps into the saddle + She doesn’t waste a minute; A secular and educated man, he knows how to appreciate a good comedy (S. Zweig) - He is a secular and educated person, so he knows how to appreciate a good comedy. Such isolated members are called semi-predicative units. In essence, isolation is a way to combine 2 messages in one sentence, one of which is the main one, and the other is additional. The relationship between the main and additional messages in sentences with isolated members is of 2 types:
1) logical relations: a causal, conditional, temporary, etc. connection arises between the components. For example. : Slow and cautious, this time she acted decisively (S. Zweig) - Although she is slow and cautious, this time she acted decisively(logical concession relations); After writing the letter, she thought - She thought after writing the letter(temporary relationship);
2) lack of logical connection: the sentence can be divided into 2 simple ones, not directly related to each other. Eg. : On a stream, pockmarked and motley, a leaf flies after a leaf - A pockmarked and motley stream + A leaf flies on it after a leaf.
Separate definitions and applications
The following groups of separate definitions are distinguished:
1. Definitions following the word being defined are always separated. Most often they are expressed by participial phrases, e.g.: A student READING A BOOK raised his head(in preposition such a construction will not be isolated: The student reading the book raised his head.)
Homogeneous definitions in postposition are also distinguished - adjectives, eg: And in a stream, DRY AND SHARP, a chill comes in. In the absence of the conjunction AND, the adjectives may not be separated: Along the WINTER, BORING road, three greyhounds are running... (P.).
The agreed upon and inconsistent definitions, separated from the main word by other members of the sentence, for example .: Olga flies to her, AURORA OF THE NORTHERN ALLEY AND EASIER THAN A SWALLOW... (P.).
Inconsistent common definitions in postposition are optionally isolated, for example. : The letter, IN A LONG BLUE ENVELOPE, lay on the table.
2. Definitions standing before the word being defined in preposition are isolated less frequently, namely if they enter into relations of logical conditionality with the word being defined. Typically, such definitions can be transformed into a subordinate clause by substituting an adverbial conjunction or the word BEING. For example .: LOOKING LIKE A WEASEL, the ermine is distinguished from it by its larger body size and the black tip of its long tail - BEING LIKE A WEASEL, the ermine... - ALTHOUGH THE ERMINE IS LIKE A WEASEL, it is different from it... The same applies to applications eg: AN IMPRESSABLE FORTRESS, this castle is intended for defense - BEING AN IMPRESSABLE FORTRESS, this castle...
Definitions and applications for personal pronouns are always separated. Eg. : TIRED, she didn’t notice anything; A REALIST WITH A STRONGLY DEVELOPED SENSE OF RESPONSIBILITY, she sees a calling in power.
Applications are separated under the same conditions as definitions. A special feature of applications is that they can be preceded by explanatory conjunctions THAT IS, OR (= that is), for example .: Cyclamen, OR MOUNTAIN VIOLET, one of the most beautiful flowers; Astronomy, THAT IS THE SCIENCE OF THE NAMES OF STARS, was originally a part of astrology.
Applications that are closely related to the defined word are not isolated, for example. : MOSCOW River, swimming beetle. Also, the application in the construction “common noun + proper noun” is not isolated: city of TOMSK, Count ORLOV, CAT Vaska.
We especially note the definitions and appendices, which are clarifying members, which can be preceded by the conjunction NAMELY. For example .: In the evening my uncle arrived, (NAMELY) IVAN SERGEEVICH(in the absence of clarifying intonation we will not isolate the application); The grass was as tall as a man's height.
Special circumstances
Isolated circumstances are mostly expressed by gerunds. The construction “participial phrase” is always isolated, anywhere in the sentence, since it most clearly indicates additional predicativeness, for example. : HOWING HER HEAD DOWN, she left the room. She left the room with her head down and left the room. She left the room with her head down. Single gerunds are also separated: SMILE, Sasha looked at them; Lisa, NOT FINISHING, left the room. However, single gerunds are not isolated if their meaning is close to adverbs of manner and are closely adjacent to the verb, for example. : He looked without blinking; She shrugged silently.
Circumstances expressed by other parts of speech (noun, adverb, etc.) are isolated in the following situations:
1) if they specify other circumstances. This is a very common disconnect. You can put the conjunction NAMELY before the clarifying member: He lived far away, (namely) AT THE MILL; Last year, (namely) IN THE AUTUMN, I somehow ended up in a village. With a different intonation (not specifying), these circumstances turn into heterogeneous terms, then a comma is not placed between them;
2) circumstances are often isolated - special constructions with the prepositions RESULT, BY REASON, IN CONNECTION, AS A RESULT, IN VIEW, BY FORCE, DUE TO, ACCORDING TO, UNDER, IN CASE, FOR PURPOSE, CONTRARY, DESPITE, NOTWITHSTANDING and under. These prepositions indicate logical conditionality, special adverbial meanings. For example .: CONTRARY TO THE PREDICTIONS OF THE HYDROMETENT CENTER, it started to rain(meaning of concession); ACCORDING TO THE ESTABLISHED RULES, smoking is not allowed on the bus.(meaning of reason); TO REDUCE COSTS, it is proposed to increase the load(goal meaning). It is recommended to separate such turns, although this is not always done. Only the phrase with the preposition DESPITE (DESPITE) is consistently isolated: DESPITE THE SEVERE FROST, the students continued to study;
3) sometimes individual circumstances expressed by nouns or adverbs are isolated, if the author considers it necessary to highlight them. For example .: The third simply begged for himself, BETWEEN TWO ADVICE AND IN THE ABSENCE OF ENEMIES, a one-time allowance for his faithful service...(L.N.T.). This is the so-called author's isolation.
Standalone Add-ons
The name “separate additions” is a tribute to tradition; it is more correct to talk about separate structures with the preposition EXCEPT, IN ADDITION, EXCEPT, OVER, INSTEAD, etc. Eg. : Nothing was heard EXCEPT THE DOGS BARKING; EXCEPT FOR THE CACTUS, all the flowers on the windowsill were blooming. In such phrases, nouns with prepositions answer questions of indirect cases. Isolation of additions is optional; constructions with the preposition EXCEPT are more consistently isolated.
PRACTICAL TASK
1. Determine the type and method of expressing the detached member.
EXAMPLE: BUT I DID NOT READ ANYTHING ON HER FACE BUT SURPRISE AND A HIDDEN LAUGHTER TREMBLING IN THE CORNERS OF HER LIPS- EXCEPT FOR SURPRISE AND HIDING LAUGHTER - isolated construction “EXCEPT + noun”; TREMBLING IN THE CORNERS OF THE LIPS - a separate definition, expressed by a participial phrase.
1. Almazov, a young, poor officer, attended lectures at the Academy of the General Staff.
2. In the office, Almazov stood in one place for a minute, looking somewhere in the corner.
3. There is a large crowd around him, despite the late hour.
4. Five minutes of heavy silence passed, sadly broken by the lame sound of the alarm clock, long familiar and boring.
5. Vera, already dressed, looked around for the last time.
6. But the old and bent bracelet, quite unexpectedly for Vera, was valued very highly.
7. Lidochka’s father, who served as our district treasurer, lived openly.
8. Lidochka’s entire role consisted of some two or three dozen lines, extremely lively and flirtatious.
9. But he doesn’t want to know anything except his treasury.
10. There was in the play, I remember, a Jesuit priest, the secret spring of the whole drama.
11. We collided just before her exit, in a cramped corridor, between the wall and the curtains.
12. She listened to me without interrupting, but answered inappropriately.
13. The orchestra played “Mayufes” - a national Jewish dance.
2. Find the isolated parts of the sentence, determine the way they are expressed, and place punctuation marks.
1. But I saw the real Ophelia, the same feminine image that was painted by Shakespeare.
2. I walked her home late at night, happy and exhausted.
3. But unexpectedly, in the most tragic place of the drama, a mad burst of laughter and applause reached us from the auditorium.
4. Looking around, he fell helplessly next to me on an empty chair and suddenly buried his face in his hands and began to cry bitterly.
5. The boiling quarrel was hardly extinguished by the good-natured and roguish fat man, the entrepreneur.
6. His entire musical repertoire, performed by an unusually out of tune bass, consisted of only two pieces.
7. One major key was sung during intermissions between revelries.
8. And without this it is impossible for us tragedians to live.
9. She involuntarily followed me, trembling with excitement.
10. It seems that I didn’t express anything other than the joy of seeing her.
11. His only daughter Nadya is sick with some strange disease.
12. She lies there all days and whole nights, quiet and sad.
13. Since the Polish War, Anosov has participated in all campaigns except the Japanese.
14. During the Polish rebellion, he once refused to shoot prisoners despite the personal order of the regimental commander.
15. In mid-August, before the birth of the new month, disgusting weather suddenly arrived.
16. Her single brother Nikolai, a fellow prosecutor, who usually lived with them, also went to the city to go to court.
17. Jenny Reiter, a very demanding musician, always willingly accompanied him.
3. Find the isolated parts of the sentence, place punctuation marks.
Deaf and Mute Demons
They walk on the ground
Blind and deaf-mute
And they draw fire signs
In the widening darkness.
Illuminating the abyss
They don't see anything
They create without comprehending
Your purpose.
Through the smoky gloom of the underworld
They throw a prophetic ray...
Their fate is the face of God
Revealed from the clouds in the darkness!
Separation- This semantic and intonation highlighting of sentence members in order to give them a certain semantic and syntactic independence in a sentence.
In oral speech they are distinguished by intonation, and in writing they are separated or highlighted by punctuation marks.
Various members of a sentence are isolated for various reasons. In one case, the minor members of the sentence are isolated because in terms of their meaning in a sentence they are close to the predicate. In other cases they are isolated because they are used in a sentence as something additional, introduced to clarify any member of the sentence or to communicate something additional about it.
All isolated members are divided into two groups: isolated members with the value of an additional predicate And isolated members with qualifying value .
I. The meaning of an additional predicate can have separate definitions, applications and circumstances.
These sentence members can be easily replaced with a predicate.
Compare: 1) The sea, which had calmed overnight, was now barely splashing in the rocks. - The sea calmed down overnight and now it was barely splashing in the rocks; 2) Great mechanic, he easily fixed the problem with the motor. - He easily fixed the problem in the motor, because he was an excellent mechanic; 3) Having passed several stations without stopping, the train stopped only in Lyubertsy. - Electric train drove through several stations without stopping and stopped only in Lyubertsy.
Separate definitions are expressed by participle phrases, single and homogeneous participles and adjectives, as well as phrases consisting of adjectives or nouns with dependent words.
For example: Books, read in childhood, are remembered all my life; And the forest, silent, dark, stretched for many miles around(Bunin) ; I've lived my life full of surprises (Paustovsky) ; Kolya, in his new jacket with gold buttons, was the hero of the day(Turgenev).
Special circumstances can be expressed by participial phrases, single gerunds, as well as nouns with prepositions despite, according to, thanks to, in spite of, because of etc.
For example: Large drops of rain crashed onto the ground, turning into dust and tiny splashes (Soloukhin); Despite the weather, we decided to perform(Obruchev).
Standalone Add-ons most often expressed by nouns with prepositions except, apart from, over, except for, including etc.
For example: In addition to wild birds and animals, not a single soul appeared near the monastery(Chekhov).
All isolated members of a sentence can also be expressed by comparative phrases with conjunctions as if, as if, as if etc.
For example: By dry pine forests you're coming, like walking on a deep expensive carpet; The room was flooded with even light, like from a kerosene lamp (Paustovsky).
II. Various isolated members of a sentence can have the meaning of clarification, which specify the preceding refined members. A member of a sentence will be considered clarifying if, located after its syntactic analogue, it will narrow the conveyed concept or limit it in some respect.
In other words, the clarifying circumstance of time should come after the circumstance of time, the definition - after the definition, but the meaning of the second should be narrower and more specific than the first. The role of clarifying members is the circumstances of place, time, mode of action, definition and application.
For example: From the south from the steppe ridge, warm and wet snow was falling; On the second day, in the evening, Razmetnov ran to Davydov(Sholokhov). These sentences specify the circumstances of place and time (the most common cases).
Connecting structures that contain additional notes are isolated or clarifications , introduced in the middle or at the end of a sentence. Such constructions are usually joined with the words even, especially, especially, for example, in particular, mainly, including, moreover, and moreover, and(meaning “and moreover”), yes, yes and, yes and in general etc.
For example: It was very warm, even hot(Chakovsky); There is a lot of nobility in people, a lot of love, selflessness, especially in women (A. Ostrovsky); And Rudin started talking about pride, and spoke very intelligently (Turgenev); What’s a sculptor, and a bad one at that, to do?(Turgenev); Already in the Caucasus I learned and not from the captain that he was seriously wounded four times...(L. Tolstoy); There was only one road and, moreover, wide and furnished with milestones, so it was impossible to get lost(Korolenko); Let these people and many others, will remember what happened. It seemed that everything including forests and fields, moves to the west, but it is impossible to go and go to the east(Kazakevich)
Conditions of separation
In order to understand why some minor members of the sentence are isolated , but others don’t, why in some cases separation mandatory, and in others optional, it is necessary to take into account the conditions separation .
Conditions of separation- these are the factors that favor the semantic and intonation emphasis of sentence members.
The most general and most obligatory condition of possibility separation is the absence of a close connection between the secondary member and the main word. First of all, this is manifested in the fact that only “optional” members of a sentence are allowed to be isolated - those that are not necessary with the main word: definitions, applications, circumstances. On the contrary, those members of the sentence that are associated with the transfer of basic, rather than additional content, are not subject to isolation.
For example, definitions without which a noun is unable to fully designate an object or circumstance are not isolated: Instead of a cheerful life in St. Petersburg, boredom awaited me on the sidelines deaf and distant (A. Pushkin). Additions, which most often act as an obligatory part of the sentence, closely related to the main word, are also not subject to isolation.
Thus, conditions of separation- this is all that helps to weaken the connection with the main word and strengthen the semantic significance of the most minor member.
On separation influenced by syntactic, morphological and semantic conditions.
Syntactic conditions:
1. Word order:
There is a usual (direct) and an unusual (reverse) word order (inversion). Thus, with direct word order, the agreed definition comes before the word being defined, and the inconsistent definition comes after the word being defined; an additional action, called a gerund, comes after the main action, designated by the predicate. If a minor member of a sentence is placed in an unusual place for it in the sentence, then it stands out, is especially emphasized - its semantic significance is enhanced.
Therefore, among the agreed definitions, those that stand after the word being defined are usually isolated, and among the circumstances expressed by single gerunds, those that stand before the predicate.
For example: He, without stopping, ran and He ran without stopping.
2. Distant position of the secondary member of the sentence in relation to the main word (separation of the secondary member of the sentence from the main word) .
For example: And again, cut off from tanks by fire, infantry lay down on a bare slope(M. Sholokhov).
Such a separation of the definition from the word being defined is unusual and leads to an increase in its semantic weight. And this makes it necessary to isolate such a definition.
3. Volume of the isolated member (common members of a sentence are isolated more often than non-common ones) or the presence of two or more homogeneous minor members .
For example: I brought a bucket full of dew from the forest(S. Marshak) and I spared no effort to fill the bucket full(S. Marshak).
, unusual for a given minor member of the sentence (the appearance of an additional meaning in the minor member), when the minor member explains not only the word to which it is directly subordinate, but also some other member of the sentence.For example, an agreed definition is isolated, standing even before the word being defined (direct word order), if this definition has an additional adverbial meaning: AND exhausted by effort and hardship, the old man went to bed(the participial phrase standing before the word being defined is isolated here because it also has a circumstantial (causal) meaning).
Morphological conditions of isolation
Sometimes separation depends on the presence of a certain grammatical form or a function word of a certain lexical-grammatical category in the composition of the selected sentence member, i.e. separation in this case, it is associated with the morphological way of expressing the secondary member.
Participles, short forms of adjectives and participles that act as a definition, combinations with comparative conjunctions (comparative phrases), some combinations of nouns with prepositions, the presence of introductory words usually form separate secondary members.
For example: When the letter was ready and I was about to seal it, I came in, apparently angry, headman(V. Korolenko). In this sentence, the single (non-widespread) agreed definition angry, standing before the defined noun, is isolated, since the introductory word apparently refers to it (which, by the way, is not separated by a comma from the definition).
Almost always (except in some special cases) circumstances expressed by gerunds and participial phrases are isolated.
Short forms of adjectives and participles in modern Russian have become entrenched in the function of the predicate. Relatively rarely (mainly in poetry) they are used as definitions (which relate to the subject), retaining the meaning of an additional predicate, which makes them separation mandatory, regardless of location.
For example: The air vibrates transparent and clean (N. Zabolotsky); Rich, good looking, Lensky was accepted everywhere as a groom(A. Pushkin); Awakened at the usual hour, she got up by candlelight(A. Pushkin).
comparative union, How as a rule, requires intonation highlighting of the phrase: The stuffy air is still, like the water of a forest lake (M. Gorky).
Semantic conditions of isolation
The absence or presence of a close semantic and syntactic connection between a minor member of a sentence and the word to which it refers is sometimes determined by the semantics of the word being explained. The more specific and definite the meaning of a word, the less it needs to be disseminated, the weaker are the connections with it of secondary members, which are therefore easily isolated.
For example, personal pronouns “do not recognize” the usual definitions; one cannot say: I'm attentive, he's angry(compare: attentive student, angry man). Therefore, definitions related to the personal pronoun are always isolated.
For example: And he, the rebellious one, asks for a storm...(M. Lermontov).
If the word being defined is a proper noun or refers to kinship terms (mother, father, grandfather, grandmother and similar), then this can also contribute to the isolation of the definition.
For example: Grandfather, in grandma's katsaveyka, in an old cap without a visor, squints, smiles at something(M. Gorky).
Vice versa: with nouns that are too general in meaning ( person, thing, expression, matter and similar), the definitions form a single whole, because a noun without a definition cannot participate in the formation of a statement.
For example: This misconception is common even to people smart and educated; Things happened funny, touching and tragic (V. Astafiev) - definitions in these sentences are necessary to express the main (and not additional) message.
Thus, isolated minor members with the value of an additional message have :
semantic features: they introduce additional meaning into the sentence and, in terms of their semantic role in the sentence, approach the predicate, the subordinate clause;
grammatical features: are only minor members of the sentence (separate definitions, circumstances and additions);
intonation features: pronounced with a special emphatic intonation (intonation of isolation);
punctuation marks: The letter is highlighted with commas on both sides.
26. Proposals with isolated members. The concept of isolation. Basic conditions for the isolation of minor members of a sentence.
Separation - this is the semantic and intonation highlighting of minor members of a sentence to give them greater independence in comparison with other members. That is, the members of a sentence are isolated, distinguished by meaning and intonation. In the literal sense of this word, only minor members of a sentence can be isolated, since the main ones are carriers of the main message, and they cannot be excluded from the composition of the sentence without violating its predicative basis.
The additional nature of the message conveyed with the help of isolated members is formalized through semi-predicative relations that arise in the sentence in addition to the predicative ones conveyed by the main members. In a sentence My father, a tractor driver, is working in the field today in meaning and therefore the word is highlighted intonationally tractor driver, which carries an additional communicative meaning. The main message is conveyed by the predicative stem My father is working in the field today, but this basic message is complicated by another: My father is a tractor driver. When both messages are combined into one within simple sentence, it is natural that one of them becomes the main, leading one (predicative relations are born), and the second becomes additional, complicating the main one (semi-predicative relations are born).
Any members of a sentence can be isolated.
Separate definitions can be consistent and inconsistent, common and non-common: This manskinny, with a stick in his hand , was unpleasant to me.
The most common are isolated definitions expressed by participial phrases, adjectives with dependent words and nouns in indirect cases.
Special circumstances More often they are expressed by gerunds and participial phrases: Waving your arms , he was saying something quickly.
Circumstances expressed by a noun with a preposition can also be isolated despite: Despite all efforts , I couldn't sleep.
The isolation of other circumstances depends on the intention of the author: they are usually isolated if they are given special significance or, conversely, are considered as a passing remark. Circumstances with prepositions are especially often isolated thanks to, as a result of, in view of, for lack of, according to, on occasion, by virtue of, in spite of:
Contrary to forecast , the weather was sunny.
From among additions Very few are isolated, namely additions with prepositions besides, besides, excluding, over, besides, including:
Besides him , five more people came.
Some separate members may have a clarifying, explanatory or connecting nature.
Conditions of separation - these are the factors that favor the semantic and intonation emphasis of sentence members.
Segregation is influenced by syntactic, morphological and semantic conditions.
Syntactic conditions:
1. Word order: 1) inversion (reverse word order). There is normal (direct) and unusual (reverse) word order. If secondary a member of a sentence is placed in an unusual place for it in the sentence, thereby it stands out, is especially emphasized - its semantic significance is enhanced. Wed: He ran without stopping And He ran without stopping.
2. Remote position secondary member sentence in relation to the main word (separation of the secondary member of the sentence from the main word): And again, cut off from the tanks by fire, the infantry lay down on the bare slope.
3. The volume of the isolated member(common members of a sentence are isolated more often than non-common ones) or the presence of two or more homogeneous minor members: Compare: I brought a bucket full of dew from the forest And I spared no effort to fill the bucket full.
4. , unusual for this minor member of the sentence, when the minor member. explains not only the word to which it is directly subordinate, but also any other member of the sentence: Absorbed in his thoughts, the boy did not notice anything around him(the participial phrase standing before the word being defined is isolated here because it also has a circumstantial (causal) meaning).
Morphological conditions of isolation:
Participles, short forms of adjectives and participles that act as a definition, combinations with comparative conjunctions (comparative phrases), some combinations of nouns with prepositions, the presence of introductory words usually form separate secondary members. For example: When the letter was ready and I was about to seal it, the headman came in, apparently angry.. In this sentence, a single (non-extended) agreed definition angry, standing before the defined noun, is isolated, because it refers to the introductory word apparently(which, by the way, is not separated by a comma from the definition).
Almost always (except for certain special cases) circumstances expressed by gerunds and participial phrases are isolated.
The comparative conjunction, as a rule, requires intonation highlighting of the phrase: The stuffy air is still, like the water of a forest lake(M. Gorky).
Semantic conditions of isolation:
The more specific and definite the meaning of a word, the less it needs to be disseminated, the weaker are the connections with it of secondary members, which are therefore easily isolated.
For example, personal pronouns “do not recognize” the usual definitions; one cannot say: I am attentive, he is angry (cf.: attentive student, angry person). Therefore, definitions related to the personal pronoun are always isolated: And he, the rebellious one, asks for a storm...(M. Lermontov).
If the word being defined is a proper noun or refers to terms of kinship (mother, father, grandfather, grandmother, etc.), then this can also contribute to the isolation of the definition: Grandfather, in grandma's jacket, in an old cap without a visor, squints, smiling at something.
With nouns that are too general in meaning (person, thing, expression, matter, etc.), definitions form a single whole, because a being without a definition cannot participate in the formation of a statement: This delusion is common even to smart and educated people; Funny, touching and tragic things happened- definitions in these sentences are necessary to express the main (and not additional) message.
Individual minor members of a sentence, depending on the strengthening or weakening of their semantic role, can be separated from other members with the help of intonation.
Members of a sentence that are distinguished by meaning and isolated in pronunciation are called isolated members of a sentence.
Most often, common (expanded) members of a sentence are isolated, as well as groups of homogeneous members.
Isolated words on both sides are separated by commas. For example: It was September, windy and wet. Feeling the bottom with his feet, Gregory plunged waist-deep into soda.
Separate definitions.
A common definition stands alone if it comes after the noun with which it agrees. For example: The forests stood motionless, full of darkness. Every work, large and small, was carried out in Lukashka’s hands. There were trees covered with frost in the garden.
An isolated definition expressed by a participle with words related to it is called a participial phrase. For example: Through the windows I could see a garden covered with snow. The hunters emerged into a clearing overgrown with reeds.
Two or more definitions without dependent words standing after the word being defined are isolated. For example: The March night, cloudy and foggy, enveloped the earth.
Definitions expressed by participles and adjectives with dependent words and standing in front of the defined noun are isolated when the speaker gives them a causal or concessional meaning. For example: Touched by the devotion of his old friend, Dubrovsky fell silent.
Definitions are always separated if they refer to personal pronouns (usually they have an additional circumstantial meaning). For example: Tired, she fell silent. Nobody will come to you, angry.
Inconsistent definitions expressed by a noun are less often isolated. Such definitions usually appear after the word being defined and closely merge with it in meaning. For example: An old man with a blue beard came out.
Definitions that appear after the word being defined and are expressed by nouns in indirect cases are usually isolated if they relate to personal pronouns or proper names. For example: He stands, pale, in the middle of the highway.
Standalone applications.
Applications are isolated in any position if they have dependent words and refer to a common noun. For example: Light rain, a harbinger of autumn, sprinkles the ground.
Applications, single and with dependent words are separated: if they relate to a proper name, they come after it and have a pronounced clarifying meaning. For example: A. S. Popov, inventor of radio, was born in 1859.
Applications, single and with dependent words, are isolated in any position if they refer to a personal pronoun. For example: I, your old matchmaker and godfather, came to make peace with you. We, the artillerymen, were busy around the guns.
Isolated circumstances expressed by gerunds.
Circumstances expressed by gerunds with dependent words are isolated. For example: Pushing me away, my grandmother rushed to the door. Grandma pushed me away and rushed to the door. Grandma rushed to the door, pushing me away.
Two or more gerunds without dependent words are also distinguished. For example: The shelves move, swaying and sparkling. The shelves move, swaying and sparkling. The shelves move, swaying and sparkling.
Single gerunds answering the question k and k? and those at the end of the sentence, since in this case the gerunds take on the meaning of adverbs. For example: A boy was reading a book while lying down.
Isolated circumstances expressed by nouns with
prepositions.
Circumstances expressed by nouns with prepositions can be isolated if they are common and come before the predicate. For example: Due to a lack of space in the bay, the cruisers stayed on the open sea.
Circumstances of place and time, clarifying the circumstances after which they stand, are usually separated. For example: In the evening, after dinner, we left.
Circumstances with the preposition despite are always isolated (The forests, despite the tropical heat, were not distinguished by tropical lushness.)
Circumstances expressed by nouns with prepositions are often isolated thanks to, in accordance with, in spite of, in the presence of, etc. For example: Thanks to my mother, I know foreign languages. Savelich, in agreement with the driver’s opinion, advised him to turn back.
Separation- This semantic and intonation highlighting of sentence members in order to give them a certain semantic and syntactic independence in a sentence. In oral speech they are distinguished by intonation, and in writing they are separated or highlighted by punctuation marks. Various members of a sentence are isolated for various reasons. In one case, the minor members of the sentence are isolated because in terms of their meaning in a sentence they are close to the predicate. In other cases they are isolated because they are used in a sentence as something additional, introduced to clarify any member of the sentence or to communicate something additional about it.All isolated members are divided into two groups: isolated members with the value of an additional predicate And isolated members with qualifying value . I. The meaning of an additional predicate can have separate definitions, applications and circumstances. These sentence members can be easily replaced with a predicate. Compare: 1) The sea, which had calmed overnight, was now barely splashing in the rocks. - The sea calmed down overnight and now it was barely splashing in the rocks; 2) An excellent mechanic, he easily fixed the problem with the engine. - He easily fixed the engine malfunction, as he was an excellent mechanic; 3) Having passed several stations without stopping, the train stopped only in Lyubertsy. - Electric train drove through several stations without stopping and stopped only in Lyubertsy. Separate definitions are expressed by participle phrases, single and homogeneous participles and adjectives, as well as phrases consisting of adjectives or nouns with dependent words.For example: Books read in childhood are remembered throughout your life; And the forest, silent, dark, stretched for many miles around(Bunin) ; I've lived a life full of surprises(Paustovsky) ; Kolya, in his new jacket with gold buttons, was the hero of the day(Turgenev). Special circumstances can be expressed by participial phrases, single gerunds, as well as nouns with prepositions despite, according to, thanks to, in spite of, because of etc.For example: Large drops of rain crashed onto the ground, turning into dust and tiny splashes(Soloukhin); Despite the weather, we decided to perform(Obruchev). Standalone Add-ons most often expressed by nouns with prepositions except, apart from, over, except for, including etc.For example: Apart from wild birds and animals, not a single soul appeared near the monastery(Chekhov).All isolated members of a sentence can also be expressed by comparative phrases with conjunctions as if, as if, as if etc.For example: You walk through dry pine forests as if across a deep, expensive carpet; The room was flooded with an even light, as if from a kerosene lamp.(Paustovsky). II. Various isolated members of a sentence can have the meaning of clarification, which specify the preceding refined members. A member of a sentence will be considered clarifying if, located after its syntactic analogue, it will narrow the conveyed concept or limit it in some respect. In other words, the clarifying circumstance of time should come after the circumstance of time, the definition - after the definition, but the meaning of the second should be narrower and more specific than the first. The role of clarifying members is the circumstances of place, time, mode of action, definition and application. For example: From the south, from the steppe ridge, warm and wet snow came rushing in; On the second day, in the evening, Razmetnov ran to Davydov(Sholokhov). These sentences specify the circumstances of place and time (the most common cases).Connecting structures that contain additional notes are isolated or clarifications , introduced in the middle or at the end of a sentence. Such constructions are usually joined with the words even, especially, especially, for example, in particular, mainly, including, moreover, and moreover, and(meaning “and moreover”), yes, yes and, yes and in general etc.For example: It was very warm, even hot(Chakovsky); There is a lot of nobility in people, a lot of love, selflessness, especially in women(A. Ostrovsky); And Rudin started talking about pride, and he spoke very sensibly(Turgenev); What’s a sculptor, and a bad one at that, to do?(Turgenev); Already in the Caucasus I learned, and not from the captain, that he was seriously wounded four times...(L. Tolstoy); There was only one road, and it was wide and lined with milestones, so it was impossible to get lost(Korolenko); Let these people, and many others, remember what happened. It seemed that everything, including forests and fields, was moving to the west, and it was impossible to go or go to the east.(Kazakevich)
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