Speech: properties of speech. Oral and written speech. Abstract: "written speech

What is "Written Speech"? How to spell correctly given word. Concept and interpretation.

Written Speech - speech depicted on paper (parchment, birch bark, stone, canvas or any other surface) using special graphic signs (writing signs). The use of the written form of speech allows the writer to deliberately select language means, build the statement gradually, correct and improve the text. This contributes to the emergence of more complex syntactic constructions than in oral speech (see), greater consistency, consistency, coherence of presentation, high normativity of speech. Etc. necessary for communication in all functions. spheres: scientific (works related to the genres of a monograph, article, textbook, etc.), official business (laws, decrees, resolutions, contracts, statements, etc.), journalistic (articles in newspapers, magazines), artistic ( literary works), colloquial (notes, private letters). Scientific, journalistic, official business texts are formed mainly on the basis of the written implementation of lit. language. It is no coincidence that these functions styles are called bookish. In the form of P. p. there is also an artist. literature. In this area, only oral folk art has oral as a primary form of existence, folklore records are a secondary form of its implementation. For the Russian (Old Russian) language, the first fixations of P. r. belong to the X-XI centuries. The appearance of writing among the Eastern Slavs became the main prerequisite for the formation of lit. a language that arose precisely as a written language (lat. littera - letter, letter). Under the Old Russian lit. language is the language that has come down to us in the written monuments of the 11th-13th centuries, belonging to various genres, namely: the genres of secular narrative literature (the literary and artistic work "The Tale of Igor's Campaign", chronicle narratives, etc.), business writing (the code of laws "Russian Truth", contractual, bill of sale, grant and other letters), church-religious literature (sermons, lives), where the Old Church Slavonic language was widely represented, but East Slavic elements were also used. Rus. lit. the language existed only as a written language throughout the pre-national period. For the development of written literature. language, the activity of outstanding masters of the word is of great importance. Writers play an important role in the evolution of artistic styles. prose and poetry, in the literary processing of the national language. So, A.S. Pushkin, guided by the principles of proportionality and conformity, achieved in his artist. creativity of a bold synthesis of all viable elements of lit. language with elements of live folk speech. The role of prominent scientists (among domestic scientists, first of all, M.V. Lomonosov and other scientists of the period of formation of the scientific style of the Russian literary language) is great in the creation of special terminology, in the development of the speech system of the functional style, in improving the ways of expressing reasoning as a logical construction textual nature, which is formed and used primarily in the written scientific. speech. The contribution of V.G. Belinsky, N.G. Chernyshevsky, N.A. Dobrolyubova, D.I. Pisarev in the formation of the style of literary critical works. Lit .: Sobolevsky A.I. History of Russian. lit. language. - M., 1980; Vinogradov V.V. Essays on the history of Russian. lit. language of the 17th–19th centuries. - 3rd ed. - M., 1982; Him: Problems of literary languages and patterns of their formation and development. - M., 1967; Vinokur G.O. Rus. language. Historical essay // Selected. works in Russian language. - M., 1959; Efimov A.I. History of Russian. lit. language. - M., 1971; Meshchersky N.A. History of Russian. lit. language. - L., 1981; Gorshkov A.I. Theory and history of Russian. lit. language. - M., 1984; Zemskaya E.A. Written speech // Rus. language: Enz. - M., 1998. T.B. Trosheva

Written Speech- Category. Type of speech. Specificity. Based on a visually perceived stable fixation of the tongue ... Big psychological encyclopedia

Written Speech- Written speech - speech - based on visually perceived stable fixation of language con...

Written monologue speech can appear in various forms: in the form of a written message, report, written narrative, written expression of thought or reasoning, etc. In all these cases, the structure of written speech differs sharply from the structure of oral dialogic or oral monologue speech.

These differences have a number of psychological grounds.

Written monologue speech is speech without an interlocutor, its motive and intention are completely determined by the subject. If the motive of written speech is contact (“-tact”) or desire, requirement (“-mand”), then the writer must mentally imagine the one to whom he is addressing, imagine his reaction to his message. The peculiarity of written speech lies precisely in the fact that the entire process of control over written speech remains within the activities of the writer himself, without correction by the listener. But in cases where written language is aimed at clarifying the concept (“-cept”), it does not have any interlocutor, a person writes only in order to clarify the thought, in order to verbalize his intention, deploy it without even mental contact with the person to whom the message is addressed.

Written speech has almost no extralinguistic, additional means of expression. It does not imply either D knowledge of the situation by the addressee or sympractical contact, it has means of gestures, facial expressions, intonation, pauses that play the role of "semantic markers" in monologue speech, and only a partial replacement of these latter are the methods of highlighting individual elements of the text in italics or paragraph. Thus, all information expressed in written speech should be based only on a sufficiently complete use of the expanded grammatical means of the language.

Hence, written speech should be as synsemantic as possible and the grammatical means that it uses should be completely sufficient to express the message being transmitted. The writer must build his message in such a way that the reader can go all the way back from expanded, external speech to the internal meaning of the text being presented.

The process of understanding written speech differs sharply from the process of understanding oral speech in that what is written can always be reread, that is, one can arbitrarily return to all the links included in it, which is completely impossible when understanding oral speech.

There is, however, another fundamental difference between the psychological structure of written speech and oral speech. It is connected with the fact of a completely different origin of both types of speech.

Oral speech is formed in the process of natural communication between a child and an adult, which used to be sympractical and only then becomes a special independent form of oral speech communication. However, as we have already seen, elements of connection with the practical situation, gesture and facial expressions are always preserved in it.

Written speech has a completely different origin and a different psychological structure.

Written speech appears as a result of special training, which begins with the conscious mastery of all means of written expression of thought. At the early stages of its formation, its subject is not so much the thought that is to be expressed, but rather those technical means of writing sounds, letters, and then words that have never been the subject of awareness in oral dialogic or oral monologue speech. At these stages, the child develops motor writing skills.

A child who is learning to write first operates not so much with thoughts as with the means of their external expression, with the means of denoting sounds, letters and words. Only much later does the expression of thoughts become the subject of the child's conscious actions, and how does written speech, in contrast to oral speech, which is formed in the process of live communication, from the very beginning is conscious arbitrary, in which the means of expression act as "the main objective activity. Thus, intermediate operations, such as highlighting phonemes, the representation of these phonemes by a letter, the synthesis of letters in a word, the successive transition from one word to another, which were never realized in oral speech, in written speech remain for a long time the subject of conscious action. Only after written speech is automated, these conscious actions turn into unconscious operations and begin to occupy the place that similar operations (sound extraction, finding articulation, etc.) occupy in oral speech.

Thus, written speech, both in its origin and in its psychological structure, is fundamentally different from oral speech, and a conscious analysis of the means of its expression becomes the main psychological characteristic of written speech.

That is why written speech includes a number of levels that are absent in oral speech, but are clearly distinguished in written speech. Written speech includes a number of processes at the phonemic level - the search for individual sounds, their opposition, the coding of individual sounds into letters, the combination of individual sounds and letters into whole words. To a much greater extent than is the case in oral speech, it includes in its composition the lexical level, which consists in the selection of words, in the search for suitable necessary verbal expressions, with their opposition to other lexical alternatives. Finally, written speech also includes conscious operations of the syntactic level, which most often proceeds automatically, unconsciously in oral speech, but which constitutes one of the essential links in written speech. As a rule, the writer deals with the conscious construction of a phrase, which is mediated not only by the available speech skills, but also by the grammar rules of the syntax. Thus, written speech is radically different from oral speech in that it must inevitably proceed according to the rules of expanded (explicit) grammar, which is necessary in order to make the content of written speech understandable in the absence of accompanying gestures and intonations. Therefore, any convergence of monologic, written speech with the structure of oral dialogic speech is impossible. This is manifested, in particular, in the fact that those ellipses and grammatical incompleteness that are justified in oral speech become completely inapplicable in written speech.

So, written monologue speech in its structure is always complete, grammatically organized expanded structures, almost without using direct speech forms. That is why the length of a phrase in written speech significantly exceeds the length of a phrase in oral speech, since in expanded written speech there are much more complex forms of control, for example, the inclusion subordinate clauses, which are only occasionally found in oral speech. All this gives the grammar of written speech a completely different character.

Written speech is an essential tool in the processes of thinking. Including, on the one hand, conscious operations by linguistic categories, it proceeds at a completely different, much slower pace than oral speech, on the other hand, allowing repeated reference to what has already been written, it also provides conscious control over ongoing operations. All this makes written speech a powerful tool for clarifying and working out the thought process. Therefore, written speech is used not only to convey a ready-made message, but also to work out and clarify one's own thought. It is known that in order to clarify a thought, it is best to try to write, to express this thought in writing. That is why written speech, as work on the method and form of utterance, is of great importance for the formation of thinking. The refinement of the thought itself with the help of written speech is clearly manifested, for example, when preparing a report or article. The job of a translator is also not just a translation from one code system to another; this is a complex form of analytical activity, the most important task of which is the awareness of the very logical structure of thought, its logical structure.

The ratio of oral and written speech. Written speech options

In conclusion, we would like to dwell on the last provision, which has only a particular meaning, but, despite this, is of significant interest for the psychological analysis of oral and written speech.

We are talking about the various relationships that oral and written speech can enter into, and about the various forms in which the interaction of these basic types of speech activity can take place. There are at least three types of such relationships.

Normally, oral and written speech, as mentioned above, proceed according to completely different rules and are constructed grammatically in completely different ways.

Oral speech included in the situation, accompanied by gestures, intonation, semantic pauses, allows contractions, ellipses and agrammatisms; in certain cases of dialogic or monologic speech, these peculiar features stand out with particular distinctness.

Written speech in its structure is always speech in the absence of an interlocutor. Those means of coding thoughts in a speech utterance that occur in oral speech without awareness are here the subject of conscious action. Written speech has no outside language tools(knowledge of the situation, gestures, facial expressions), therefore, it must have sufficient grammatical completeness, and only this grammatical completeness makes it possible to make a written message sufficiently understandable. However, for a beginner to learn written language, the situation may be different.

Let's try to analyze the written speech of a person who learned it at a mature age and still has insufficient command of it. In the written speech of this person, the techniques of oral speech are partially transferred, and in part it reflects the activity of conscious mastery of the means of the language, which is characteristic of it.

As an example, you can take a letter from a person who has poor command of written language. It can have the following character: “Hello, dear mom, dad, sister Nina and brother Kolya. Your sister Katya is writing to you. I want to tell you this, that, and that, and I also want to tell you this, that, and that. Such written speech, on the one hand, reflects those forms that are accepted in oral speech, on the other hand, the writer conveys the very fact of writing a letter: he tells who writes what he wants to convey, and describes the actions that he performs when writing letters. Thus, a person who is at this stage of mastering the written language writes as he speaks and as he acts; his written speech is characterized by completely different features than the written speech of a person who is used to using it as a constant means of communication.

However, not only oral speech can affect written language (as we saw above), but also written language can affect oral speech. In a person who has a well-developed automated written speech, often the rules of written speech begin to be transferred to oral speech, and such a person begins to speak the way he writes. - We are dealing here with her case of the "clerical" style of oral speech - a style that does not allow ellipses or irregularities. In these cases, live, oral speech is deprived of the elements of intonation accompanying gestures and becomes hypergrammatical and formal, super-expanded, repeating those features that are characteristic of written speech.

Touching upon the issues of different attitudes of written and oral speech at successive stages of mastering written speech, on the one hand, and different attitudes towards oral and written speech, on the other hand, we move on to a new section of science - stylistics, which is much more developed in linguistics and requires more special psychological coverage.

This section of the psychology of the basic forms of verbal communication is beyond the scope of the book and requires special research.

Written monologue speech can appear in various forms: in the form of a written message, report, written narration, written expression of thought.

or reasoning, etc. In all these cases, the structure of written speech differs sharply from the structure of oral dialogic or oral monologue speech.

These differences have a number of psychological grounds.

Written monologue speech is speech without an interlocutor, its motive and intention are completely determined by the subject. If the motive of written speech is contact (“-tact”) or desire, demand (“-mand”), then the squeaker must mentally imagine the one to whom he is addressing, imagine his reaction to his message. The peculiarity of written speech lies precisely in the fact that the entire process of control over written speech remains within the activities of the writer himself, without correction by the listener. But in those cases when written speech is aimed at clarifying the concept (“-cept”), it does not have any interlocutor, a person writes only in order to clarify the thought, to verbalize his intention, to expand it without even mental contact with the person to whom the message is addressed.

Written speech has almost no extralinguistic, additional means of expression. It does not imply either knowledge of the situation by the addressee or sympractical contact, it does not have the means of gestures, facial expressions, intonation, pauses that play the role of "semantic markers" in ■ monologue oral speech, and only a partial replacement of these latter are techniques for highlighting individual elements of the text being presented. italics or paragraph. Thus, all information expressed in written speech should be based only on a sufficiently complete use of the expanded grammatical means of the language.

Hence, written speech should be as syn-semantic as possible and the grammatical means that it uses should be completely sufficient to express the message being transmitted. The writer must build his message in such a way that the reader can go all the way back from expanded, external speech to the internal meaning of the text being presented.

Written speech has a completely different origin and a different psychological structure.

Written speech appears as a result of special training, which begins with the conscious mastery of all means of written expression of thought. At the early stages of its formation, its subject is not so much the thought that is to be expressed, but rather those technical means of writing sounds, letters, and then words that have never been the subject of awareness in oral-dialogical or oral monologue speech. At these stages, the child develops motor writing skills.

A child who is learning to write first operates not so much with thoughts as with the means of their external expression, with the means of denoting sounds, letters and words. Only much later does the expression of thoughts become the object of the child's conscious actions. Thus, written speech, unlike oral speech, which is formed in the process of live communication, from the very beginning is a conscious arbitrary act in which the means of expression act as the main subject of activity. Such intermediate operations as the isolation of phonemes, the representation of these phonemes by a letter, the synthesis of letters in a word, the successive transition from one word to another, never realized in oral speech, in written speech still remain "for a long time the subject of conscious action. Only after as written speech becomes automated, these conscious actions turn into unconscious operations and begin to occupy the place that similar operations (sound extraction, finding articulation, etc.) occupy in oral speech.

That is why written speech includes a number of levels that are absent in oral speech, but are clearly distinguished in written speech. Written speech includes a number of processes at the phonemic level - the search for individual sounds, their opposition, the coding of individual sounds into letters, the combination of individual sounds and letters into whole words. To a much greater extent than is the case in oral speech, it includes in its composition the lexical level, which consists in the selection of words, in the search for suitable necessary verbal expressions, with their opposition to other lexical alternatives. Finally, written speech also includes conscious operations of the syntactic level, which most often proceeds automatically, unconsciously in oral speech, but which constitutes one of the essential links in written speech. As a rule, the writer deals with the conscious construction of a phrase, which is mediated not only by the available speech skills, but also by the rules of grammar and syntax. The fact that any extralinguistic components (gestures, facial expressions, etc.) do not participate in written speech, and the fact that there are no external prosodic components (intonation, pauses) in written speech, determine the essential features of its structure.

Thus, written speech is radically different from oral speech in that it must inevitably proceed according to the rules of expanded (explicit) grammar, which is necessary in order to make the content of written speech understandable in the absence of accompanying gestures and intonations. Therefore, any convergence of monologic, written speech with the structure of oral dialogic speech is impossible. This is manifested, in particular, in the fact that those ellipses and grammatical incompleteness that are justified in oral speech become completely inapplicable in written speech.

So, written monologue speech in its structure is always complete, grammatically organized expanded structures, almost without using direct speech forms. That is why the length of a phrase in written speech significantly exceeds the length of a phrase in oral speech, since in extended written speech there are much more complex forms of control, for example, the inclusion of subordinate clauses, which are only occasionally found in oral speech. Bee it gives the grammar-writing a completely different character.

Speech is classified according to a significant number of features. There are at least four classification features that allow us to talk about various types speeches

according to the form of information exchange (using sounds or written signs), speech is divided into oral and written

according to the number of participants in communication, it is divided into monologue, dialogic and polylogical

on functioning in a particular area of communication

the following functional

new styles of speech: scientific, official

business, journalistic, colloquial

by availability

the importance of semantic and compositional-structural features of the text, the following functional-semantic types of speech are distinguished: description, narration and reasoning

First of all, we will focus on the characteristics of oral and written speech. Oral and written varieties of speech are "connected by thousands of transitions into each other." This is explained by the fact that the basis of both oral and written speech is internal speech, with the help of which human thought is formed.

In addition, oral speech can be written down on paper or with the help of technical means, while any written text can be read aloud. There are even special genres of writing specifically designed for speaking aloud: dramaturgy and oratory. And in works of fiction you can often find dialogues and monologues of characters that are inherent in oral spontaneous speech.

Despite the commonality of oral and written speech, there are differences between them. As noted in the encyclopedia "Russian language" ed. Fedot Petrovich Filin, the differences between oral and written speech are as follows:

- oral speech - speech sounding, pronounced. It is the primary form of the existence of language, a form opposed to written speech. In the conditions of modern scientific and technological progress, oral speech not only outstrips written speech in terms of the possibilities of actual distribution, but also acquires such an important advantage as the instantaneous transmission of information;

- written language - this is speech depicted on paper (parchment, birch bark, stone, canvas, etc.) using graphic signs designed to indicate speech sounds. Written speech is a secondary, later in time form of the existence of a language, opposed to oral speech.

A number of psychological and situational differences stand out between oral and written speech:

in oral speech, the speaker and the listener see each other, which allows, depending on the reaction of the interlocutor, to change the content of the conversation. In written speech, this possibility is not available: the writer can only mentally imagine a potential reader;

oral speech is designed for auditory perception, written - to the visual. The literal reproduction of oral speech, as a rule,

it is possible only with the help of special technical devices, while in written speech the reader has the opportunity to repeatedly re-read what is written, as well as the writer himself - to repeatedly improve what is written;

3) written speech makes communication precise, fixed. It connects the communication of people of the past, present and future, acts as the basis for business communication and scientific activity, while oral speech is often characterized by inaccuracy, incompleteness, and the transfer of a common meaning.

Thus, there are both similarities and differences in oral and written speech. The similarities are based on the fact that the basis of both types of speech is literary language, and the differences lie in the means of its expression.

Parameter name	Meaning
Article subject:	Written speech.
Rubric (thematic category)	Psychology

Written speech - this is a speech fixed in writing and characterized by a stricter observance of the literary norm.

Written speech appeared much later than oral speech. Mankind was in dire need of means of fixing information about the most important events for a long time.

The first method of fixing information was the so-called ideographic speech- conveying the meaning of what is happening through the picture. For example, in the ideographic writing of the Indians, the word ʼʼenmityʼʼ is depicted as two arrows pointing in different directions; the beginning of the day - a drawing of the rising sun.

The second way is hieroglyphic writing, characterized by the loss of direct resemblance to objects. A hieroglyph can mean not only an object, but also whole thoughts. Hieroglyphs are not related to oral speech, through which people communicated.

The third way is modern look letters (alphabetic). His distinguishing feature- close connection with oral speech. A phoneme (sound) in writing is conveyed by a grapheme (letter).

Written speech has two sides: writing as a written expression of thought and reading.

1. Letter, i.e. encryption of speech acoustic signals using special graphic characters.

2. Reading, i.e. deciphering graphic signs and understanding their meanings.

Written speech is characterized by the absence of direct feedback. Since written speech is addressed to an absent reader who does not see or hear the writer. He will read what was written after a while, when the described problem has already lost its relevance for the one who writes.

The lack of direct contact with the reader creates some difficulties in constructing written statements. The writer is deprived of the opportunity to use both gestures and facial expressions, and intonation. It can convey semantic shades, only with punctuation marks. As B. Shaw rightly noted, there are 50 ways to say ʼʼyesʼʼ and 50 ways to say ʼʼnoʼʼ, and only one way to write them ʼʼ.

Therefore, firstly, written speech is less expressive than oral speech. And secondly, it should be especially detailed, coherent, understandable and complete.

In preschool children, there is another peculiar type of speech - egocentric speech. This is the speech of the child, addressed to himself, which is the transition of external colloquial speech into internal. Such a transition occurs in a child in conditions of problematic activity, when there is a need to comprehend the action being performed and direct ᴇᴦο to achieve a practical goal.

- Official and business written speech

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- Oral and written speech

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- Written speech, its importance for the development of cognitive activity of the individual.

- Written speech as a special type of speech activity

Written speech is one of the types of speech, along with oral and internal, and includes writing and reading. The most complete and detailed psychological and psycholinguistic characteristics of the written form of speech are presented in the studies of L. S. .... .

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“In the practice of schooling, writing still occupies too little place compared to the huge role that it plays in the process of the cultural development of the child,” this conclusion was made by L.S. Vygotsky back in the late 20s of the last century. (quoted by O. Kurov. Pedagogical ... .

- Educational written speech

The purpose of teaching written speech in secondary school is the formation of elementary skills in writing speech (writing a letter to a foreign peer). However, in the learning process foreign language written language is widely used as a means of teaching and a means of ... .