What is a common and uncommon proposal. Types of simple sentences by structure. Common and uncommon, complete and incomplete

A simple sentence is a sentence that consists of one or more grammatically combined words that express a complete thought. It is the basic grammatical unit of syntax. A simple sentence should have only one grammatical base (predicative center).

Father washes the car.
Children play on the lawn.
Dust.
Grandma is resting.

Simple sentence - basic structural type sentences in Russian, which serves to build complex sentences.

Spring has come + The snow has melted = Spring has come, the snow has melted.

Grammatical structure

Distinguish between main and minor members a simple sentence. The main ones - the subject (answers the questions "who? What?") And the predicate (answers the questions "what is doing? What did he do? What will he do?") - call the object that is the subject of the action (subject) and the action itself performed by the subject (predicate). Subject and predicate are interconnected and constitute the predicative center.

Secondary - addition, definition, circumstance - explain the predicate and / or subject or other minor members and depend on them syntactically.

An old tram drove slowly along the hot rails.

In this sentence, the subject is "tram", the predicate is "driving." The definition of "old" depends on the subject "tram". The predicate "rode", which is associated with the subject "tram", leads the addendum "on the rails" and has the contingent "slow". The addition, in turn, also has a secondary dependent member of the sentence - the definition of "hot". The whole sentence is divided into a subject group ("an old tram") and a predicate group ("I drove slowly on hot rails"). The information below will help you parse a sentence quickly and easily.

What are the types of simple sentences?

There are the following types of simple sentences:

non-exclamation and exclamation (regarding intonation);
narrative, interrogative, incentive (regarding the purpose of the statement);
two-part and one-part (with respect to the composition of the grammatical base);
complete and incomplete (regarding the presence / absence of the necessary members of the proposal);
widespread and non-widespread (regarding the presence / absence of minor members of the proposal);
complicated and uncomplicated.

Exclamation and non-exclamation

As for this type, the defining moment is the presence / absence of an exclamation mark.

Spring came. Spring came!

Narrative, interrogative, incentive

The second type indicates the purpose for which this maxim is pronounced: to tell about something (the Danube flows into the Black Sea), to ask about something (When will you finally get married?) Or to induce something (Buy a loaf on dinner).

One-piece and two-piece

What simple sentences can be called one-part sentences? Those whose predicative (grammatical) stem consists only of the subject or only of the predicate.

Thaw.
Beautiful girl.
Day is breaking.

If of the main members in the sentence there is only the subject, then such grammatical units are called nominative, or nominative.

The beauty is incredible!
Evening Kiev with many lights.

If there is only a predicate, then there are several types of such one-piece sentences:

definitely personal (the action is performed by some object or person and is expressed by a verb in the form of the 1st and 2nd person singular or plural present or future tense);
indefinitely personal (predicate is expressed by a verb in the 3rd person plural);
generalized personal (the verb is expressed in the form of the 2nd person singular present or future tense and the 3rd person plural, but attention is focused on the action itself);
impersonal ( actor not grammatically expressed).

A sentence, the predicative center of which consists of two members, is called two-part.

It is raining.

Complete and incomplete

A simple sentence can be complete or incomplete.

A complete sentence is considered to contain all the major and minor members necessary for the construction and completeness of the expression of meaning.

I look at the moon.
The train passes the bridge.

The incomplete omitted the main or minor term of the sentence, but it is clear from the context or situation of speech.

She greeted the teacher. He is with her.

The word "greeted" is missing here, but it is understandable for the listener based on the context.

Common and uncommon

A simple sentence can be widespread (there are minor members that serve to explain the main ones) and uncommon (consists only of the predicative center, there are no minor members). Examples of common sentences:

The July sun is shining brightly.
Finally the weather cleared up.
Beautiful slender girl.

Examples of uncommon sentences:

The sun shines.
The weather cleared up.
Young woman.

Simple sentences can be complicated:

the homogeneity of different members of the proposal (he loved the quivering sunrises, and colorful sunsets, and moonlit nights);
separate definitions that follow the word that they explain (The road leading to the waterfall began to wiggle rapidly);
annexes (Near the forest there was a hut - a forester's dwelling);
standalone additions (I really liked the film, with the exception of some scenes);
isolated circumstances (After preparing dinner, the mother sat in the kitchen for a long time);
appeals and introductory constructions (O youth, how quickly you pass! Spring, it seems, will be late);
clarifying members' proposals (the accident happened at four in the morning, that is, at dawn).

But a simple complicated sentence can be easily confused with a complex one. Therefore, one must be careful and focus on the number of predicative centers.

It is easy to parse a sentence. You can write a hint diagram for yourself.

In this lesson we will talk about what sentences are and how they can be classified.

Examples of two-part sentences:

Explodedpetard.

Very scary tale happened to me last night.

If the grammatical base consists of one main member, such a sentence is called one-piece.

Examples of one-part sentences:

Summer.

Holidays.

I want to go to the sea.

We'll rest soon.

The main member of a one-part sentence in its properties and structure is similar to either a two-part predicate or a subject.

Depending on whether there are minor members in the proposal, proposals are common and uncommon(fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Types of proposals regarding the presence / absence of minor members ()

V uncirculated besides the main members, there are no other members of the proposal.

Examples of uncommon sentences:

It got dark.

Wind started to blow.

A ghost appeared.

If there is at least one minor term in a sentence, such a sentence is called widespread.

Examples of common sentences:

Suddenly it got dark.

An eerie, piercing wind blew.

A ghost appeared from behind the curtain.

Thus, it is possible to determine whether a proposal is widespread or not widespread by the presence of minor members in it.

Please note that words that are not members of the sentence (calls, introductory words and constructions) do not make the sentence widespread.

It seems to get dark- a simple, uncommon sentence.

As soon as it got dark, naturally, a ghost appeared - difficult sentence, consisting of two simple and uncommon.

Simple sentences are subdivided into full and incomplete(fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Types of proposals regarding the presence / absence of required members ()

If a sentence contains all the components necessary for its understanding, if in order to understand the meaning of the sentence, we do not need to refer to other sentences, such sentences are called complete:

I'm not afraid of ghosts.

If we do not have enough components to understand a proposal, if, in order to understand its meaning, we need to refer to neighboring proposals, such a proposal will be incomplete:

I'm not afraid of ghosts.

Me too (the meaning of this sentence will be hidden until we know the context of its use).

Rice. 4. How to distinguish an incomplete sentence from a one-part ()

As you can see, the meaning of an incomplete sentence can be easily restored if you add the necessary components to it from the context (Fig. 4). Note that an incomplete sentence may be missing all the main members of the sentence:

- Have you seen a ghost?

- What was it like?

- Creepy! (this is a common incomplete sentence)

In addition, an incomplete sentence may be missing the secondary members of the sentence necessary for understanding:

Thus, the prevalence or non-prevalence of a proposal is determined by a formal criterion: whether or not there is a minor member in the proposal. And the division of a sentence into complete or incomplete is made according to the semantic, or semantic, feature. That is, if a minor member is absent in the sentence, but at the same time is necessary for its understanding, as in the question "Did you do it?", Such a sentence will be incomplete and uncommon.

Bibliography

1. Textbook: Russian language: textbook for 8th grade. general education. institutions / T.A. Ladyzhenskaya, M.T. Baranov, L.A. Trostentsova et al. - M .: Education, JSC "Moscow textbooks", 2008.

2. Ugrovatova T.Yu. Russian language tests. - 2011.

3. Exercises, practical tasks/ author-comp. N.Yu. Kadashnikov. - Volgograd: Teacher, 2009.

3. Website repetitor.biniko.com ()

Homework

1. Read and rewrite the texts. Find one-part, uncommon and incomplete sentences in them.

A. The office in the Yalta house of Anton Pavlovich was small, twelve paces in length and six in width. Directly against front door- a large square window in the frame. On the right side, in the middle of the wall, is a brown tiled fireplace. There are a few knick-knacks on the fireplace and between them a beautifully made model of a sailing schooner.

B. The first time she appeared in the evening. She ran almost to the fire itself, grabbed the fishtail that was lying on the ground, and dragged it under the rotten log. I immediately realized that this is not a simple mouse. Much less vole. Darker. And most importantly - the nose! A spatula like a mole. Soon she returned, began to scamper under my feet, collect fish bones, and only when I stamped angrily did she hide. “Though not simple, but still a mouse,” I thought. - Let him know his place. And her place was under a rotten cedar log. She dragged prey there. From there I got out the next day.

Q. This autumn I spent the night with grandfather Larion. Constellations, cold as grains of ice, floated in the water. The dry reeds rustled. The ducks chilled in the thickets and quacked plaintively all night. The grandfather could not sleep. He was sitting by the stove mending a torn fishing net. Then he put the samovar on - from it the windows in the hut immediately fogged up.

A common sentence is a simple sentence (see), which (as opposed to an uncommon sentence; see) includes minor members that clarify and clarify the subject, predicate or sentence as a whole. The expansion of the composition of the sentence occurs due to words and phrases acting in a form predetermined by the subject or predicate, or in the form fixed in the language system to express certain components of the meaning of the sentence, for example: Did not come due to illness; * Snow was hammered into the gates of the storm boots - it squeezed the throat with an ice hoop * (Semyonov-Spassky); * Be silent about this! Morozna tried not to remember the trip to the hospital * (Fadeev). Educated on the basis of different types subordinate relationship (coordination, management, adhesion) to the phrase, there are attributive, object or subjective relationships, for example: do not remember the trip - management, object relationships; a trip to the hospital - poor management, determinative relationship.
The syntactic position of word forms spreading the entire sentence as a whole is at the beginning or less often at the end of the sentence. In one sentence there can be several such distributors (determinants, see), characterizing the sentence from different sides, having a subjective, object or circumstantial meaning, for example: “She has sea-colored eyes, She has a wrong soul * (Balmont); * On your face, tenderly unsteady. The white ray pretended to be a smile ... * (Annensky); * With the skating rink and parents it became much calmer * (Nosov).
The internal composition of a sentence can be spread by a name, more often by a pronoun, in the form of dates. etc., a cut indicates the direction of the action, for example: * The bullet went through his very heart * (Turgenev). This role can be played by an infinitive, for example: Let the paper write a letter; gerunds: Leaving, go away.
A sentence is widespread if it contains open or closed series of clarifying definitions, additions or circumstances, united by union or non-union connection, for example:<Лишь снег порхает - вечный, белый. Зимой - он площадь оснежит...* (Блок); *Вся моя жизнь озарилась любовью, именно вся, до самых мелочей, словно тёмная, заброшенная комната, в которую внесли свечку* (Тургенев).
The proposal is also extended by joining the qualifying groups of word forms that are with a proposal or a separate word in a semi-predicative relationship. These isolated semantic groups are highlighted intonationally, in writing - with commas or dashes, for example: ^ The one who threw it [the net], to the complete surprise of everyone, missed and captured only a jug with it ... * (Bulgakov); * So Margarita Nikolaevna whispered, looking at the crimson curtains, filled with the sun, restlessly dressing, combing short curled hair in front of a triple mirror * (Bulgakov).
A common proposal makes the introduction of syntactically independent word forms - appeals, plug-in constructions, for example: * You are dear to me, it's time for sunset * (Pleshcheev); * A wonderful musician (I was friends with him) I. Dobrovsin came to her * (Pasternak).
The terms "R. P." and "uncirculated sentence" are accepted primarily in school grammar.

§ 1 Common and non-common sentences

The grammatical basis of the sentence is formed by the subject and the predicate. These are the main members of the proposal. All other words in the sentence are minor members.

To express our thoughts, we use different sentences: some sentences consist only of the main members, in others there are both major and minor ones.

Let's compare the two texts.

Autumn has come. The sky is frowning. Wind blows. Leaves are falling. Birds cry.

The cold autumn has come. The sky is frowning more and more often. A strong wind blows from the north.

Colored leaves fall to the ground. Flying away birds cry alarmingly.

What is the difference?

The sentences of the first text consist only of the main members - the subject and the predicate. Such offers are called non-circulated.

The second text consists of sentences, in which, in addition to the main members, there are also minor ones. Such offers are called common.

§ 2 How to distribute a grammatical sentence

A sentence consisting only of a grammatical base is easy to distribute by adding minor terms to it. At the same time, the secondary members give the proposal a different emotional color.

Let's look at an example.

You can distribute it in different ways:

The examples show how strongly sentences with the same grammatical basis can differ in emotional coloring and content.

§ 3 How to determine whether a sentence is widespread or uncommon

To determine which offer is in front of us - common or non-common,

r need to find a grammatical basis in it

r and see if there are minor members in this proposal.

It would seem that the subject and the predicate are two words, therefore, if there are more than two words in a sentence, then it is common. This opinion is erroneous. We can come across an uncommon sentence in which there are several subjects or predicates:

Conversely, there are common two-word sentences in which there is no subject or predicate:

Observe your speech and the speech of others. What offers do we use more often? Of course, common. They help us convey information more accurately and in more detail. With their help, we can find out where the event took place, when and how. Our speech becomes richer and brighter.

§ 4 Summary of the lesson

Sentences that consist only of main members are called non-circulated. Sentences that have both major and minor members are called common. A common sentence conveys information more accurately, in detail, expressively.

List of used literature:

Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V. Russian language. Textbook for grade 3. - M .: Balass, 2012.
Buneeva E.V., Yakovleva M.A. Methodical recommendations for the textbook "Russian language", grade 3. - M .: Balass, 2014 .-- 208p.
Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I., Kapinos V.I. and other Russian language. Textbook for grade 5. - M .: Bustard, 2006 .-- 301s.
Rosenthal D.E., Telenkova M.A. Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. - M .: Education, 1985 .-- 400s
Isaeva N.E. Workbook on the Russian language for grade 3 .- M .: Balass, 2012.-78s.