The first signs of brucellosis in humans. All about brucellosis. The miracle of the human immune system - video

What is brucellosis? Brucellosis is an infectious disease of a septic order with a peculiar motley clinical picture - undulating fever with profuse sweating, damage to the motor apparatus, hepatolienal system, genital area, etc. It can be chronic. The disease is transmitted to humans from animals, therefore, it is a zoonosis.

Brucellosis (undulating fever) is caused by various species of the genus Brucella, especially Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus.

Brucella is a small coccus that, when grown at a low temperature, takes the form of a stick; it is an immobile, non-Gram-staining microbe that grows slowly on conventional nutrient media. The reservoir of the microorganism in nature are animals suffering from brucellosis - especially goats (Brucella melitensis) and cattle, as well as pigs (Brucella abortus). In goats, the disease often occurs without symptoms and is usually localized in the mammary glands; in cows, it leads to “infectious abortion”. The microbe is excreted in urine and milk, which determines the epidemiology of brucellosis. The microbe is low virulent for laboratory animals, only large doses cause septicemia in guinea pig and the mouse. Both varieties of brucellosis are morphologically identical, but differ in minor cultural features. In addition to the named main species of Brucella, Brucella paramelitensis and other variants, partly non-pathogenic for humans, have been isolated.

Symptoms and signs of brucellosis in humans

The incubation period for this disease can last from eight days to eight weeks. most often it lasts in the region of two weeks. Symptoms of brucellosis are not expressed clearly and develop slowly.

Brucellosis usually causes four main symptoms:

1. An increase in body temperature, which either lasts a long time, or manifests itself in waves.
2. Severe joint pain, which can come in waves and manifests itself most in the lower extremities.
3. Increased sweating, possibly also at night.
4. Prostration.

Clinical picture

The clinical manifestations of Maltese fever and Bang's disease in humans are identical (Bang's disease is generally milder). The incubation period is usually 2-3 weeks. Brucellosis begins with uncharacteristic "flu" symptoms, malaise, easy fatigue, headache, sometimes catarrhal symptoms from the upper respiratory tract, fever of a constant or remitting type. The fever reaches 39-39.5 ° and above, in typical cases it lasts about 2-3 weeks, is replaced by a period of normal temperature of the same duration, so that the alternation of new feverish waves and apyrectic intervals again occurs. The disease lasts for months, the number of feverish waves can reach 7-8 or more.

Quite often, the fever may be completely irregular or intermittent, with short rises, simulating malarial paroxysms, or give periods of continua, reminiscent of a typhoid curve. When the temperature rises, patients often complain of chilling; tremendous chills are rare. Abundant sweating is characteristic, and, moreover, not only during periods of sharp fluctuations in temperature, but also at subfebrile temperature and even at the very beginning of the disease. The general state of health of patients can remain remarkably good even with high fever, in contrast, for example, to the state of typhoid patients.

Lesions of the organs of movement characteristic of brucellosis usually do not appear from the first days of the disease, but more often during the second or one of the subsequent waves. The most frequent arthritis with sharp pains, redness of the skin, effusion in the joint cavity and damage to the periarticular tissues; bursitis, tendovaginitis, myositis are also not uncommon. Articular lesions are usually volatile in nature, leaving no permanent changes in the affected joints, and only as an exception lead to suppuration or ankylosing. Favorite localization - large joints: sacroiliac, shoulder, knee; small joints are affected less frequently. There are also bone pains, periostitis with test-like swelling, and rarely - typical osteomyelitis with sequestration and the formation of fistulous passages. Described spondylitis of the thoracic spine. Particularly characteristic are lumbalgia and sacralgia based on various lesions of the osteoarticular-ligamentous apparatus and simultaneous radiculitis. The pain is very persistent, not inferior to salicylic drugs.
Enlargement of the spleen and liver, usually painful, is an almost constant sign of brucellosis. The spleen swells from the first days of the fever; the sizes of a spleen can represent during an illness considerable fluctuations. In the overall picture of the disease, splenomegaly can occupy a prominent place. Liver damage can occur with symptoms of cholecystitis or, together with splenomegaly, present as a hepatolienal syndrome.

In men, brucellosis can cause a typical testicular lesion - orchitis, usually bilateral, or orchiepididymitis. In this localization, the tropism of the brucellosis pathogen to the genital area is revealed, which is even more pronounced in sick animals. Inflammation of the testicle leads to severe pain, lasts 2-3 weeks, recurs; the outcome in suppuration is extremely rare. Testicular atrophy does not occur. Orchitis is observed in 5-30% of all male patients.

On the part of the skin, profuse sweats are constantly observed, less often polymorphic rashes - roseola, papules, erythema, bullous dermatitis. The skin retains its normal color, in particular, there is no jaundice or a sharp pallor.

Sometimes multiple swelling of the lymph glands develops. Body weight can drop significantly, especially in the presence of intestinal disorders. Defeat gastrointestinal tract little typical. As a rule, constipation is observed that accompanies any exacerbation of fever, less often - diarrhea such as enteritis or colitis with bloody stools.

On the part of the heart - the phenomena of functional weakness, less often - toxic damage to the myocardium. Often the pulse slows down in relation to the temperature, as in typhoid fever.

On the part of the lungs, persistent bronchitis is observed, less often bronchopneumonia with bloody sputum.

The nervous symptoms deserve a detailed analysis. Persistent radiculitis, neuralgia, recurrent neuritis either accompany an active infection, or, as residual effects, delay complete recovery for a long time. Patients complain of insomnia, irritability. More rare complications include meningitis, encephalitis, psychosis.

The blood changes little. Significant anemia rarely develops, mainly in the presence of intestinal complications. The number of leukocytes is normal or reduced, leukocytosis is less often observed during febrile attacks. On the part of the leukocyte formula, lymphocytosis, monocytosis, and a decrease in the number of eosinophils are typical.

The involvement of the kidneys in the disease process is rare.

Diagnosis of brucellosis

In severe cases, the combination of a characteristic temperature curve, damage to the locomotor system, liver and spleen, and the presence of orchitis makes it relatively easy to make a diagnosis, especially under appropriate epidemiological conditions and, of course, when getting to know the disease. Atypical forms, expressed only by fever, sweating, constipation, can present significant difficulties in diagnosis, especially in sporadic cases or at the beginning of an epidemic.

According to the temperature curve, brucellosis is most often confused with typhoid fever. Malaria and sepsis should be placed second in the differential diagnosis of brucellosis. Brucellosis differs from malaria in bone and joint metastases, orchitis; anemia is rare. With active malaria, there is always a subicteric sclera, urobilinuria; leukopenia is more permanent. Sepsis is characterized by microhematuria (focal nephritis), frequent endocardial damage, the presence of focal infection, embolism of the skin and other organs, anemia, etc. Brucellosis also has to be differentiated from tuberculosis, rheumatism, gonorrheal septicemia, lymphogranulomatosis and other rarer infections.

The diagnosis of brucellosis is decided with complete certainty by a positive result of blood cultures. The causative agent is in a person in the midst of a fever in the blood, excreted in the urine and sputum (with pulmonary complications), from where you can also get a culture. In the intervals between febrile attacks, the pathogen is localized in the spleen, lymph glands, and bone marrow. Brucella abortus is more difficult to seed than Brucella melitensis; often repeated crops are required.

Course of the disease

In most cases, brucellosis occurs as a subacute infection lasting 3-4 months; the disease can be delayed up to 3-4 years, maintaining the typical alternation of attacks or giving irregular relapses, separated by long latent periods. Less commonly, brucellosis occurs as an acute illness - within a few days. Mortality is low. Death usually occurs from damage to the heart (an old defect, a combination with endocarditis).

Patients are unable to work during febrile attacks, and also usually in the intervals between them. Sometimes the disease leads to disability - when recovering with a defect: with ankylosis, etc.

Brucellosis - photos of patients

pathological anatomy

As with all septicemia, with brucellosis there is an enlarged spleen, soft consistency. Its weight can reach 2.5 kg. In the spleen, as well as in the bone marrow, lymph glands, liver, hyperemia, hemorrhages, necrotic foci are observed: also (especially in the liver and spleen) granulomas from epithelioid cells. Degenerative changes in the heart and kidneys, in accordance with the good quality of the infection, are insignificant or absent. In the guinea pig, pathoanatomical changes resemble tuberculosis.

Treatment of brucellosis in humans

With timely therapy, the treatment of brucellosis is successful. Treatment involves the elimination of the causative agent of brucellosis, which a person has fallen ill with. In most cases, antibiotics of the tetracycline group, such as levomycetin or streptomycin, are used for this. Treatment lasts about 3-4 weeks.

Brucellosis in severe form can cause infection of the central nervous system and serious complications: liver abscess, various heart problems.

Prevention of brucellosis

Prevention of brucellosis consists in observing sanitary standards when interacting with animals, as well as in preventing brucellosis in domestic and farm animals.

Vaccination of persons at risk of infection is also practiced.

Forecast

Brucellosis almost never causes death, but it can cause disability (due to various lesions of the nervous system).

Related videos

Brucellosis (Maltese fever) is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by various types brucella.

The disease is prone to a chronic course and is characterized by a non-specific clinical picture with multiple lesions of various organs and systems of the human body. It is very important to detect the symptoms of brucellosis in a timely manner, an experienced doctor can easily recognize them during the first examination.

The causative agent of brucellosis is nothing more than small microorganisms, well adapted to any environmental conditions, called brucella. They do not die at low temperatures, they can be found in soil, on pet hair, in cow's milk, as well as in water and frozen meat. And at the same time, the safety of Brucella ranges from 1.5 to 5 months. When the temperature rises to 100°C, brucella die.

Synonyms of the disease are Maltese hyperthermia, Cyprus hyperthermia, Gibraltar hyperthermia, undulating hyperthermia, Bruce's septicemia, Bang's pathology.

What is brucellosis?

How can you get brucellosis, and what is it? Brucellosis is a zoonotic infection characterized by multiple organ pathologies and a tendency to become chronic. A significant pathogenetic component of brucellosis is allergic reactivity. The causative agents of brucellosis belong to the bacteria of the genus Brucella, among which the existence of eight independent species is recognized, six of which are capable of causing disease in humans: B.melitensis, B.abortus, B.suis, B.canis, B.pinnipediae, B.cetaceae.

Of the commonly encountered Brucella species, B. melitensis is the most virulent and causes the most severe and acute cases of the disease. B.suis is associated with a prolonged course of the disease, accompanied by the development of purulent destructive lesions. B.abortus and B.canis tend to cause mild to moderate sporadic disease with rare complications. Cases of the disease caused by B. pinnipediae and B. cetaceae have been described relatively recently.

Transmission of infection is carried out mainly by the fecal-oral mechanism, most often food and by water, in some cases, it is possible to implement a contact-household (when the pathogen is introduced through microtraumas of the skin and mucous membranes) and aerogenic (when infected dust is inhaled) ways.

A significant epidemiological danger is represented by milk obtained from sick animals and dairy products (feta cheese, koumiss, cheeses), meat, products from animal raw materials (wool, leather). Animals pollute the soil, water, food with their feces, which can also contribute to human infection by non-food means. Contact-household and air-dust paths are implemented when caring for animals and processing animal raw materials.

Symptoms of brucellosis in humans

The incubation period of brucellosis is 7 days - 8 weeks, usually 2 weeks. Symptoms of brucellosis in humans usually develop gradually and do not have special characteristics.

However, patients usually 4 main complaints:

1. Intermittent soreness in the joints, mostly in the lower limbs, at times very distressing and violent.
2. An increase in body temperature in the form of prolonged subfebrile condition (up to 38 ° C) or a wave-like type with sharp rises and falls.
3. Increased sweating, perspiration, night sweats at times.
4. Severe asthenia and loss of strength.

Some patients have prolonged subfebrile condition. The fever may last for months, it is typical that even at a high temperature the patients remain conscious, the spleen and liver are enlarged. Brucellosis often affects the nervous, reproductive and musculoskeletal systems.

There are also arthritis (of the hip, sacroiliac and other large joints), periarteritis, bursitis, tendo-vaginitis, spondylitis, neuralgia, neuritis (sciatic), less often - meningitis, encephalitis, etc. Men have orchitis, epididymitis, and in women - dysmenorrhea, salpingitis and even abortion.

Chronic form

A chronic form occurs in the case of adaptation of the organism to the pathogen, while in humans the signs of the disease periodically become aggravated and subside. This form is characterized by symptoms in the form of mild intoxication and the absence of an increase in body temperature (sometimes up to 37.5). If the disease goes into a remission form of exacerbation, then a person has symptoms similar to an acute form. A very common symptom is enlargement of the lymph nodes, liver and spleen.

At this stage, damage to many internal organs can already occur, with the musculoskeletal system most often hit, and especially the joints and large muscles. Joint pain and swelling are caused by uncontrolled growth of bone tissue.

The result of the transition of brucellosis into a chronic form can be neuritis, radiculitis, meningitis, encephalitis, metritis and other diseases, while pregnant women are more likely to lose the fetus. In men, pathogens chronic form ailments cause hormonal failures, the occurrence of impotence and, in some situations, infertility, which is caused by a negative effect on the testicles.

The chronic form of the disease can last for 2-3 years, but if re-infection occurs, the period becomes much longer.

Diagnosis of brucellosis

If signs of the disease are found, in order to make a diagnosis, in addition to the anamnesis, it is necessary to conduct some laboratory tests.

To do this, a person needs to pass tests for brucellosis, including 2 types of research:

1. Serological diagnosis- the most common diagnostic method, in which, using various methods (agglutination reaction, enzyme immunoassay), an increase in the titer of antibodies to certain types of Brucella is detected.
2. Bacteriological research with the isolation of the bacteria culture of the pathogen and their identification.

For additional diagnostics, in order to determine the severity and localization of structural changes in organs, a clinical analysis of blood and urine, X-ray and ultrasound methods of instrumental examination are used.

Treatment of brucellosis in humans

If symptoms of brucellosis occur, treatment consists in the destruction of the pathogen that has entered the human body. Usually, doctors prescribe streptomycin, levomycetin, and other antibiotics of the tetracycline group as antibacterial therapy, which successfully cure brucellosis: the treatment lasts three to four weeks and is accompanied by additional supportive therapy.

With early detection and timely treatment, the disease can be successfully cured. Severe brucellosis can lead to infection of the central nervous system, endocarditis (inflammation of the inner lining of the heart or heart valves), and liver abscess. In addition, brucellosis can cause lingering symptoms similar to those of chronic fatigue: intermittent fever, weakness, fatigue, and joint pain.

Forecast

With incorrect or inadequate treatment, as well as therapy that was started late, the disease becomes chronic in 80% of cases. Brucellosis in humans, whose symptoms are so varied and the treatment is quite long, is rarely the cause of death.

However, we must remember that this disease very often leads to disability. And the severity of residual effects after the disease depends on which type of Brucella infection occurred. The most severe complication is damage to the spinal cord and paralysis. For this reason, much attention should be paid to disease prevention.

Prevention

In the case of brucellosis, prevention is the elimination of brucellosis foci among animals and the prevention of foodborne infections, specific vaccination of persons from the age of 7 with negative serological and allergic reactions to brucellosis, if indicated. Persons vaccinated with a live brucellosis vaccine are allowed to work no earlier than three weeks after vaccination for prevention purposes.

Brucellosis for humans is an extremely dangerous disease. therapy helps to cope with the infection. But, according to statistics, sometimes the activity of pathogenic bacteria leads to a lot of very dangerous complications. The fact is that the infection quickly spreads throughout the body, affecting almost all organ systems, including the nervous and cardiovascular.

Of course, many people are looking for additional information about this pathology. Why does brucellosis appear in humans? Symptoms, treatment, photos of patients with a similar diagnosis - all this is very interesting, so it is worth dwelling on all these points in more detail.

Exciter Description

Before considering the symptoms of brucellosis in humans, photos of patients and effective methods treatment, it is worth learning more about the causes of the disease.

It is worth saying that for the first time the causative agent of this disease was isolated in 1886 by the English scientist David Bruce. To date, this infection is common in the Middle East, but in Europe, cases of this disease are rarely recorded.

It is worth noting that a sick animal releases bacteria into the external environment along with feces, milk, and amniotic fluid. How can you get an infection?

• As already mentioned, the infection spreads along with the milk of sick animals. You can get infected by eating unpasteurized milk, as well as cheeses, koumiss, raw meat.
• The risk group includes people who work with animal raw materials, for example, produce products from animal wool and skin.
• The gates for infection are small scratches, cracks and other microtraumas on the skin and mucous membranes. Pathogenic bacteria can enter the human body during animal care.
• There is a possibility of bacteria entering the body through the respiratory tract.
• Sometimes brucellosis is transmitted from person to person, but such cases are rarely recorded. You can catch the infection during intercourse.
• Do not forget that pathogenic bacteria leave the animal's body along with urine and fecal matter. Thus, brucellas settle on the soil, spread through the air, enter the water. You can become infected by drinking contaminated water or eating unwashed fruit, etc.

Symptoms of brucellosis in humans. Photos, signs, description of features

It should be said right away that the incubation period for this disease is quite long. Symptoms of brucellosis in humans usually appear 1-4 weeks after infection, although there are cases when the infection was activated two months after it entered the body.

Once in the body, pathogenic microorganisms quickly spread and settle in various tissues and organs. The list of the first symptoms includes an increase in temperature - while the maximum jumps are observed in the daytime and evening. Of course, there are other violations:

• deterioration of health, weakness, general malaise;
• loss of appetite;
• sharp pain in the joints (it is sometimes difficult for the patient to move);
• there is a chill that alternates with episodes of heavy sweating;
• the patient's skin turns pale, swelling and redness of facial tissues are observed;
• on palpation, as well as during ultrasound diagnostics, you can see a significant increase in the spleen and liver;
• in addition, an increase and swelling of regional lymph nodes is possible - most often the infection affects the cervical and axillary nodes (their palpation is accompanied by pain).

Symptoms indicating intoxication sometimes last for 3-4 weeks. In the absence of treatment, brucellosis in humans passes into the so-called subacute stage of development.

What are the symptoms of the subacute form?

At this stage, the clinical picture changes:

• Fever is still present, but often alternates with periods of relative well-being when the patient's body temperature drops to normal levels.
• Against the background of a sharp increase in temperature, short-term disturbances are often observed. heart rate.
• There are other symptoms that indicate the presence of an inflammatory process. Patients complain of chills, severe pain in the joints and muscles, increased heart rate, intense thirst, goosebumps. Other symptoms include constipation and dry mouth.
• Through the skin along the course of the muscles and tendons, small, dense formations the size of a pea can be felt.
• Patients complain of stiffness in movements, joint pain, swelling in the affected areas. Against the background of infection, diseases such as polyarthritis, bursitis, tendovaginitis (inflammatory lesions of the ligaments) develop.
• In men, bacteria often penetrate the tissues of the testicles and appendages. The inflammatory process in this case is accompanied by severe swelling of the scrotum, pain in the groin, lower abdomen and lower back.
• The reproductive system of a woman is also sensitive to this kind of infection. The activity of pathogenic microorganisms is often accompanied by a violation of the menstrual cycle, the development of endometritis.

In the most severe cases, the disease is accompanied by inflammation of the membranes of the heart (pericarditis). There is a possibility of developing infectious-toxic shock.

Chronic brucellosis in humans: signs, photos, features of the clinical picture

The inflammatory process sometimes drags on for several years. Of course, the symptoms in this case become less pronounced, but the consequences of the disease are much more dangerous. Chronic brucellosis in humans is accompanied by certain features:

• Body temperature is normal, sometimes rises to subfebrile values. Fever occurs periodically and, as a rule, is associated with secondary infection of the body, for example, with the influenza virus, etc.
• If the joints are affected, then gradually they begin to deform. Destruction leads to a decrease in mobility or its complete loss. Movement with such a disease is accompanied by severe pain. The list of associated disorders include spondylitis.
• The infection can penetrate into the tissues of the nervous system, resulting in the development of neuritis of the facial, optic and auditory nerves. There is a possibility of reactive neurosis. The symptoms of chronic brucellosis also include paresthesia, inflammation of the nerve plexuses, and sciatica.
• The disease often leads to inflammation of certain organs of the reproductive system. The infection can lead to infertility in women and impotence in men.

If left untreated, the symptoms of brucellosis in humans become more pronounced - the musculoskeletal system lends itself to deformation, and damage to the nervous system and heart leads to very dangerous complications, and sometimes to the death of the patient.

Possible complications due to the disease

We have already considered the symptoms of brucellosis in humans (a photo depicting pathogenic microorganisms is given at the beginning of the article), the features of the clinical picture in one form or another of the pathological process. According to statistics, in most cases, therapy ends successfully. But the infection can affect almost any organ, which sometimes leads to the development of dangerous complications.

• One of the most serious is endocarditis. Such an infectious lesion of the tissues of the heart often leads to disruption of the heart valves.
• Brucella often affects the joints, which can lead to the development of arthritis. Pathology is accompanied by swelling, severe pain and stiffness in movements. In most cases, the pathological process covers the small joints of the spine and wrist, knee and hip joints.
• As already mentioned, the infection often enters the tissues of the reproductive system. In men, a similar process often leads to inflammation of the testicles and their appendages, which is fraught not only with unpleasant symptoms, but also with infertility.
• The infection of pregnant women is dangerous. The activity of pathological bacteria sometimes leads to the appearance of various fetal anomalies. Brucellosis often causes spontaneous abortion.
• The list of possible complications include inflammation of the liver and spleen. The defeat of these organs affects the work of the whole organism.
• The spread of infection to the tissues of the central nervous system is also dangerous. Complications include inflammation of the membranes of the brain, as well as encephalitis with all possible consequences.

Of course, brucellosis can be dangerous for humans. But statistics show that the disease very rarely ends in death. The death of the patient is usually associated with the rapid development of endocarditis.

Diagnostic measures

Many people are interested in why a person develops brucellosis. Photos of patients with a similar diagnosis, features of the clinical picture, methods of treatment - this, of course, is important information. But first you need to correctly diagnose the disease.

With such a pathology, it is extremely important to collect an anamnesis. It is very important to learn not only about the disorders that bother the patient, but also about his profession, place of residence, the likelihood of contact with an infected animal - you need to understand whether the patient belongs to the risk group.

Diagnosis of brucellosis in humans includes various procedures, in particular blood and urine tests, serotological reactions, immunofluorescence studies. For bacteriological culture, samples of cerebrospinal fluid and the contents of the lymph nodes are used. Some studies help identify the pathogen itself, while others test the blood for the presence of specific antibodies that form against the background of brucellosis.

Treatment regimen

The choice of drugs depends largely on whether a person has certain symptoms. Treatment of brucellosis in humans must be comprehensive. Antibiotics such as Doxycycline, Rifampicin, Streptomycin, and Gentamicin are used to fight the infection.

According to statistics, such drugs give a good effect only in the laboratory. In practice, only complex antibiotic therapy helps. For example, patients are often prescribed simultaneous reception Doxycycline and Streptomycin. Treatment with antibiotics lasts about 4-6 weeks.

If bacterial endocarditis occurs, a third antibiotic may be added to the regimen. Of course, such an aggressive therapy cannot but affect the work of the whole organism. That is why patients are recommended to take pre- and probiotics (for example, Bifiform, Linex), as well as drugs to protect liver cells (Essentiale).

For example, analgesics are used to relieve pain. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs help manage fever. With severe pain in the joints, patients are prescribed special ointments that eliminate pain and relieve swelling.

Corticosteroids are rarely used in this condition. Most often they are introduced into the treatment regimen in the presence of meningitis and other inflammatory lesions of various structures of the nervous system.

When is surgery necessary?

You already know why brucellosis develops in humans. Signs and treatment in this case are closely related. For example, surgical intervention is required if abscesses have formed in the joints and spine - they must be opened and all purulent contents removed.

The operation is also performed with damage to the heart valves against the background of rapidly progressive endocarditis. As you can see, surgical treatment is necessary only if the infection caused the development of dangerous complications.

Recovery period

Even after full therapy, some symptoms of brucellosis in humans still persist, and for several weeks. Their list is as follows.

• Joint pain may persist for up to two months. The patient usually has difficulty walking quickly or climbing stairs.
• The skin in the area of ​​the affected joints may sometimes swell.
• There is some emotional lability, increased irritability.
• Increased sweating is also possible, both during the day and at night.

Such violations must be reported to the doctor. Sometimes a specialist may prescribe additional medications in order to alleviate the patient's condition.

Remedies for home treatment

It should immediately be said that any independent events and means traditional medicine can only be used with the permission of a doctor. Brucellosis is a dangerous disease that, if not properly treated, can lead to dangerous consequences, including disability and death.

• It is believed that regular baths from mineral water. Experts recommend periodically visiting sanatoriums, not giving up special massage and mud applications, as it helps restore joint mobility.
• At home, it is recommended to add a decoction of pine needles to bathing water - this remedy has calming properties, has a beneficial effect on the functioning of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems.
• You can also prepare medicine for internal use. To do this, you need to mix a tablespoon of black elderberry flowers, nettle leaves, bean pods. All ingredients must be chopped and mixed thoroughly. A tablespoon of the mixture is poured with two cups of boiling water, covered with a lid and allowed to brew. Strained liquid should be consumed four times a day, half a glass.
• You can remove inflammation and activate the immune system with the help of another herbal collection. You will need four spoons of birch leaves, five spoons of willow bark, a tablespoon of leaves. To prepare the medicine, three large spoons of herbal mixture should be poured with 500 ml of boiling water, then heated over low heat for 20 minutes. After the broth has cooled, it can be filtered. Herbalists recommend taking a glass of medicine every two hours (it must first be warmed up, you can sweeten it a little).
• Fresh juices will also help to improve the functioning of the body. In order to prepare a tasty and healthy medicine, you need to mix 750 ml of carrot and 350 ml of pumpkin juice. We mix these ingredients and take half a glass of medicine three times a day, preferably before meals.

Of course, such drugs cannot replace full-fledged antibacterial therapy - these are only auxiliary agents that help speed up the process of restoring the body.

Preventive measures: how to protect yourself from infection?

It should be said right away that there is no vaccine against brucellosis in humans. That is why doctors recommend sticking to several simple rules.

• It is important to observe the rules of personal hygiene, especially when it comes to contact with pets. Workers of agricultural structures should not forget about gloves and other protective devices.
• Remember that food must be thoroughly washed and properly prepared. Experts also recommend avoiding unpasteurized dairy products.
• It is extremely important to vaccinate pets - this way you can significantly reduce the risk of infection. By the way, do not forget that the vaccine contains a live pathogen - after the injection, animals can spread the infection for some time.
• If a person nevertheless came into contact with an infected animal, then he must be tested and be registered with a doctor for another six months, periodically undergoing examinations (even if there are no symptoms).

Signs of brucellosis in humans can be different, but in no case should you ignore the pathology. If you suspect that you have such a disease, you should immediately consult a doctor and begin appropriate treatment.

It is one of the infectious diseases that occurs as a result of human contact with infected animals or their metabolic products, and the symptoms in humans directly depend on the type of pathogen.
Varieties of bacteria can provoke a mild form of pathology or lead to insufficiency (impairment of function) of all / many organs in severe cases.
In the latter case, brucellosis leads to sad events - entails the death of an infected person.

Therapist: Azaliya Solntseva ✓ Article checked by Dr.

What is brucellosis, symptoms in humans

brucellosis in humans

It is a bacterial zoonotic infection caused by members of the genus Brucella that spreads from animals to humans, most commonly through unpasteurized milk, cheese, and other dairy products. Less commonly, the bacteria that cause brucellosis in humans can be spread through the air or through direct contact with infected animals.

The disease has long been known by various names, including Mediterranean fever, Malta fever, stomach fever, and wavy fever. Humans are accidental hosts, but pathology continues to be a major public health problem worldwide and the most common zoonotic infection.

Symptoms of brucellosis can include fever, joint pain, and fatigue. The infection can usually be successfully treated with antibiotics, but therapy takes weeks to many months and relapses are common.

Avoiding unpasteurized dairy products and taking precautions when working with animals or in the laboratory can help prevent the disease.

More than 500,000 cases of infection are registered annually in the world. Interest in pathology is growing due to increasing trends in international tourism and migration, in addition to the potential use of bacilli as a bioweapon.

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Symptoms and signs

The manifestations of brucellosis are diverse and variable in nature, and none of them is sufficient to confirm the diagnosis. They can appear any time from a few days to many months after infection.

Signs and symptoms are similar to those of the flu and include:

• soreness of the joints, muscles and back;
• headache;
• fever
• chills;
• loss of appetite;
• sweating;
• weakness;
• fatigue.

Pathological manifestations may disappear within a few weeks or months, and then return again. In some people, the disease becomes chronic, the symptoms persist for many years, even after specialized treatment.

Long-term signs and symptoms may include fatigue, recurrent fever, arthritis, endocarditis, and spondylitis, an inflammatory condition of the spine and adjacent joints.

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The causative agent of this pathology

Of the 4 subspecies of Brucella that cause brucellosis in humans (abortus, melitensis, canis, suis), the second is considered the most virulent and causes the most severe forms of the disease. The use of unpasteurized goat milk and dairy derivatives is the main route by which the pathogen is transmitted to humans.

Pathogens:

1. Abortus is a more common pathogen in the world than the previous one, but less pathogenic for animals and humans.
2. Suis is the second most common cause of brucellosis. The infection causes a long-term form of the disease, which is often associated with purulent destructive lesions of organs and tissues.
3. The course of pathology when infected with B. canis is similar to that of B. abortus. There is an acute onset, frequent relapses, and usually the process is not prone to transition to a chronic stage.

Slaughterhouse workers become infected with brucella through inhalation of aerosol liquids, contamination of abrasions and infection on the mucous membranes.

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Effective treatment for infection

How to treat brucellosis? The goal of medical therapy for brucellosis is to start suppressing the symptoms of the pathology as soon as possible in order to prevent complications and relapses. Given the non-specificity of patient complaints, a correct diagnosis in the emergency department is unlikely.

Antimicrobial regimens using a complex of antibacterial drugs are the basis of high-quality therapy due to the high risk of relapses that occur when prescribing a single antibiotic.

Drug resistance is not a significant problem in the treatment of the disease. Depending on which systems are affected, more specialized care may be needed.

A stable effect with a low recurrence rate has been demonstrated only by a limited number of antibacterial agents:

• gentamicin;
• doxycycline;
• imipenem-cilastatin;
• rifampicin;
• streptomycin;
• tigecycline;
• trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole;
• fluoroquinolones;
• chloramphenicol.

For simple infections, doxycycline is used, brucellosis is treated with a regimen of 100 mg twice a day for 6 weeks. However, the relapse rate with described monotherapy is 40%, and as a result, rifampicin (600-900 mg/day) is usually added. Ciprofloxacin-based regimens have shown similar efficacy in treatment.

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Microbiology and routes of infection

Brucella are aerobic gram-negative coccobacilli that have the unique ability to both enter cells and survive in the intracellular environment.

The microorganism can enter the human body through defects in the skin, mucous membranes, conjunctiva, respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.

Inside the body in the blood, foreign microorganisms affect the defense processes against viruses and bacteria, as a result of numerous mechanisms of action on immune cells, they find themselves inside the protective cells - polymorphonuclear cells and macrophages. Evidence suggests that the lipopolysaccharide coating of microbes plays an important role in their survival, possibly due to the synthesis of adenine and guanine monophosphate.

In addition, many bacterial species have relatively low virulence, toxicity, and pyrogenicity, making them weak inducers of certain inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor and interferons. Microbiology believes that they suppress programmed cell death (apoptosis).

Brucella that survive are carried into the lymphatic system and can divide locally and also replicate in the kidneys, liver, spleen, breasts, or joints, causing infection. Any complex of organs (eg, central nervous system, heart, joints, genitourinary system, pulmonary system, or skin) may be involved.

The development of cellular immunity is the main mechanism of recovery. Initially, IgM levels rise and then IgG titers. Persistently elevated IgG concentrations usually indicate a chronic or recurrent infection.

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Correct diagnosis of the disease

Given that the symptoms and signs of the disease are nonspecific, culture and serology are usually needed to confirm pathology.

The diagnosis of brucellosis is definitive when the bacteria is isolated from the blood, bone marrow, or other tissue. The sensitivity of blood cultures is approximately 60%.

Since the reticuloendothelial system of cells contains a high concentration of pathogens, bone marrow culture is considered to be a criterion for confirmed disease. Diagnosis of brucellosis reveals sensitivity, which is usually 80-90%.

Any body fluid (eg, synovial, pleural, or cerebrospinal) can be cultured, but microbial levels are usually low.

Polymerase chain reaction tests (determination of bacterial DNA) have been developed for the rapid detection of Brucella in human blood samples. Possible application of PCR: assessment of the likelihood of relapse and monitoring the response of the human body to therapy.

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Analysis for brucellosis and causes of development

Serological testing for detection of antibodies to bacteria is the most used method for diagnosing the disease. Retesting is recommended if the initial titer is low.

The sample detects immunoglobulin G (IgG), and a concentration above 1:80 indicates the active phase of the pathology. A high level of antibodies, which is even higher after treatment, indicates a persistent infection or relapse. Titers above 1:160 in combination with detectable clinical symptoms are considered highly indicative of the disease.

Disadvantages of the agglutination assay include errors due to the similar human response to other pathogens such as Francisella tularensis, Salmonella urbana, Vibrio cholerae.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) typically uses cytoplasmic proteins as antigens and measures IgM, IgG, and IgA levels, allowing better interpretation of the results, especially in cases of brucellosis recurrence.

Since titers must decrease with effective treatment, ELISA also helps in monitoring the quality of therapy. The specialist during the examination should identify the causes of the development of the disease.

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The main forms of pathology

Traditionally, brucellosis has been classified as subclinical, acute, subacute, or chronic, as well as localized and recurrent forms.

The subclinical form is usually asymptomatic, and the diagnosis is made incidentally after serological screening of individuals at high risk of infection. How to treat this form of the disease will explain in detail the attending physician.

Acute and subacute brucellosis can occur in a mild or fulminant form with severe complications. Significant symptoms may develop 2-3 months before diagnosis in mild cases and 1-4 trimesters before pathology is detected in severe cases.

Usually the first option does not cause focal anomalies. After several days of illness, swelling of the joints and orchitis often appear. Testicular swelling and high fever may resemble parotitis ("mumps").

In more severe cases, an enlarged spleen may be seen. In rare cases, a feature of acute brucellosis may be damage to the lungs or pleura.

Chronic brucellosis is usually diagnosed when symptoms persist for a year or more.

Unexpressed fevers and neuropsychic symptoms predominate. Serological and culture results are often negative. In many, the prolonged course of the disease is caused by inadequate initial therapy.

Localized complications are usually seen in patients with acute illness or chronic untreated infection. Articular, genitourinary and hepato-splenic lesions are more common. Doctors diagnose that the patient has a significant deterioration in general well-being.

Recurrent brucellosis is often difficult to distinguish from reinfection. Present symptoms usually reflect the initial symptoms of the disease, however, in more severe forms. They develop 2-3 months after completion of therapy. The results of culture studies are usually positive. Clinical advice can be obtained from an experienced physician.

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brucellosis vaccine

There are currently no vaccines to prevent the disease in humans. At the same time, a vaccine has been developed for use in cattle, which indirectly reduces the risks and morbidity in humans.

Brucella abortus causes disease in cattle. A special strain of a microorganism developed for a live vaccine is able to provide a significant immune response during the development of an infection.

Accidental exposure of a person to vaccination leads to the development of symptoms consistent with brucellosis. Other vaccines work in humans in a similar way.

Necessary prevention of pathology

To reduce the risk of infection, prevention is essential, so follow these precautions:

1. Vaccinate pets. Because the brucella vaccine is live, it can cause disease in humans. Therefore, in this case, you should be careful.
2. Cook the meat thoroughly until it reaches an internal temperature of 63 to 74°C. Proper cooking eliminates almost all harmful bacteria such as salmonella and E. coli.
3. Avoid eating unpasteurized dairy products, as contamination often occurs for this reason. It is best to avoid unpasteurized milk, cheese, and ice cream.
4. Wear gloves. If you are a veterinarian, farmer, hunter, or slaughterhouse worker, wear protective equipment when handling sick, dead animals or their tissues.
5. Take precautions in high-risk workplaces.

What is brucellosis should be clarified with a specialist.

Brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by a type of bacteria called Brucella. The bacteria can be transmitted from animals to humans. There are several different strains of Brucella bacteria. Some types of strains are found in cows. Others are found in dogs, pigs, sheep, goats and camels. Recently, scientists have discovered new strains of Brucella in red foxes and some marine animals, including seals. Brucellosis in animals is not treatable.

Cases of brucellosis are rare in countries with effective animal disease control programs, such as the United States. Up to 200 people fall ill with brucellosis every year in the states. In the United States, the disease most often occurs during the spring and summer months in states such as Texas, California, Virginia, and Florida.

In other parts of the world, brucellosis poses a serious threat to public health. According to the World Health Organization, more than half a million people get brucellosis every year in 100 countries around the world.

Causes of the emergence and development of brucellosis in humans

Brucellosis in humans occurs after contact with an animal infected with Brucella bacteria. In very rare cases, the bacteria can be passed from person to person. As, for example, in the case of breastfeeding, when the infection is transmitted to the child with mother's milk. Brucellosis can also be contracted through unprotected sex. Brucellosis bacteria can enter the body in several ways:

through a cut or scratch on the surface of the skin or damage to the mucous membrane;

in the process of inhaling contaminated air (extremely rare);

eating or drinking contaminated water, such as unpasteurized milk or undercooked meat.

Exists four types of brucellosis bacteria that cause most brucellosis infections in humans:

B. melitensis . This type of bacteria causes most human cases of brucellosis and is mainly found in sheep and goats. Brucellosis of this type is most common in Spain, Greece, Latin America, India and the Middle East;

B. Suis . This type of infection is common in feral pigs and is the most common type of brucellosis infection in the United States. Outbreaks of the disease caused by this strain have occurred in the United States in California and the American Southeast. In addition, B. suis has been recorded in Europe, South America, and Southeast Asia;

B. canis . This strain is typical for dogs. Most commonly found in North, Central and South America, Japan and central Europe;

B. abortus . The carrier of this type of infection is cattle. The strain is found almost all over the world. In several European countries, as well as in Japan, Israel, Canada, New Zealand and Australia B. abortus was completely destroyed.

Dogs are carriers of B. canis infection. The disease usually occurs in humans mild form. It is extremely rare for a dog to transmit brucellosis to its owner through a bite. Most dogs infected with brucellosis are unable to transmit the brucellosis infection to their owner. Infection with brucellosis from a domestic dog can only occur when the owner of the animal comes into contact with the blood or other bodily fluids of the animal. This is why veterinarians are at increased risk of contracting brucellosis. An immunocompromised person is advised to avoid contact with dogs with brucellosis.

Risk factors for brucellosis

In the US, brucellosis is more common in men. Men who develop the disease most often work directly with or in the vicinity of animals (eg, slaughterhouses, farms, livestock lands). Children get sick with brucellosis quite rarely.

You can get brucellosis if:

eat unpasteurized dairy products from goat or cow milk;

there are cheeses bought in the markets from private sellers and cooked at home. Residents of the Mediterranean regions are at particular risk;

travel to areas endemic for brucellosis;

work on a farm or meat packing plant.

Brucellosis can also affect hunters and veterinarians.

General brucellosis symptoms quite vague and flu-like. These include:

temperature, fever coming in the afternoon;

back pain, pain in the entire body;

loss of appetite, weight loss;

headache, weakness, night sweats.

B. abortus usually causes mild or moderate symptoms of the disease, but may cause chronic disease;

B. canis leads to periodic appearance and disappearance of symptoms similar to B. Abortus infection, accompanied by vomiting and diarrhea;

B. Suis accompanied by localization of infections in various internal organs, expressed in the appearance of abscesses;

B. melitensis leads to the appearance of prolonged and severe symptoms, leading to disability after recovery.

A doctor may suspect brucellosis if, on examining a patient, they find a swollen liver, enlarged lymph nodes, an enlarged spleen, and an unexplained fever accompanied by fever. If brucellosis is suspected, doctors prescribe blood tests to determine which type of bacteria is present in the body.

Brucellosis is difficult to treat. Antibiotics commonly prescribed to treat this condition include tetracycline, streptomycin, doxycycline, and rifampicin. Assign complex treatment with the use of more than one type of antibiotics. The duration of treatment can be quite long and take from several weeks to several months. With early detection and timely treatment, the disease can be successfully cured.

Severe brucellosis can lead to infection of the central nervous system, endocarditis (inflammation of the inner lining of the heart or heart valves), and liver abscess. In addition, brucellosis can cause lingering symptoms similar to those of chronic fatigue: intermittent fever, weakness, fatigue, and joint pain. In a pregnant woman, brucellosis can cause a miscarriage or lead to birth defects in the baby. Human death directly from brucellosis is extremely rare. Most deaths are caused by the consequences of the disease, namely endocarditis.

The disease can be avoided by taking simple precautions. In particular, you should stop eating unpasteurized dairy products, meat of questionable quality, and homemade products made from milk and cottage cheese. When in contact with animals, protective gloves and special work clothing should be worn. This recommendation is mandatory for those who work in the field of animal husbandry or veterinary medicine. Veterinarians should use protective equipment with extreme care and avoid contact with the blood of an infected animal. In case of contact with an animal suspected of having brucellosis, a blood test should be taken. You should also monitor your health for six months, and at the first sign of brucellosis, consult a doctor. Currently, there is no vaccine that effectively prevents brucellosis in humans and animals.

Scott Keller, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,

National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID),

Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology (DHCPP), Wafa Al-Nassir,

MBBS Infectious Diseases Consultant, National Guard Health Affairs, Saudi Arabia

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How is hepatitis transmitted from person to person?

A healthy liver is a guarantee of well-being, but not all inhabitants of the planet can boast healthy liver, since according to medical indicators, about 30% of the population suffers from one or another liver disease. The danger and insidiousness of such pathologies is that almost all liver diseases in the early stages of their disease do not have pronounced symptoms, but appear only when the disease acquires more serious stages of development.

The first place among all liver pathologies is occupied by hepatitis, which combines several types of acute and chronic diffuse liver lesions, in most cases of viral origin. In the practice of doctors, viral hepatitis of groups A, B, C, D is most often encountered, which are quite dangerous for human health and can lead to human death.

Hepatitis viruses of these groups are well studied by medicine, but despite its capabilities, for many, the diagnosis of hepatitis sounds like a sentence, since it cannot be cured. Any of the hepatitis viruses is hepatotropic, that is, it infects liver cells, with subsequent damage to internal organs and systems. Given the complexity and danger of this disease, many are interested in the question of how hepatitis is transmitted from person to person and what are its consequences?

How is hepatitis C transmitted?

Hepatitis C is the most insidious type of virus, which is also called the “gentle killer”, since it can live in the human body for several years and not manifest itself in any way, but significantly harm internal organs and slowly destroy the whole organism. Patients or carriers of the hepatitis C virus cannot be distinguished from healthy people. The disease has a sluggish course and does not cause any suspicion in a person. Hepatitis C is most commonly transmitted through the following routes:

Hematogenous or parenteral route (through the blood) - blood transfusion or the use of a common needle from a syringe by several people.

Contact. You can become infected with hepatitis C in beauty salons, making piercings, tattoos, through nail scissors and other tools that have not undergone the necessary sterilization and contain infected blood of a sick person on their surface.

medical manipulation. During surgery, insertion medicines, dental procedures also have a risk of infection with this disease.

Medical instruments that have not been properly sterilized increase the risk of hepatitis

Sexual infection. It occurs quite rarely and only in 3% of cases with unprotected intercourse. Hepatitis C is transmitted sexually only through unprotected intercourse. Little known to medicine is the transmission of the virus through oral sex.

Intrauterine infection of the fetus. This route of infection is also quite rare, less than 5% of cases. But the risk of infection of the child during childbirth is quite high. There is no exact information about whether the disease can be transmitted to the child through breastfeeding, but in cases where a woman in labor has hepatitis C, breastfeeding is recommended to be canceled.

Hepatitis B transmission through the blood

In any of the above cases, hepatitis C is transmitted only through the blood.

How hepatitis B is transmitted

Infection of the liver with the hepatitis B virus in almost all cases is quite severe and entails a number of complications, including cirrhosis of the liver or stenosis of the bile ducts. The danger of infection is the same as with hepatitis C, that is, transmission to a person from a person mainly occurs through the blood. The virus is not transmitted by household or airborne droplets. The risk of infection increases with the use of non-sterile medical material. Also, this disease often affects drug addicts who do not follow the rules of sterility of syringes.

One of the main signs of hepatitis B is yellowness of the skin and sclera of the eyes, which speaks of inflammatory processes in the liver tissue.

Ways of transmission of hepatitis B can be natural or artificial, but in any case, infection occurs through infected blood. Artificial infection includes infection associated with medical manipulations: blood transfusion, lack of sterility of a medical instrument. There is some risk during dental procedures, but only when clinic staff do not use the Anti-Hepatitis and Anti-AIDS instrument reprocessing system. Only the processing of medical instruments with this system will protect against the virus.

Medical manipulations in case of non-compliance with the rules of sterilization - increases the risk of infection with hepatitis

It is not uncommon to become infected with this disease with invasive diagnostic methods: conducting EGD, examination by a gynecologist and any other doctor who uses non-sterile instruments that contain particles of the virus. Infection naturally hepatitis B includes sexual or oral transmission. Promiscuous sex, lack of contraception, frequent change of sexual partners at times increases the risk of infection with the hepatitis B virus.

How does hepatitis A get transmitted?

Hepatitis A, or Botkin's disease, also has a viral origin. At the moment, this is a fairly common form. viral hepatitis. Unlike other types of the disease, hepatitis A does not have serious consequences, but infection can occur in several ways. The source of infection of viral hepatitis of group A is a sick person. After the infection enters the body, the cells of the liver parenchyma are damaged.

The main route of infection is enteral, that is, infection occurs through the stomach and intestines. You can get infected with this virus through dirty water, shaking hands with a sick person. A person with hepatitis A, along with feces, sheds the virus into environment. Transmission of the virus can also occur after drinking dirty water, food that has not been properly processed, or household items. Sometimes outbreaks of the disease can occur in the whole family.

Poor personal hygiene increases the risk of contracting hepatitis A

The main prevention of the virus is personal hygiene, the use of products that have undergone the necessary processing. Hepatitis A most often affects children and adults who do not follow the rules of personal hygiene. It is almost impossible to control the sterility of food and water, so the risks of infection are quite high.

How does hepatitis D occur?

Group D hepatitis virus, unlike other types, is the most contagious. It has a tendency to mutate, capable of infecting both humans and animals. Basically, hepatitis D is diagnosed in people with a chronic form of hepatitis B. After the virus enters the human body, it begins to actively multiply, but its first symptoms will appear no earlier than 4 weeks to 6 months. It is important to know how Hepatitis D is transmitted and how it can enter the human body.

Blood transfusion. Donors for blood transfusions can often be people who carry the virus but show no signs of illness. In such cases, if the blood has not been properly examined, the risk of infection increases several times.

Reusable syringes that may contain blood particles with the virus.

Carrying out manipulations in which there may be damage to the skin: acupuncture, piercing, manicure, pedicure.

Sexual contact. Unprotected intercourse increases the risk of infection by several times, since this virus can be found not only in the blood, but also in the semen of a man.

Sexual transmission of hepatitis

Infection during childbirth. It is not uncommon for the type D virus to be passed from mother to child during childbirth. An increased risk of infection and breastfeeding. It is important to note that the breast milk does not contain a virus, but cracked nipples can cause infection.

The contact of the blood of a sick person with the skin of a healthy person. In this case, we can talk about medical workers who treat the wounds of patients or take blood for analysis. Hepatitis D is not transmitted through food, water or household items.

Infection with hepatitis through contact with the blood of an infected person

Vaccination against hepatitis B will help protect a person from contracting hepatitis D. By getting vaccinated, you can protect yourself by 90% from infection. The vaccine allows you to create strong immunity and reduce the risk of infection. The question, what kind of hepatitis is transmitted from person to person, worries many? You can get infected with your favorite type of hepatitis through contact with a sick person, and especially his biomaterials (blood, sperm). The insidiousness of hepatitis of any group lies in the erased symptoms or their absence in the early stages of the disease. Only an attentive attitude to one's health and the absence of possible contacts with a sick person will help protect oneself from a disease that often has disastrous consequences.

Brucellosis. Symptoms and treatment of brucellosis

Brucellosis is a zoonotic allergic-infectious disease that is transmitted from sick animals to humans, has a tendency to become chronic and is characterized by multiple lesions of the systems and organs of the human body, especially the cardiovascular, nervous, reproductive systems and the musculoskeletal system. Brucellosis is divided into the following forms: acute - duration up to 1.5 months; subacute - duration 1.5-3 months; chronic - duration more than 3 months.

causative agents of brucellosis

The causative agents of brucellosis - brucella are divided into 6 main species, of which Br. melitensis, Br.abortus bovis, Br. abortus suis and occasionally Br.canis. The pathogen enters the body through the mucous membranes or skin, first accumulates in the regional lymph nodes, and then enters the bloodstream.

Further, it is fixed by the organs of the reticuloendothelial system, and then secondary foci of infection are formed that support long-term bacteremia. Allergic manifestations develop in connection with the sensitization of the body. The disease is prone to a long course and chronicity. The natural reservoir of brucellosis is cattle, goats, sheep and pigs. Infection is possible through the use of unpasteurized dairy products and cheese; livestock workers, veterinarians also become infected through contact with animals.

The incubation period lasts 1-4 weeks, but may be lengthened. According to the generally accepted clinical classification (according to G.P. Rudnev), acute, subacute, chronic and residual forms are distinguished. Symptoms of acute brucellosis are manifested by prolonged fever of remitting, undulating or intermittent types, as well as prolonged low-grade fever. The fever is accompanied by severe chills, culminating in profuse sweating. Peripheral lymph nodes, especially cervical and axillary, are enlarged and painful on palpation. Painful nodules can be palpated - fibrositis and cellulitis. The liver and spleen are enlarged, sensitive to palpation.

Patients complain of headache, emotional instability, sleep disturbances, but so far their state of health remains satisfactory against the background of fairly large objective changes. In some patients (10-15%), organ lesions of the musculoskeletal system develop already in the acute period of the disease. Symptoms of the subacute form of brucellosis consist in a change in periods of fever and apyrexia and a more frequent development of multiple organ lesions and allergic reactions(exanthema, dermatitis, reactions from the superficial vessels of the skin, etc.). Chronic brucellosis is clinically variable, occurs with a relapsing course, with mild or moderate intoxication and focal lesions of organs and systems.

Lesions of the musculoskeletal system are usually characterized by the development of arthritis, bursitis, tendovaginitis, periostitis, perichondritis. Lesions of the nervous system are manifested by radiculitis, plexitis, intercostal neuralgia, neuritis of the auditory and optic nerves, and sensitivity disorders. Urogenital pathology is expressed in orchitis and epididymitis in men, oophoritis, salpingitis, endometritis and menstrual disorders in women. Women suffering from brucellosis are characterized by miscarriage. In chronic brucellosis, complex organ lesions (mixed form) most often develop. Residual brucellosis is characterized by persistent changes of an organic or, more often, functional nature in the absence of a pathogen in the human body.

Diagnosis of brucellosis

Most often, brucellosis has to be differentiated from malaria, rheumatism, endocarditis, sepsis, tuberculosis, leishmaniasis, typhoid fever and tularemia. Quite often, malaria is suspected in patients with brucellosis at an early or late stage of the disease. Incorrectly remitting temperature, hepatolienal syndrome (enlargement of the liver and spleen), sweating, leukopenia with neutropenia (change in the number of blood cells) are similar features of these diseases. The distinguishing features are the following: chills in malaria are more pronounced, sweating in it is associated with a drop in temperature, while in brucellosis, increased sweating in patients does not depend on temperature fluctuations.

Endocarditis and sepsis differ from brucellosis in the presence of severe anemia, leukocytosis, and negative Wright, Heddleson, and Burne reactions. During the first attacks, brucellosis can be mixed with typhoid fever. Typhoid fever, which occurs with relapses, can give an undulating temperature curve, very reminiscent of that of brucellosis. The enlargement of the spleen and the presence of leukopenia on the part of the blood complete the similarity. Differential diagnostic signs are pain sensations (joints, muscles, peripheral nerves).

Brucellosis is usually not characterized by typhoid conditions and the degree of flatulence that accompanies typhoid and paratyphoid diseases. In some cases, especially when there is damage to the lungs or spine (spondylitis), brucellosis can resemble tuberculosis. It should not be overlooked that the parallel course of both diseases is not uncommon. Brucellosis is indicated by pain in various parts of the body, an enlarged spleen and liver, the absence of Koch's sticks in the sputum, and a significantly greater good quality of the course of the process itself. The presence of lesions of the nervous system makes it necessary to carry out differential diagnosis with many similar lesions of a different etiology.

Tuberculous meningitis can be ruled out by examining the cerebrospinal fluid. The established diagnosis of brucellosis should be supplemented by determining the phase of the disease and the diagnosis of lesions of individual organs. The diagnosis of brucellosis is not sufficient; it does not show the direction of the process, is too general. It is required not only to know that the patient has brucellosis, but also to understand well in what form and how this disease develops in him, which is of great importance both for the prognosis and for the choice of one or another method of treatment.

The treatment regimen for brucellosis is outpatient in the lungs and inpatient in severe cases of the disease. Etiotropic therapy is effective in acute brucellosis; a lesser effect is observed when the process is activated in patients with subacute and chronic forms. It is considered optimal to prescribe two antibiotics, one of which must penetrate the cell membrane. Apply one of the following combinations, taking into account contraindications (children under 15 years of age, pregnancy, lactation, epilepsy). Rifampicin (600-900 mg / day) and doxycycline (200 mg / day) orally in a continuous course, lasting at least 6 weeks. In case of relapse, the course of treatment is repeated.

Doxycycline (100 mg 2 times a day) for 3-6 weeks and streptomycin (1 g intramuscularly 2 times a day) for 2 weeks. This combination is more effective than the previous one, especially in spondylitis, but the drugs used are highly toxic. Ofloxacin (200-300 mg 2 times a day) orally and rifampicin in the above doses. The duration of the use of drugs explains the feasibility of monitoring their intake by patients. In the complex treatment of brucellosis, detoxification agents are used according to the general principles of their use, ATP, methionine, mild immunostimulants (dibazole, pentoxyl, thymalin, etc.). Widely used anti-inflammatory drugs - non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (indomethacin, brufen, etc.).

For pain (neuritis, neuralgia, pain of a vegetative nature), symptomatic therapy is carried out in the form of novocaine blockades with a 1% solution of novocaine, intravenous injections 0.25% novocaine solution in increasing doses. The use of glucocorticoids should be carried out with great caution. Their appointment is involuntary with lesions of the central nervous system (meningitis, meningoencephalitis), as well as with pronounced inflammatory changes (orchitis, neuritis, etc.) and the absence of the effect of other anti-inflammatory drugs. Therapeutic (killed) brucellosis vaccine in last years for the treatment of patients, it is used less and less because of its ability to cause immune suppression, increase the possibility of relapses, cause autoimmune reactions and reactions to the ballast substances contained in it.

During the period of stable remission in the chronic form and residual brucellosis, physiotherapy exercises, physiotherapy and spa treatment (UHF, quartz, paraffin baths, radon baths). Epidemiological surveillance Based on the results of an assessment of the epizootic and epidemic situation. In this regard, in organizing and conducting anti-brucellosis activities, an important role is played by the timely exchange of information and the joint activities of the veterinary and sanitary and epidemiological services to identify diseases among animals and humans and assess risk factors for their occurrence.

Prevention of brucellosis

Prevention of brucellosis is aimed at carrying out a complex of sanitary and veterinary measures, the purpose of which is to reduce and eliminate the incidence of brucellosis in farm animals. Specific prophylaxis consists of immunization with a live brucellosis vaccine. Vaccinations are necessary for permanent and temporary livestock workers, as well as meat processing plants.

Questions and answers on the topic "Brucellosis"

Question: hello! Previously, I had brucellosis repeatedly, I did levomycetin, vitamins, droppers. Spoiled his intestines, dysbacteriosis, and often pain on the left side. Now, after a long illness, I again feel that brucellosis has returned, I feel sick again at times, especially in the morning, my left side aches, my joints twist, I have a fever at times, but the temperature does not rise, but I feel unwell and my legs begin to hurt and freeze in a special way. What should I do? Is it possible to be treated at home and how? My wife can do droppers and injections. Help me please.

Question: If an autoimmune disease is caused by such a dangerous infection as brucellosis, can ozone therapy be used intravenously to destroy brucella?

Question: My wife was diagnosed with brucellosis, she is 2 months pregnant, doctors force her to have an abortion, otherwise the child will grow up disabled, they say the treatment can damage the fetus. The results of the analysis are Citomegalovirus 60.1, Herpes 23, Brusselyes 10.6. Tell me to agree to an abortion or try to cure?

Question: Hello, I would like to clarify the possibility of transmission of brucellosis from person to person, I heard that brucellosis can be transmitted during the acute course of the disease (during sexual contact, etc.), is this true? Thanks in advance!

Question: Hello. Answer please! My husband was tested for brucellosis. A month ago Wright's reaction was 1:200, today it shows 1:50. There was no treatment, no antibiotics were taken. Can there be such a reaction when vaccinated? They are vaccinated once a year at work, and my husband works as a veterinarian. Maybe he doesn't have brucellosis?

Question: Hello! 8 years ago she had been ill with brucellosis, 2 years after the illness she passed tests - negative. I calmed down - I thought everything was over. But for several weeks now, since the joints began to hurt, first the knee, then the bones and muscles, I don’t know what to think and I don’t know who to turn to - I called the infectious diseases hospital, they say “not to us”, I don’t even know to take tests for Wright-Handelson where, just horror, please tell me who to contact and where I can get tested. My phone is for those who know where to get tested for brucellosis. Thanks in advance!

Question: Hello. I am 21 years old, last June I was diagnosed with infiltrative tuberculosis, I was treated in a hospital, the dynamics were minimal, on February 9, 2010, an operation was performed - half a lung was removed, now there are no foci. The subfebrile temperature has been holding at 37.37.4 for a year already, at first they thought it was due to tuberculosis. Passed tests for brucellosis: Heddelson's reaction is sharply positive, Wright's reaction is 1:400. Infectious-immunological analysis: Brucellosis LgM 92.55U, Brucellosis LgG 15.82. Now I take rifampicin 3 tons, ofloxacin 2 tons, protianomide 2 tons a day. Tell me what to do with brucellosis? The infectious disease specialist didn't tell me anything.

Question: Hello. My name is Gayane and my question is the following: 6 years ago, after 5 months of malaise, which was manifested by weakness, muscle pain and a temperature of 37.1-37.4, I went to the doctor and found that I had brucellosis, they treated me for a short time, 10 days with antibiotics and with subsequent analysis reported that the treatment process was completed successfully, although the analysis showed the presence of infection in a small ratio (I don’t remember the exact numbers), I was told that this was normal, because. brucellosis is not fully cured and I am a carrier. 6 years have passed, but I still have a temperature of 37.1-37.3 throughout this time. Answer, please, maybe I was not cured to the end or the disease resumed under the influence of any factors? Advise me what to do?

Question: Hello. My mother-in-law is a former deboner of cattle carcasses, she is very terribly tormented by a cough with phlegm. Is this related to brucellosis? What can you advise?

Question: Hello dear doctor! My question is: I had brucellosis as a child around the age of 10 or 12. Now I am 30 years old, and I have a child, can this disease be inherited by her or my future children? Are there any consequences after the illness, and if so, please tell me? Thank you in advance, Irina.

Question: I have chronic brucellosis, antibiotics do not help. My joints hurt a lot. Prompt, please, methods of treatment. Thank you in advance.

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How is lichen transmitted: is infection from a person possible?

Lichen in humans is quite common, accompanied by inflammatory processes of the skin, as well as a violation of its pigmentation. As a rule, only after infection, patients begin to worry about whether lichen is transmitted from person to person and is it possible to get it from animals?

In modern medicine, several forms of lichen development are distinguished, the infection of which depends on the symptoms, the type of pathogen and the susceptibility of the immune system to pathogenic microorganisms. As a rule, this disease is of an infectious nature of development with specific pathogens (viruses, fungi).

Main routes of transmission

When asked how the disease is transmitted, experts answer that the household route of transmission is most often noted, and with direct contact with a certain form of lichen in an animal or person, the disease develops rapidly.

For example, infection is possible when using the same hygiene items (towel, brush, comb, etc.) with a lichen carrier. Particles of infected skin, when interacting with the epidermis of a recipient whose immune system is weakened or the skin is damaged, begin to actively progress.

Transmission can occur anywhere, such as in a nail salon with poorly sanitized instruments, or through contact with sick animals.

The risk of transmission increases with:

cuts and wounds on the skin;

when steaming the skin;

weakening of the body as a result of acute respiratory viral infections;

eczema, dermatitis, allergies;

depression, emotional breakdowns;

visiting swimming pools, saunas, solariums and beaches.

Lichen can be transmitted to a person through a kiss, a handshake, when visiting public places, etc. You can get sick even when swimming in open water, if you do not take a shower after that. In addition, people with disorders of the gastrointestinal tract and endocrine system are at risk of transmission.

Ringworm can be obtained from yard cats that are capable of carrying this disease, even in the absence of obvious external manifestations. Up to several thousand spores of pathogenic fungi can be present on the skin of an animal or wool.

It is especially dangerous to leave prams in the entrances of houses, because homeless animals love to sleep in them, and this leads to massive infection of almost every organ of the family.

Lichen can occur quite unexpectedly, but the ways of its transmission depend directly on the type of lichen:

This disease is provoked by the fungus Microsporum (microsporia) and Trichophyton (trichophytosis). Symptoms are characterized by damage to the scalp. Most often, lichen affects children, which is caused by contact with street animals.

In addition, the disease can arise from a direct carrier.

A person can become infected when using some things, but the symptoms of the disease can occur latently, manifesting themselves only after some time.

The causative agent of the disease is yeast, but there is no exact answer to the question of how lichen is transmitted. Some experts believe that only as a result of immune disorders can infection with the virus occur. Others argue that contact with a sick person will inevitably lead to infection. It has been experimentally proven that pityriasis versicolor is not transmitted by contact from person to person, except in cases of weakened immune system.

This type of lichen has a viral nature of origin. Its causative agent is considered the herpes virus. A characteristic difference of herpes zoster is a skin lesion near the nerve trunk. This virus is not transmitted by air. Infection can occur through direct contact with a person (with a kiss, handshake, etc.).

In addition, the disease can be obtained through personal items (towels, dishes, etc.). It is important to note that infection is possible only until the blisters on the skin are covered with a scab and the appearance of new rashes has stopped. After that, the risk of infection is zero.

The reasons as a result of which pink lichen is activated in the body are not fully understood, so the question of whether pink lichen is contagious or not is still open. Experts point out that this disease has an infectious-allergic nature of development and is activated in the patient's body under concomitant circumstances, viral infections, etc. Practice shows that pink lichen can be transmitted by contact extremely rarely.

To reduce the risk of lichen transmission, compliance with preventive measures:

After the walk, it is recommended to wash your hands with soap and water. It is important to teach children to do this in order to develop the habit of hygiene;

you should not wear other people's things and hats, and even more so try on underwear;

It is recommended to always have wet wipes or disinfectant gel with you to clean your hands;

do not think that only domestic animals (dogs and cats) are the cause of infection. The carrier can be cows, hamsters, mice, horses, foxes. Often, infection with lichen occurs even in the absence of external manifestations on the skin of the animal;

after walking the animal, it is necessary to carefully examine and wash it, since lichen can pass from other animals. When walking a dog, contact with stray animals should be limited;

a sick person should, as often as possible, wash and change underwear and bedding with the addition of disinfectants;

it is important to strengthen the body with the help of hardening procedures, physical education and taking vitamins, which are prescribed by the attending physician. Often, at an early stage of the development of the disease, the vitamin-mineral complex acts similarly to strong drugs;

it is desirable to avoid stressful situations, emotional upheavals, as well as hypothermia of the body. All these factors weaken the immune system, making a person defenseless to external and internal influence pathogenic microorganisms.

At the slightest suspicion of infection, we deprive, it is recommended to immediately contact a medical facility.

Upon examination, the doctor, in addition to a visual examination, may prescribe a number of necessary laboratory tests to clarify the type of lichen and the necessary therapy.

To exclude infection, it is necessary to warn all family members about how you can become infected with lichen and take security measures to prevent infection. In addition, you should strictly follow all the recommendations of the attending physician.

When infected, we deprive, first of all, you should calm down and not panic, trying to immediately get rid of a problem that requires long-term treatment. Emotional imbalance can only complicate the situation. It is necessary to prepare for the fact that the treatment process will take a certain period of time, and the sensitivity of the skin may increase, which will lead to unpleasant pain symptoms.

It is important to remember that not every contact with a sick person or animals ends with mandatory infection. Preventive measures play an important role. If you carefully monitor the state of your own body, strengthening its protective functions, the likelihood of infection from a sick person and animal is extremely low.

How is toxocariasis transmitted from person to person?

The main danger to humans is the manifestation of systemic allergic reactions from the body. Settling in many organs and systems, helminths lead to the formation of inflammatory infiltrates - granulomas. They can lead to dysfunction.

The most affected are: eyes, kidneys, thyroid, brain.

The intensity of manifestations depends on the state of the immune system and the degree of damage to the body. If the above symptoms appear, you should immediately consult a doctor. This will avoid serious complications.

How infection occurs

Main Loop carried out according to the following scheme: getting into the soil - penetration into the body of the animal.

Second option: the transition of a larva from a pregnant animal to its fetus. At birth, a puppy or kitten automatically becomes a source of infection.

Third option: infection of an animal - entry into the soil - acquisition of a reservoir host. Pigs, sheep, rodents and birds act as reservoir hosts. A person can also play this role, but he is not included in the chain of transmission. It is considered a biological dead end.

The risk group includes people working in nurseries. Outbreaks of pathology are recorded in children aged 3-5 years, due to this interaction with sand and soil. Failure to follow the rules of hygiene leads to the development of the disease. Hunters who closely interact with hunting dogs can also suffer.

Animals can become infected from wild inhabitants of the forest. The sellers who are constantly in contact with vegetables, fruits, meat and fish products also fall into the risk group. The risk of infection remains in summer residents and gardeners, due to their constant interaction with the soil.

They maintain their vitality for many years. In this connection, a person has acute attacks and periods of remission.

Person-to-person transmission

Is toxocariasis transmitted from person to person and is it possible? A person is exclusively a carrier of toxocariasis, however other people cannot get infected from it. This is due to the characteristics of the human body.

housing and operational issues;

health care;

sanitary and epidemiological issues;

fight against animal diseases.

There are certain preventive measures that help reduce the likelihood of infection. For this you need:

• follow the rules of personal hygiene;
• examine pets;
• carry out deworming of pets;
• take measures to reduce the number of homeless animals;
• walk dogs in designated areas;
• properly process fruits, vegetables, meat and fish products;
• change sand in playgrounds;
• fight cockroaches and flies;
• undergo treatment and preventive measures;
• conduct laboratory research.

Compliance with these rules applies to both special services and ordinary residents of large cities. Elementary hygiene procedures will avoid serious damage to the body.

Remember, infection with toxocariasis from person to person is impossible. The patient does not pose a danger to others.

Toxocariasis is a serious pathological disease caused by helminths. The danger of the disease lies in the defeat of the whole organism. Helminths penetrate into many organs and systems, provoking the development of acute inflammatory processes.

Compliance with preventive measures and personal hygiene rules reduce the risk of developing the disease.

brucellosis in humans

Brucellosis is one of the rare animal diseases that can be transmitted to humans. Another name is Gibraltar fever, or Maltese fever. The course of the disease is quite severe and is fraught with serious complications. It affects mainly the cardiovascular, nervous, musculoskeletal, and reproductive systems.

Brucella was first discovered by English scientist Bruce in 1886. His last name gave the name to harmful microbes.

How the disease is transmitted

There are three main ways to get brucellosis:

• Contact-household, in which pathogens enter the body through damage to the mucous membrane or skin.
• Fecal-oral - a person becomes ill when eating contaminated foods - most often cheese, milk, meat.
• aerogenic.

The main sources of infection are sick sheep, goats, cows, pigs, less often horses, as well as camels and yaks, and other domestic animals. Microbes are found in their milk, urine, feces, amniotic fluid. Isolated cases of infection from reindeer have been noted.

Most often infected from small livestock. Brucella, which causes the disease in them, leads to the most severe form of the disease.

When infected from cattle, a clinically pronounced infection is recorded in very rare cases. The disease occurs in a mild form and is not transmitted from person to person.

Brucellosis is common in livestock areas, especially in the countries of Central Asia.

The entrance gate for infection is abrasions, scratches, and other damage to the skin. Pathogens can also penetrate through the digestive, respiratory systems. In the area of ​​penetration, they do not cause changes.

After entering the body, Brucella spreads to organs with a large amount of reticuloendothelial tissue and forms granulomas in them.

The incubation period of the disease is 1-4 weeks, but in the case of a latent infection, it can last up to 3 months. Symptoms are different, sometimes quite unexpected, and therefore the clinical picture does not have a single description. It is customary to distinguish 4 forms of pathology:

1. Acute - lasts up to 1.5 months
2. Subacute - up to 4 months
3. Chronic - more than 4 months
4. Residual, or clinic consequences.

Acute brucellosis characterized by the appearance of headaches of varying intensity, lack of appetite, insomnia, chills, high fever - sometimes up to 40 degrees. Temperature fluctuations are observed: for short periods of time it rises and falls in waves, sometimes it stays at a high level for quite a long time. Patients feel general weakness, are irritable. They are concerned about muscle pains of a pulling nature, symptoms of hepatosplenomegaly and intoxication may appear. At a young age, the acute type develops much faster than in the elderly.

Subacute form characterized by significant changes in temperature during the day, pain in the bones, muscles, joints, loss or decrease in appetite, paresthesia, constipation, insomnia, dry mouth, constant thirst. Perhaps the appearance of allergic rashes on the skin and bradycardia against the background of elevated temperature. Very often, subacute brucellosis affects the musculoskeletal system, as a result of which bursitis, polyarthritis, tendovaginitis can develop.

For chronic The course of brucellosis is characterized by periods of exacerbation and subsequent remission. The main blow falls on the nervous system: there are various hearing and vision disorders, decreased sensitivity, hyperhidrosis.

The musculoskeletal system also suffers. Various destructions and deformities of the spine, periostitis, perichondritis, and neuroses may develop.

The genitourinary system is also affected: in women, this manifests itself in the form of endometritis, dysmenorrhea, salpingitis, and in men, orchitis mainly develops.

Brucellosis can cause a number of other pathological changes: hormonal disruptions, arthrosis, contractures, ankylosis.

Residual brucellosis, or the consequences of brucellosis, which persist even in the absence of brucella in the human body, manifests itself in the form of residual effects - mainly functional disorders. They arise as a result of the restructuring of the immunoallergic nature and disorders of the autonomic nervous system: irritability, excessive sweating, neuropsychic changes, arthralgia, and sometimes subfebrile condition.

Brucellosis can lead to very serious consequences: as a result of the ongoing fibrous-cicatricial changes, the nerve plexuses, trunks, and roots are damaged, which cause neurological disorders.

Ankylosis, joint deformities, atrophy of muscle tissue, spondylosis and other changes in the musculoskeletal system of an organic nature in many cases require surgical intervention and can cause disability.

It should be noted that on present stage The course of the disease has a number of distinctive properties:

5. manifestations of the musculoskeletal system are most often pain, much less often - inflammatory processes of a focal nature;
6. incorrect febrile reaction is often limited to subfebrile condition;
7. enlargement of the spleen and lymphadenopathy can develop in a maximum of 25% of cases;
8. manifestations of organic lesions of the central nervous system occur very rarely;
9. the development of focal lesions occurs much earlier: from 12 to 15% falls on the acute period of the disease;
10. the residual form of brucellosis is characterized mainly by functional, rather than organic, disorders;
11. The main signs of the spread of the pathological process to the visceral organs are various disorders of the cardiovascular system.

The initial diagnosis of brucellosis is based on the collection of anamnesis data: the patient's profession, place and living conditions, and the likelihood of contact with sick animals are specified.

After that, a study of serological reactions, a complement reaction or RPHA, as well as passive hemagglutination is carried out.

Immunofluorescent analysis is put to detect foreign antigens of Brucella.

They also make a Burne test based on a protein extract of a broth culture (brucella). An allergy test is injected subcutaneously. With redness of more than 32 cm, we can talk about a positive result.

This method is effective three weeks or a month after the moment of infection.

Diagnosis is also carried out by blood culture, cerebrospinal fluid, puncture of the lymph nodes.

Treatment of this disease requires hospitalization of the patient.

In a hospital setting, bacterial therapy based on drugs of the tetracycline group is prescribed.

Rifampicin and doxycycline are used for at least 12 days.

At the same time, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as indomethacin and painkillers are used.

To strengthen the immune system, patients are prescribed dibazol, thymalin, vitamin-mineral complexes.

If the pathological process has affected the nervous system, as well as the severity of the inflammatory process, orchitis, the ineffectiveness of the anti-inflammatory drugs used, it is advisable to use glucocorticosteroids.

In the chronic course of the disease, physiotherapy is used: UHF, paraffin applications. They are carried out during periods of remission, most often in the conditions of spa treatment.

The main point of prevention is the collection of data on the disease of animals and the timely assessment of the likelihood of occurrence of foci of infection.

As part of preventive measures, it is envisaged to carry out comprehensive medical and veterinary measures, the purpose of which is to reduce the risk and eliminate cases of animal diseases.

In disadvantaged regions, immunoprophylaxis is regularly carried out - the introduction of a live vaccine both to animals and to workers of farms and slaughterhouses.

An important part of prevention is the disinfection of raw materials, pasteurization of milk and other measures.