Education OGE social studies. Social science. A new complete guide for preparing for the OGE. Baranov P.A. Theory for the OGE in Social Studies

Subject: Society and man.
Scientists believe that social life began simultaneously with the appearance of man on Earth. Even ancient people united into a tribal community, a tribe. The unification and interaction of ancient people helped the human race to survive in difficult natural conditions, defend itself from enemies, and develop new territories. This is where the concepts of “community” and “society” come from.
The concept of society is used in a broad and narrow sense.
In a broad sense:
Society is a part of the material world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, which includes ways of interaction between people and forms of their unification.
Broad meaning: all of humanity as a whole:
1) part of the material world;
2) dynamic system;
3) a set of methods of interaction and unification.

In a narrow sense:
Society is a collection of people based on certain characteristics.
Narrow meaning:
1) a certain group of people;
2) stage of development of society;
3) joint activities;
4) a specific country.

The concept society has many meanings:
1. Stage in human history
3. All of humanity (world community)
(primitive society, slave society, etc.)

SOCIETY

2.(union) 4.Region, country, state (Russia, European
society)
Circle of people united
common goals, interests
(sports club)

A person can satisfy his material and spiritual needs only in society. And also in society, social relationships develop between people.
Social relations are the relationships that develop between members of different social groups.

Society not only arises with the appearance of man, but also develops with him, which means society is a dynamic system.

A distinctive trend in the development of modern society is globalization.

Globalization is a process of worldwide economic, political, cultural and religious integration and unification.
Main global problems:
1) the unresolved problem of canceling aging in people and poor public information about neglect living old age;
2) the “North-South” problem - the development gap between rich and poor countries, poverty, hunger and illiteracy;
3) preventing the spread of thermonuclear war and ensuring peace for all peoples, preventing the world from by the society of unsanctioned distribution of nuclear technologies, radioactive materials active pollution of the environment;
4) prevention of catastrophic pollution of the environment
5) reduction in biological diversity;
6) ensuring human resources, exhaustion of oil, natural gas, coal, fresh water , wood, non-ferrous metals;
7) global warming;
8) ozone holes;
9) the problem of heart disease, cancer and AIDS;
10) demo¬graphic development (de¬mo¬gra¬fi¬che¬explosion in developing countries and demo¬mo graphical crisis in developed countries), possible famine;
11) terrorism;
12) asteroid hazard;
13) lack of assessment of global threats to the existence of humanity, such as the development of unfriendly of the art intellect and global catastrophes.

Characteristics society as a dynamic system.
Self-development, self-regulation, the ability to adapt and integrate, the dying off of old parts, the emergence of new ones.

Society has subsystems (parts of the system)

Spheres of public life
1.Political
State and public authorities
(president, government, parties, army, police, tax and customs services)
2.Economic
(goods, services, enterprises (firms), production process.
3.Social
Interaction of various social groups, segments of the population, personality.
4.Spiritual
(morality, culture, science, education, art and religion)

All societies can be divided into 3 historical types:
1. Pre-industrial (traditional or agricultural)
-people are busy in agriculture, manual labor predominates, primitive tools, communal way of life, low social mobility, cultural backwardness.
2. Industrial
– people are engaged in industrial production, the development of private property, machine labor predominates, the growth of the number of cities and urban population, collective values, average social mobility, social life and cultural development.
3. Post-industrial
– people are mainly employed in the service and information sectors, they predominate information Technology, computerization and automation of labor, the value of the individual, human rights and freedoms, high social mobility, the influence of the media.
(social mobility is a change in the position of a person or group in society)

Interaction between society and nature
It is important to realize that society and nature are interconnected and influence each other.
Nature is the natural habitat of man.
Differences between society and nature
-creates culture
-develops under the influence of human activity.
The difference between nature and society:
-capable of developing independently of a person
-has its own laws that do not depend on the will and desires of man.

Human.
Human
-biosocial being, i.e. it intertwines the social and the biological.
Individual
is a representative of the human race with unique natural traits. (one of the people; single)
Individuality
-uniqueness, originality, richness of the inner world, traits that are characteristic only of a certain person.
Personality
- this is a person as a social being with his inherent traits and relationships, manifested in interactions with people.
Socialization is the process of personality development
Agents of Socialization
1. Family
2. Education
3. Professions
4. Social environment
5. State
6. Media
7. Self-education
Stages of socialization
1. Beginner
2. Middle (adolescence)
3. Final

The main differences between humans and animals
1. Thinking and articulate speech
2. Conscious, purposeful creative activity
3. Man is a creator of culture
4. The ability to make tools and use them.

Human activity.
Activity is human activity aimed at achieving a goal. As a result of his activity, he transforms both nature and society.
Activity structure
1. Subject of activity (the one who carries out the activity)
2. Object of activity (what it is aimed at) or (what your attention is directed to.
The object can be not only objects, but also people (the teacher teaches students).

When starting any activity, a person sets a goal.
A goal is what we expect as a result of an activity.

In order to achieve the goal we need:
1. Means
2. Actions
3. Result

Motive is what motivates us to action. (Vasya reads the newspaper (action) to find out sports news (motive).

Human activity is aimed at satisfying needs.
Three groups of needs (or classification of needs):
1. Biological (food, sleep, air, water, etc.. They are innate, bring us closer to animals)
2. Social (communication, self-realization, self-affirmation)
3. Spiritual (needs for knowledge of the surrounding world and the person himself)

This classification is not the only one. American psychologist A. Maslow.
1. Physiological (food, breathing, movement)
2. Existential (safety, comfort, confidence in the future)
(1.2 – innate needs)
3. Social (in communication, in caring for others, in understanding)
4. Prestigious (selfish) – in self-esteem, achieving success, recognition
5. Spiritual (self-actualization, self-expression)
(3-5 – purchased)

Main activities- Work, play, learning.

Types of activity – practical, spiritual (associated with changing people’s consciousness), destructive (wars, acts of vandalism, deforestation), labor, educational, creative, etc.

Creative activity is aimed at creating something new.
(helps us create - imagination, fantasy, intuition)
Labor activity is an activity that is aimed at obtaining a deliberately useful result.
Gaming or leisure activities are focused not so much on the result, but on the process itself - entertainment, relaxation.
Studying is a type of activity whose purpose is the acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities by a person.

Social and interpersonal relationships of a person. Communication.
Social relationships are relationships between a leader and a subordinate.
Forms of social relations: one-sided (hidden, open conflicts), mutual (accessible and clear social reality).
Interpersonal relationship - attitude between friends.

Society is a collection of social groups.
Social group is a group of people identified according to socially significant characteristics.
Functions of a social group
1. Instrumental - to perform any work (department, dean, team of workers)
2. Expressive – to satisfy social needs for respect, approval or trust (Alcoholics Anonymous)
3. Supportive – to ease unpleasant feelings. (protection of the interests of social groups (trade unions, etc.))

Communication is a connection between people as a result of which they exchange information.
Types of communication: speech (verbal), using words and sounds
non-verbal (non-verbal), using facial expressions and gestures

Forms of communication:
- official (business)
-everyday (household)
-persuasive
-ritual (the process of observing prescribed behavior)
-intercultural
In terms of content and semantic orientation:
-story
-message
-talk
-report
-compliments
-exchange of views
Interpersonal conflicts
Interpersonal conflicts are a clash of different points of view.

Methods for resolving conflicts
1. Dialogue - communication between people.
2. Compromise agreement based on mutual concessions.
3. Consensus is a form of expressing agreement with the opponent’s arguments in a dispute.

Social sphere
Public classes, large groups people who differ according to their place in a historically determined system of social production ¬stva, in their relation (mostly secured and formalized in laws) to the means of production ¬vod¬stva.

Nation (from Lat. natio - tribe, people) - social, economic, cultural, political and spiritual This is the commonality of the industrial era.

Social classes (social classes) - social communities, distinguished from each other towards property and the social division of labor.

Slovakia - social-legal groups of subjects, by their legal status by any definition separated from the rest of us; at the same time, the differences are transmitted by inheritance.

The reference book, addressed to graduates of the 9th grade of general education organizations, presents the material of the “Social Studies” course in the volume tested at the main state exam.
The structure of the book corresponds to the modern codifier of content elements in the subject, on the basis of which the control measurement materials of the OGE are compiled.
The content of the course is grouped into six module blocks: “Man and Society”, “Sphere of Spiritual Culture”, “Economics”, “Social Sphere”, “Sphere of Politics and social management", "Right".
Completeness, compactness, clarity and clarity of presentation ensure maximum efficiency in preparing for the exam.
Sample assignments different types and all levels of complexity (basic, advanced and high), answers to them and an indication of the approximate time for their completion will help to objectively assess the level of knowledge and skills.
The book is addressed to high school students, and can also be useful for teachers to organize repetition.

Biological and social in man.
Man is a special link in the development of living organisms on Earth.

Man is essentially a biosocial being: he is part of nature and at the same time inextricably linked with society. The biological and social (lat. socialis - social) in a person are fused together, and only in such unity does he exist.

The biological nature of a person is his natural prerequisite, a condition of existence, and sociality is the essence of a person.

Download the e-book for free in a convenient format, watch and read:
Download the book Social Studies, Complete reference book for preparing for the OGE, grade 9, Baranov P.A., 2016 - fileskachat.com, fast and free download.

Social studies, Large collection of thematic assignments for preparing for the main state exam, Baranov P.A., 2018
OGE 2020, Social studies, 9th grade, Demo version, Codifier, Specification, Project
Social studies, Main State Exam, Preparing for the final certification, Rutkovskaya E.L., Polovnikova A.V., Shokhonova E.E., 2020

The following textbooks and books.

Topic No. 1

Society and man

Plan

1. Society (broad and narrow understanding).

2.Structure of society

3. Spheres of social life.

4.Stages of development of society.

5. Development of society.

7. Globalization.

1.Society.

Society - it is a community of people that has historically developed within a certain territory and reproduces itself, having its own system of governance. A part of the world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it (in the broad sense).

The emergence of man and the emergence of society - it is a single process. No man - no society. If there is no society, there is no person.

Society (broad and narrow understanding)

Society in the narrow sense		Society in the broad sense
Definition	Examples	Definition	Examples
Uniting people by interests, professions, joint activities	Society of Book Lovers, Pedagogical Society, All-Russian Society for Nature Conservation, Red Cross Society	Separated from nature, but closely connected with it is part of the material world, including ways of interaction between people and forms of their association	Aliens have discovered a society on Earth that is complex and diverse
Historical stage of human development	Slaveholding, feudal, capitalist industrial	All of humanity as a whole, in its historical and future development	Global problems of modern society
Social environment	Bad Society
National-state education	French society american society Western European society

2.Structure of society

Any society always has social structure, which refers to the entire set of classes, strata, social groups, etc.

The structure of society is complex. It includes large and small social groups of people.

Social group -a really existing community in which people are gathered together, united by joint activities or are in similar living conditions and therefore are aware of their belonging to this community.

Classification of social groups

Groups are divided into large and small.

Large groups

Large groups are divided into:

1. Unorganized, spontaneously arisen

The first includes spontaneously arising, short-term existing communities:

Examples: crowd, public, audience.

2.About organized, long-lasting

Examples: classes and social strata, various ethnic (nationalities, nations), professional and age and gender groups.

Small groups

M the scarlet group is calleda small group (from 2 to 20 people), whose members are united by common social activities. This is a group in which social relations take the form of direct personal contacts.

Small groups are divided into:

1.Primary formal groups:family, educational, work, etc.

2.Informal groups(friends company)

Public relations- these are the relationships and interdependence that people enter into in the process of activity.

Social relations are a characteristic feature of society. As society develops, social relations change.

Civilization – the integrity of the material and spiritual life of people in certain spatio-temporal traditions.

3. Main spheres of social life

Sphere of social life	Characteristic
Economic sphere (institute)	Industrial and agricultural production, relations between people in the production process, exchange of products of industrial activity, their distribution.
Social sphere (institute)	Layers and classes, class relations, nations and national relations, family, family and household relations, educational institutions, medical care, leisure.
Political sphere (institution)	State power, political parties, human relations associated with the use of power to realize the interests of certain social groups.
Spiritual sphere (institute)	Religious organizations, cultural institutions and related human activities. Science, morality, religion, language, art, scientific institutions.

All four spheres interact with each other.

Social norms are aimed at preserving the integrity of society and regulating relations between people.

Social norms- rules of behavior that developed in accordance with the needs of society.

These standards may take the form:

Permissions, i.e. permission to behave in a certain way.
Prescriptions, i.e. instructions for required actions.
Prohibition, i.e. instructions on actions that should not be performed

Social norms show what behavior society approves of and what it does not approve of. TO The most significant norms include moral and legal norms.Violation of any social norms in society is condemned.

4.Stages of development of society.

Stages of development of society	Characteristic
Traditional (agrarian) society	Dominance of agriculture, subsistence farming, rural residents predominate over urban residents, class hierarchy, decisive role in the life of society belongs to the guardians of the cult - the priests, or the church, and the army. Community principles, traditions and customs prevail. The purpose of society is support the existence of humans as a species. Extensive development (quantitative), spread of humanity and collection of natural resources from a large area.
Industrial society of the 19th – 20th centuries.	Industrial production predominates, the decisive role belongs to industrialists and businessmen. This society is based on the development of large-scale machine production. Typical use scientific achievements. The urban population is growing. Consumer attitude towards nature. Purpose of the society: Production of consumer goods. Development is understood as an increase in the use of natural resources and the uncontrolled development of technology. Growth in the educational level of the population, general culture, development of science.
Post-industrial (information) society	Production is focused on product quality and the consumer. Great value has the qualifications and creative potential of people. The main factor of production is scientific and technological progress, information technology. Production is becoming the leader scientific knowledge, scientific research. Respect for nature. The role of the state in controlling technological and socio-economic changes is increasing. It is currently beginning to develop in the USA, Japan, and a number of Western European countries. Globalization, the existence of both national states and supranational authorities. Formation of the rule of law and further development of democracy. Man dominates the forces of nature. Impact on nature: Active intelligent development of nature. Minimal contamination environment, waste-free production. Purpose of the society: Extraction, processing and storage of information. Development is understood as the development of technology based on scientific achievements and a deepening understanding of the laws of nature. Priority is given to science and education.

5. Development of society.

Driving forces of the historical process

Society as a dynamic system

1.Society as a whole is changing and developing

2. Its elements change and develop

3.Elements of society are interconnected and influence each other

4. Some elements cease to exist, others appear

Two directions of development of society

Progress

Movement of society: in an ascending line, from lower to higher; from less perfect to more perfect;

Towards greater sustainability of the vitality of society.

Regression

The movement of society in a descending line from higher to lower;

from best to worst; to instability.

Basic forms of development of society

Evolution. Gradual and smooth changes in social life occur naturally
Revolution. Relatively rapid changes, a radical revolution in the life of society.
Reform. A set of activities aimed at transformation and change in society.

6.Science and society. Scientific and technological revolution and its consequences.

Science and society

Science is a sphere human activity, the function of which is the development and systematization of true, objective knowledge about reality, which has its own subject and its own methodology of study.

Scientific and technological revolution and its social consequences

Scientific and technological revolution (STR) is a revolution in science.
Scientific and technical progress (NTP) is the interaction of technology and science in a single process of improving production.

Human labor and production activity is inseparable from technology. Moreover, as is easy to see, technology develops and improves over time.

Examples of technological progress

A leap in the development of technology in the Neolithic era - the appearance of tools from artificial materials(ceramics made from natural clay fired in fire);
The transition from manual labor to machine labor during the industrial revolution;
The emergence of control machines.

Technical innovations not only influenced the production process, but also changed the appearance of the working man himself, his relationships with other workers and consumers of the product produced.

The emergence of certain technical innovations was often associated with the development of knowledge and the progress of science.
However, only in the middle of the 20th century. technical innovations were a direct result of the development of scientific knowledge.
It is associated with human penetration into the world of microparticles and entry into outer space, the emergence of a variety of artificial materials (including those with predetermined properties), and the widespread introduction of control machines into production processes.

Social consequences of scientific and technological revolution

Positive achievements

Increasing role of scientific knowledge; development of education, turning it into a necessary and indispensable condition for full human existence; human mastery high speeds, relatively safe opportunities to work in difficult or hazardous conditions; the use of new types of energy, artificial materials that open up new possibilities for using natural resources, etc.

Negative consequences

It is enough to remember environmental problems.

Man is becoming more and more dependent on technology; man-made disasters (failures and disruptions in human technical and technological activities that cause irreversible processes in the biosphere) cause significant damage not only to nature - people also suffer from them.

Manufacturing is becoming more complex and placing ever more stringent demands on workers. The rapid updating of knowledge requires mobility from the employee, and the one who loses in this race for new knowledge and scientific and technical ideas turns out to be “superfluous.” Not all countries can bear the burden of implementation costs modern technologies and the development of science, which is becoming increasingly expensive. Many previously unknown diseases, the cause of which is stress, claim millions of lives. You can continue this list yourself.

And yet, modern man cannot refuse the benefits of civilization created thanks to the achievements of scientific and technological revolution.

7. Globalization.

Globalization (problems appear in the 20th century)

This is a process of strengthening integration ties between individual peoples and states

Positive

Promotes economic development
Provides greater tolerance (tolerance)
Warns states against extreme actions

Negative

Not always focused on the development of domestic production (a unified consumption standard is being formed)
Rules favorable to developed countries are dictated
Far from being the best ideals and values are imposed to the detriment of national cultures(popular culture)
Global problems emerge

Global problems

They threaten all of humanity. They are planetary in nature. They can only be resolved through the joint efforts of all peoples and states.

The following global problems can be identified

The threat of a new world war.
Environmental problems (pollution and destruction of the natural habitat of mankind, climate change, extinction various types animals and plants, large rivers become shallow, etc.).
Uneven economic development of countries.
Increase in the number of man-made disasters.
The threat of global terrorism.
Population problem (threat of famine).
Diseases.
Depletion of natural resources (search for new energy sources).
Crisis of spirituality.

The presentation “Final lesson on the topic “Social Sphere” is intended both for ongoing monitoring of students’ knowledge and skills on this topic, and for targeted preparation for.

Target audience: for 11th grade

The presentation “Final lesson on the topic “Sphere of Spiritual Culture” is intended both for ongoing monitoring of students’ knowledge and skills on this topic, and for targeted preparation for the OGE in social studies.

The tasks of the first part are presented different levels. The answers are presented in the presentation itself. The work can be used in different teaching situations.

The presentation “Final lesson on the topic “Man and Society” is intended both for ongoing monitoring of students’ knowledge and skills on this topic, and for targeted preparation for the OGE in social studies.

The tasks of the first part of different levels are presented. The answers are presented in the presentation itself. The work can be used in different teaching situations.

The presentation “Final lesson on the topic “The Sphere of Politics and Social Management” is intended both for ongoing monitoring of students’ knowledge and skills on this topic, and for targeted preparation for the Unified State Exam in Social Studies, grade 9.

The tasks of the first part of different levels are presented. The answers are presented in the presentation itself. The work can be used in different teaching situations.

Target audience: for teachers

The presentation “Final lesson on the topic “Economics”” is intended both for ongoing monitoring of students’ knowledge and skills on this topic, and for targeted preparation for the OGE in social studies, grade 9.

The tasks of the first part of different levels are presented. The answers are presented in the presentation itself. The work can be used in different teaching situations.

Target audience: for teachers

The abstract and presentation “Final lesson on the topic “Man and his rights” are intended both for ongoing monitoring of students’ knowledge and skills on this topic, and for targeted preparation for the State Examination in Social Studies. Part A, B, C tasks of different levels are presented. Answers are presented both in the abstract and in the presentation itself. The work is focused on the textbook by A.I. Kravchenko, but nevertheless is of a universal nature and can be used in different educational situations.

Target audience: for 9th grade

The goals and objectives of the presentation are to effectively prepare 9th grade students for the State Examination in Social Studies and consolidate the material.
How to work with a presentation?
The presentation reveals in detail one of the sections of the State Academy of Social Sciences - “The Sphere of Spiritual Culture”.
The presentation contains 23 slides. 22 slides are devoted to the topics of this section, the 23rd slide contains literature and Internet resources for the section.
1 slide - title slide - contains information about the author of the presentation
Slide 2 - contains a list of elements (topics) tested by State Examination tasks in this section
Slides 3 to 22 clearly and easily explain the basic terms and contain practical tasks parts A and B from the book by P.A. Baranova “Complete reference book for preparing for the State Examination. AST. Astrel. M. 2013.

Target audience: for 9th grade

The presentation "Law, Part 2" is intended to prepare 9th grade students for the State Examination in Social Studies. The presentation has methodological support (tasks, goals, main content, test tasks, sources). The presentation reveals the following nine questions of the “Law” codifier in a clear and accessible way for students. Test tasks from the official ones demo options FIPI 2009-2012 The presentation contains extensive illustrative material.

Topic: Society and man.

Scientists believe that social life began simultaneously with the appearance of man on Earth. Even ancient people united into a tribal community, a tribe. The unification and interaction of ancient people helped the human race to survive in difficult natural conditions, defend itself from enemies, and develop new territories. This is where the concepts of “community” and “society” come from.

The concept of society is used in a broad and narrow sense.

In a broad sense:

Society- it is a part of the material world that is isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, and includes ways of interaction between people and forms of their unification.

In a narrow sense:

Society - this is a collection of people according to some characteristics.

The concept society has many meanings:

Stage in human history

(primitive society, slave society, etc.)

(union)

Circle of people united

common goals, interests

(sports club)

Region, country, state

(Russia, European Society)

All of humanity

(world community)

SOCIETY

Question for students.

Tell me, can a person develop outside of society?

No, only in society can a person satisfy his material and spiritual needs. And also in society, social relationships develop between people.

Social relations are the relationships that develop between members of different social groups.

Society not only arises with the appearance of man, but also develops with him, which means societyit is a dynamic system.

Characteristic features of society as a dynamic system .

Self-development, self-regulation, the ability to adapt and integrate, the dying off of old parts, the emergence of new ones.

Society has subsystems (parts of the system)

Spheres of public life

Political

State and public authorities

(president, government, parties, army, police, tax and customs services)

Spiritual

(morality, culture, science, education, art and religion)

Economic

(goods, services, enterprises (firms), production process.

Social

Interaction of various social groups, segments of the population, personality.

All societies can be divided into 3 historical types:

Pre-industrial (traditional or agricultural) – people are engaged in agriculture, manual labor predominates, primitive tools, communal way of life, low social mobility, cultural backwardness.

Industrial – people are engaged in industrial production, the development of private property, machine labor predominates, the growth of cities and urban populations, collective values, average social mobility, social life and cultural development.

Post-industrial – people are mainly employed in the service and information sector, information technology, computerization and automation of labor, the value of the individual, human rights and freedoms, high social mobility, and the influence of the media predominate.

(social mobility -change in the position of a person or group in society)

Interaction between society and nature

It is important to realize that society and nature are interconnected and influence each other.

Nature- this is the natural habitat of man.

Differences between society and nature

Creates culture

Develops under the influence of human activity.

The difference between nature and society

Capable of developing independently of humans

Has its own laws that do not depend on the will and desires of man

Human.

Human -biosocial being, i.e. it intertwines the social and the biological.

Individual is a representative of the human race with unique natural traits. (one of the people; single)

Individuality – uniqueness, originality, richness of the inner world, traits that are characteristic only of a certain person.

Personality - this is a person as a social being with his inherent traits and relationships, manifested in interactions with people.

Socialization is a process of personality development

Agents of Socialization

Family

Education

Professions

Social environment

State

Media

Self-education

Stages of socialization

Elementary

Middle (adolescence)

Final

The main differences between humans and animals

Thinking and articulate speech

Conscious, purposeful creative activity

Man is a creator of culture

The ability to make tools and use them.

Human activity.

Activity is human activity aimed at achieving a goal. As a result of his activity, he transforms both nature and society.

Activity structure

1. Subject of the activity (the one who carries out the activity)

2. The object of the activity (what it is aimed at) or (what your attention is directed to.

The object can be not only objects, but also people (the teacher teaches students).

When starting any activity, a person sets a goal.

Target -what we expect as a result of our activities.

In order to achieve the goal we need :

1 .Means

2 .Actions

3 .Result

Motive- what motivates us to action. (Vasya reads the newspaper (action) to find out sports news (motive).

Human activity is aimed at satisfying needs.

Three groups of needs (or classification of needs):

Biological (food, sleep, air, water, etc.. They are innate, bring us closer to animals)

Social (communication, self-realization, self-affirmation)

Spiritual (needs for knowledge of the surrounding world and the person himself)

This classification is not the only one. American psychologist A. Maslow .

Physiological (food, breathing, movement)

Existential (safety, comfort, confidence in the future)

(1.2 – innate needs)

Social (in communication, in caring for others, in understanding)

Prestigious (selfish) - in self-esteem, achieving success, recognition

Spiritual (self-actualization, self-expression)

(3-5 – purchased)

Main activities - Work, play, learning.

Types of activities – practical, spiritual (associated with changing people’s consciousness), destructive (wars, acts of vandalism, deforestation), labor, educational, creative, etc.

Creative activity -aimed at creating something new.

(helps us create - imagination, fantasy, intuition)

Labor activity – this is an activity that is aimed at obtaining a obviously useful result.

Play or leisure activities - focused not so much on the result, but on the process itself - entertainment, relaxation.

Studies - this is a type of activity whose purpose is the acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities by a person.

Social and interpersonal relationships of a person. Communication.

Social relations - It is a relationship between a leader and a subordinate.

Forms of social relations: one-sided (hidden, open conflicts), mutual (accessible and clear social reality).

Interpersonal relationships - relationship between friends.

Society is a collection of social groups.

Social group - a group of people identified according to socially significant characteristics.

Functions of a social group

Instrumental - to perform any work (department, dean, team of workers)

Expressive – to satisfy social needs for respect, approval or trust (Alcoholics Anonymous)

Supportive – to ease unpleasant feelings. (protection of the interests of social groups (trade unions, etc.))

Communication - a connection between people as a result of which they exchange information.

Types of communication : speech (verbal), using words and sounds

non-verbal (non-verbal), using facial expressions and gestures

Forms of communication:

Official (business)

Everyday (household)

Persuasive

Ritual (the process of following prescribed behavior)

Intercultural

In terms of content and semantic orientation:

Story

Message

Talk

Report

Compliments

Exchange of views

Interpersonal conflicts

Interpersonal conflicts - it is a clash of different points of view.

Methods for resolving conflicts

1.Dialogue - communication between people.

2. Compromise agreement based on mutual concessions.

3. Consensus is a form of expressing agreement with the opponent’s arguments in a dispute.