1682 1725 historical. Historical essay. Brief description of the era

The period from 1689 to 1725 is the time of formation Russian Empire. It was characterized first by political instability, expressed in the uprising of the archers, and then by strengthening the power of the monarch, carrying out reforms in all spheres of public life and bringing the country to a qualitatively higher level. new level.

During this period, it is worth noting the Northern War between Russia and Sweden. The reason for this military conflict was Russia’s desire to have access to the Baltic Sea, which it lost during the Livonian War. The consequences of the war, which the Russian state won, were the strengthening of the country's defense capability, increasing Russia's international authority and access to the Baltic Sea, which opened up space for trade with Europe.

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The activities of A.D. Menshikov should be noted. He was a commander during the Northern War and contributed greatly to the success of the Battle of Poltava. He also dealt with issues domestic policy and was a faithful confidant of the king.

One of the transformations being carried out in this period in the social life of the state is the adoption of a decree on single inheritance. The reason for its adoption was the government’s desire to limit the division of the noble estate into many parts, to erase the difference between local and hereditary land ownership, and also to force the remaining heirs of noble and boyar families to serve in the army. The result of the decree on single inheritance was the final merger of the patrimony and the estate, the strengthening of noble estates and the protection of nobles from impoverishment, which led to the formation of a strong class on which the autocratic ruler could rely. It is worth noting the bright personality of Peter I. He brought Russia to a new level of development and was the initiator of many reforms that affected all spheres of public life. In addition, he strengthened the country's defense capability; under him and on his initiative, the Russian navy was created. He became the first tsar in Russia to proclaim the country an empire and himself an emperor.

Thus, the period from 1689 to 1725 plays great value for the history of Russia. At this time, changes took place that influenced the future development of the country. A fundamental difference in the culture of the nobles and other classes took shape: some followed the European model, others followed the original Russian traditions, which influenced the relationship between landowners and peasants. Also during this period, Russia became a powerful military power, declared its interests to the whole world, having won a victory over the Baltic enemy.

Updated: 2017-11-12

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And its transformations.

Subjects. Story.

Brief description of the era

The activities of Peter I are significant in scope, and his era is ambiguous. Pyotr Alekseevich began his reign with an unstable political situation, including the uprising of the archers.

After successfully suppressing the uprising, he began to strengthen his personal power, carried out reforms and brought the country to a new level.

Events and personalities

During the reign of Peter I, of course, the Northern War between Russia and Sweden should be noted. For Russia, access to the Baltic Sea was fundamental - this was the goal of Russia's actions in the war. The key event was the Battle of Poltava in 1709, when Russia's victory was a foregone conclusion.

In addition to Poltava, many other battles took place in the Northern War, raising the prestige of Russian state abroad. Among the personalities of the Peter the Great period, it should be noted Alexander Danilovich Menshikov and Fyodor Matveevich Apraksin - these people were the tsar’s favorites and prominent military leaders.

Apraksin became one of the founders of the Russian navy, and Menshikov commanded the Battle of Poltava. And, of course, Peter I himself played a great role in the victory over the Swedes. The war ended with the Peace of Nystad in 1721. Of the other participants in the war, it should be noted that Charles XII is a strong and ambitious king of Sweden, who demonstrated himself as a talented military leader.

Despite the only victory near Narva, his army held out with dignity throughout the war. It was not for nothing that after the victory at Poltava at the feast after the battle, Peter called the Swedes his teachers in military affairs. Another event of the Peter the Great period should be identified as administrative reform. Peter I dissolved the Boyar Duma and organized the Government Senate. In addition to the Senate, twelve colleges with certain powers were created.

One of the key events of the administrative reform was the decree on single inheritance, when the estates received by the nobles for their service and the family boyar estates were equalized in status. Now possessions could be transferred only to one of the sons. The purpose of the decree was to attract the nobility to serve in the army, but due to the systemic discontent of the nobles, the decree on single inheritance was canceled by Anna Ioannovna in 1731.

Cause-and-effect relationships

The causes of the Northern War were Russia's geopolitical ambitions to gain access to the Baltic Sea, the coast of which ceased to be part of the country as a result of the Livonian War. In addition to foreign policy circumstances, with the desire to impose a fight on the Swedes, Peter I set as his goal the development of the army and navy, the demand for strength and organization of which became actualized during military operations.

The consequences of the events of the Northern War were access to the Baltic (the opening of a “window to Europe”), an increase in the international authority of Russia and the founding of St. Petersburg - the future capital of the Russian Empire. Russia has become one of the leading maritime powers. It also became an empire, and Peter I became emperor. It is not difficult to guess that it was not only the administrative reform of Peter I that became famous.

The reforms were carried out as a single set of measures, and administrative ones became one of the key ones. The reasons for Peter's reforms were the government's desire to strengthen its own influence, limit the division of noble landholdings, equalize boyar and noble landownership, and force the nobility to serve in the army.

The consequence of the administrative reform was a sharp increase in the nobility in the military and civil service with the development of a powerful bureaucratic apparatus. But the nobles were dissatisfied with such a policy, which was curtailed after the death of Peter - in 1731.

Era score

The activities of Peter I should be assessed extremely controversially. The emperor himself was described by many cultural figures, on the one hand, as a strong, talented and hardworking organizer, but his actions were extremely tough and sometimes cruel. Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev and Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov designated the activities of Peter I aimed at the development of Russia through reforms.

The economic and military-technical gap between Russia and many other European countries has decreased. Russia became the owner of a strong army and navy, which successfully demonstrated themselves in the Northern War. In addition to the Baltic, the territory of Russia has also grown part of the Caspian Sea. But Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky and Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin assessed the emperor’s activities more negatively: in their opinion, transformations were achieved in the country by destroying the traditional way of life. Europeanization affected only the ruling elite, and the life of the people remained just as traditional. The gap between the elite and the common people has widened.

Indeed, the nobles were dissatisfied with Peter I for being forced to serve in the army, the peasants for further enslavement, the representatives of the clergy for the destruction of the traditional way of life and the subordination of the church to the state (a secular person was appointed at the head of the Holy Synod). The ruling elite was destroyed as a result of repression - this became the reason for " palace coups"1725-1762. But this does not detract from the fact that all historians recognize the successful foreign policy of Russia: it was under Peter that the country became the greatest European power. And this event became the most important result of the era of 1689-1725.

1682-1725. It is during this time period that the reign of Peter I falls. The years, let’s not argue, are rich in events. A number of important reforms are taking place, the correctness of which will be debated by the descendants of the first emperor of Russia for a long time.

The reign of Peter 1 can be divided into several stages. After all, the regency of Sophia remained until 1689. And the so-called “real” reign of Peter began only after the death of his mother, N.K. Naryshkina.

Peter's reforms primarily affected the army. A recruitment system was introduced, a fleet was created... Special attention stands the Table of Ranks of 1722 - the introduction of military ranks. The army was also influenced by the decree on single inheritance of 1714, according to which nobles could now transfer land only to their eldest son, and the rest had to join the army.

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The consequence was an increase in the number of military personnel and the prevention of fragmentation of landowners' lands.

But reforms took place in all areas of the state. New taxes were introduced, the number of manufactories grew, and in 1721 the patriarchate was replaced by the Holy Synod (now church power was subordinated to secular power). Also worth special attention is the reform in government bodies: Orders were replaced by collegiums, and a Senate was established in 1711. In 1722, a decree on succession to the throne was adopted. The reason for this was the absence of legitimate sons from the emperor, and the consequence was the advent of the era of palace coups.

Foreign policy also deserves special attention. In particular, the Northern War of 1700-1721, which ended with the Treaty of Nystad. According to it, Russia received access to the Baltic Sea and became an empire. Two battles were turning points in this war - near the village of Lesnaya and the Battle of Poltava (1709)

In general, the policies of Peter I are assessed ambiguously. The reforms radically changed the further development of Russia. For some it's clear positive action, for others - Peter 1 interrupted the original development of Russia. The life of ordinary peasants also worsened. But it is almost impossible to condemn Peter’s foreign policy. After all, Russia has now become a great power, an empire.

Updated: 2017-03-13

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Peter 1 essay on the history of the Unified State Exam

1682 – 1725 – the period of the reign of Tsar and Emperor Peter I the Great in Russia.

Peter the Great was declared tsar in 1682 and was co-ruler of his half-brother Ivan V, but as a result of the Streltsy rebellion, Princess Sophia actually ruled the country instead of her brothers. Peter received real power in 1689 after the overthrow of Sophia and her imprisonment in a monastery.

Domestic policy

The priority of Peter's domestic policy was the transformation of Russia into a European power with a developed economy, manufactories and a modern administrative apparatus. One of Peter's main associates was his friend Alexander Menshikov, who, despite numerous accusations of abuse and corruption, played a significant role in Peter's reforms and military successes.

By the beginning of Peter's reign, there were only a few manufactories in Russia, but by the end of his reign there were already 233 enterprises, including more than 90 large manufactories built during his reign. Peter also developed science and culture, trying to instill European culture among the nobles, developing stone construction and opening schools and academies to train officers, engineers and other specialists for state needs.

Foreign policy

Throughout his reign, Peter pursued an aggressive foreign policy aimed at gaining access to the Black or Baltic Sea. Russia's access to the sea and the creation of a modern navy were necessary for the development of trade with Western countries. To achieve these goals, Russia under Peter started wars with Ottoman Empire and Sweden.

Having failed to achieve success in the south, Peter the Great entered into an alliance with Poland, Saxony and Denmark and declared war To the Swedish king Charles XII. This war, called the Northern War (1700-1721), ended in victory for the allies, and as a result Russia received the territories of the Baltic states and Ingria, where Peter founded the new capital of Russia in 1703 - St. Petersburg.

Peter I during the Northern War

Results of the reign of Peter I

The personality of Peter 1 is considered, perhaps, one of the most controversial in Russian history. In historical literature one can find polar assessments of his activities by contemporaries and historians: some called him the “Antichrist” and the destroyer of Russian traditions, while others considered him a creator modern Russia, which entered the circle of great powers and received a chance to catch up in development with the advanced European powers.

1682 - 1725 is the period of the reign of Peter I, nicknamed the Great. Since 1721 he becomes emperor. This is a period of great transformation. I will name the most important of them.

In 1697 - 1698, Peter went with the Grand Embassy to Europe. The reason for the Grand Embassy was the need for allies against Turkey. The purpose of the embassy was to recruit officers, soldiers and sailors for Russian service and to purchase weapons. Peter wanted to learn shipbuilding from foreign masters and went with the embassy himself. This was the first time in the history of Russia that the Tsar traveled abroad. The result of this event was an alliance between Russia and Sweden (no allies could be found in the fight against Turkey). Also, Peter I, having visited Holland, learned carpentry, met with Newton, visited the Greenwich Observatory, and visited the Parliament of England.
Another significant event of this period is Northern War, which began in 1700 and ended in 1721 with the signing of the Treaty of Nystadt. At the beginning of the war, the Swedish king Charles XII managed to gain allies from Russia and win a number of victories. Peter I, calling the Swedes “his teachers,” began to take measures that made the army strong and combat-ready. A regular army began to be created, navigation schools were opened, St. Petersburg was founded, and intensive ship construction was underway. All this strengthened the Russian army and allowed it to snatch victory in Battle of Poltava and in a number of other battles on land and at sea (in 1714 at Gangut, and in 1720 at Grengam Island). The result of this event was Russia's victory in the war. Under the terms of the Peace of Nystadt, Livonia, Estland, Ingremanland, part of Karelia with Vyborg, the islands of Ezel and Dago went to Russia.

The outstanding personalities of the first event, that is, the Grand Embassy, ​​are the head of the Ambassadorial Prikaz, Fyodor Golovin, and General Admiral Franz Lefort. Golovin was the main leader of the Russian foreign policy since 1699. He personally observed and supervised the recruitment of 800 engineers, doctors, and officers into Russian service. With his participation, tens of thousands of rifles with bayonets, which were not available in Russia at that time, were purchased. Golovin, after Menshikov, became the second Russian citizen elevated to the title of count of the Holy Roman Empire. Franz Lefort was the chief official of the embassy. He conducted active political negotiations, organized receptions, corresponded with European politicians, and talked with those who wanted to enter the Russian service.

The central figures during the Northern War were Field Marshal B.P. Sheremetyev, A.D. Menshikov, V.V. Golitsyn. Sheremetyev led the offensive in Livonia and inflicted a crushing defeat on the Swedes. Menshikov captured Mazepa's headquarters - the fortress city of Baturin, commanded the Russian cavalry and participated in all the main battles with the Swedes. In the Battle of Poltava, Menshikov captured 16 thousand Swedes, while at that time there were 9 thousand soldiers under his command. As we can see, the role of the named personalities of the era is great.

Let's consider what cause-and-effect relationships exist between these events. Both events - the Great Embassy and the Northern War - were dictated common reasons, among which is the need for the country to reach the European level, the expansion of trade relations and diplomacy, Peter’s desire to put Russia on a new international level. The consequence was the growth of Russia’s international authority, access to the Baltic Sea (“window to Europe”) and the strengthening of Russia as a whole.

The reign of Peter I cannot be assessed unambiguously. On the one hand, thanks to Peter’s reforms, Russia became a great power and joined European civilization. These transformations were progressive in nature. Tatishchev, Lomonosov, Soloviev think so. On the other hand, while defending the Fatherland from enemies, Peter I devastated it more than any enemy. After Peter, the state became stronger, but the people became poorer. This is according to Klyuchevsky. Karamzin emphasized that Russian national foundations were destroyed.

But in general, the era of Peter the Great raised Russia to a new level of development and strengthened the country's authority among other states.

History teacher of the MKOU "Myureginskaya Secondary School" Abidova P.G.