The book sphere of communication is expressed through an artistic style - multitasking literary style, which has developed historically, and stands out from other styles through means of expression.

Art style serves literary works and aesthetic human activity. The main goal is to influence the reader with the help of sensory images. Tasks by which the goal of the artistic style is achieved:

• Creating a living picture that describes the work.
• Transferring the emotional and sensory state of the characters to the reader.

Features of artistic style

Art style has a purpose emotional impact per person, but she is not the only one. The general picture of the application of this style is described through its functions:

• Figurative-cognitive. Presenting information about the world and society through the emotional component of the text.
• Ideological and aesthetic. Maintaining the system of images through which the writer conveys the idea of ​​the work to the reader awaits a response to the plot's concept.
• Communicative. Expressing the vision of an object through sensory perception. Information from the artistic world is connected with reality.

Signs and characteristic linguistic features of artistic style

To easily identify this style of literature, let’s pay attention to its features:

• Original syllable. Due to the special presentation of the text, the word becomes interesting without contextual meaning, breaking the canonical patterns of text construction.
• High level of text organization. Dividing prose into chapters and parts; in a play - division into scenes, acts, phenomena. In poems, metric is the size of the verse; stanza - the study of the combination of poems, rhyme.
• High level of polysemy. The presence of several interrelated meanings for one word.
• Dialogues. The artistic style is dominated by the speech of characters as a way of describing phenomena and events in the work.

The literary text contains all the richness of the vocabulary of the Russian language. The presentation of the emotionality and imagery inherent in this style is carried out using special means, which are called tropes - linguistic means of expressive speech, words in a figurative meaning. Examples of some tropes:

• Comparison is part of the work, with the help of which the character’s image is complemented.
• Metaphor is the meaning of a word in a figurative sense, based on an analogy with another object or phenomenon.
• An epithet is a definition that makes a word expressive.
• Metonymy is a combination of words in which one object is replaced by another on the basis of spatiotemporal similarity.
• Hyperbole is a stylistic exaggeration of a phenomenon.
• Litota is a stylistic understatement of a phenomenon.

Where is the fiction style used?

The artistic style has incorporated numerous aspects and structures of the Russian language: tropes, polysemy of words, complex grammatical and syntactic structure.

Therefore, its general scope of application is enormous. It also includes the main genres of works of art.

• The genres of artistic style used are related to one of the genres that express reality in a special way:
• Epic. Shows external unrest, the author’s thoughts (description of storylines).
• Lyrics. Reflects the author’s inner emotions (the experiences of the characters, their feelings and thoughts). Drama. The presence of the author in the text is minimal, a large number of

dialogues between characters. Such works are often made into theatrical productions. Example - Three sisters A.P. Chekhov.

These genres have subtypes, which can be divided into even more specific varieties. Basic:

• Epic genres: Epic is a genre of work in which.
• historical events
• A novel is a large manuscript with a complex plot line. All attention is paid to the life and fate of the characters.
• A short story is a work of smaller volume that describes the life story of a hero.

A story is a medium-sized manuscript that has the plot features of a novel and a short story.

• Lyric genres:
• Ode is a solemn song.
• An epigram is a satirical poem. Example: A. S. Pushkin “Epigram on M. S. Vorontsov.”
• Elegy is a lyrical poem.

A sonnet is a poetic form of 14 lines, the rhyme of which has a strict construction system. Examples of this genre are common in Shakespeare.

• Genres of dramatic works:
• Comedy - the genre is based on a plot that makes fun of social vices.
• Tragedy is a work that describes the tragic fate of heroes, the struggle of characters and relationships.

Drama – has a dialogue structure with a serious storyline showing the characters and their dramatic relationships with each other or with society.

It is easier to understand and consider the features of this style when the reader is provided with a literary text with a clear example. Let's practice determining what style of text is in front of us using an example:

“Marat’s father Stepan Porfiryevich Fateev, an orphan from infancy, was from a family of Astrakhan binders. The revolutionary whirlwind blew him out of the locomotive vestibule, dragged him through the Mikhelson plant in Moscow, machine gun courses in Petrograd ... "

Main aspects confirming the artistic style of speech:

• This text is based on conveying events from an emotional point of view, so there is no doubt that this is a literary text.
• The means used in the example: “a revolutionary whirlwind blew out, dragged” is nothing more than a trope, or rather, a metaphor. The use of this trope is inherent only in literary texts.
• An example of a description of a person’s fate, environment, social events. Conclusion: this literary text belongs to the epic.

Any text can be analyzed in detail using this principle. If the functions or distinctive features described above immediately catch your eye, then there is no doubt that this is a literary text.

If you find it difficult to deal with a large amount of information on your own; the basic means and features of a literary text are not clear to you; Examples of tasks seem difficult - use a resource such as a presentation. Ready presentation with clear examples will clearly fill gaps in knowledge. The area of ​​the school subject “Russian language and literature” is served by electronic sources of information on functional speech styles. Please note that the presentation is succinct and informative and contains explanatory means.

Thus, once you understand the definition of artistic style, you will better understand the structure of works. And if a muse visits you and you want to write a work of art yourself, follow the lexical components of the text and the emotional presentation. Good luck with your studies!

Instructions

This style can otherwise be called a style fiction. It is used in verbal and artistic creativity. Its main goal is to influence the feelings and thoughts of readers and listeners with the help of images created by the author.

Artistic style (like any other) involves the selection of linguistic means. But in contrast to official business and scientific styles, it widely uses all the richness of vocabulary, special imagery and emotionality of speech. In addition, it uses the capabilities different styles: colloquial, journalistic, scientific and official business.

Features artistic style Special attention to the random and particular, behind which one can see the typical features and images of time. As an example, we can recall “Dead Souls”, where N.V. Gogol portrayed landowners, each of whom is the personification of certain human qualities, but all of them together are the “face” of Russia in the 19th century.

One more distinctive feature artistic style is a subjective moment, the presence of the author’s fiction or “re-recreation” of reality. The world of a literary work is the world of the writer, where reality is presented through his vision. In a literary text, the author expresses his preferences, rejections, condemnations and admirations. Therefore, the artistic style is characterized by expressiveness, emotionality, metaphor and versatility.

To prove artistic style, read the text and analyze the language used in it. Pay attention to their diversity. Literary works use a large number of tropes (epithets, metaphors, comparisons, hyperboles, personifications, periphrases and allegories) and stylistic figures (anaphors, antitheses, oxymorons, rhetorical questions and appeals, etc.). For example: “a little man as big as a finger” (litotes), “the horse runs - the earth trembles” (allegory), “streams ran from the mountains” (personification).

The artistic style clearly reveals the polysemy of words. Writers often discover additional meanings and meanings in them. For example, the adjective “lead” in a scientific or journalistic style will be used in its direct meaning of “lead bullet” and “lead ore”; in an artistic style, it will most likely act as a metaphor for “lead twilight” or “lead clouds”.

When parsing the text, be sure to pay attention to its function. If conversational style serves for communication or communication, formal business and scientific are informative, and artistic style is intended for emotional impact. Its main function is aesthetic, to which all linguistic means used in a literary work are subject.

Determine in what form the text is implemented. The artistic style is used in drama, prose and poetry. They are accordingly divided into genres (tragedy, comedy, drama; novel, story, short story, miniature; poem, fable, poem, etc.).

note

The basis of artistic style is literary language. But often it uses colloquial and professional vocabulary, dialectisms and vernacular. This is due to the desire of writers to create a special, unique author’s style and give the text vivid imagery.

Helpful advice

A style can only be determined by the totality of all its characteristics (function, set of linguistic means, form of implementation).

Sources:

• Artistic style: language and features
• how to prove that the text

Tip 2: Distinctive features of the formal business style of the text

The language used in different areas of activity differs, in addition, it can be very different from the spoken one. For such spheres of public life as science, office work, jurisprudence, politics and the media, there are subtypes of the Russian language that have their own characteristic features, both lexical and morphological, syntactic and textual. Has its own stylistic features and official business text.

Why do you need a formal business style when correspondence?

The official business style of the text is one of the functional subtypes of the Russian language, which is used only in one specific case - when conducting business correspondence in the field of social and legal relations. It is implemented in lawmaking, management and economic activities. In written form, its document can, in fact, be a letter, an order, and a normative act.

Business documents can be presented to the court as evidence at any time, since, due to their specificity, they have legal force.

Such a document has legal significance; its author, as a rule, acts not as a private individual, but is an authorized representative of the organization. Therefore, any official business text is subject to increased requirements, allowing to eliminate ambiguity and ambiguity of interpretation. Also, the text must be communicatively accurate and adequately reflect the thoughts that the author expresses.

Main features of official business style

The main feature of official business communication is the standardization of phraseological units used; it is with its help that communicative accuracy is ensured, giving any document legal force. These standard phrases make it possible to eliminate ambiguity in interpretation, therefore, repeated repetition of the same words, names and terms is quite acceptable in such documents.

An official business document must have details - output data, and there are also specific requirements for their location on the page.

The text written in this style is emphatically logical and unemotional. It must be extremely informative, therefore thoughts are strictly formulated, and the presentation of the situation itself must be restrained, using stylistically neutral words and expressions. The use of any phrases that carry an emotional charge, expressions used in common parlance, and especially slang, is excluded.

To eliminate ambiguity, personal demonstrative pronouns (“he,” “she,” “they”) are not used in a business document, since in the context of two nouns of the same gender, ambiguity of interpretation or contradiction may arise. As a consequence of the mandatory condition of logic and argumentation, when writing a business text, complex sentences with a large number of conjunctions are used, conveying the logic of relationships. For example, constructions that are not often used in everyday life are used, including conjunctions such as “due to the fact that”, “for the purpose of which”.

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Since ancient times, France has been considered not just a country whose residents have exquisite taste. She was a trendsetter. In Paris, as in the very heart of the country, even its own special style has been formed.

When talking about Parisian women, many people imagine a sophisticated woman with impeccable hair and impeccable makeup. She is wearing high-heeled shoes and elegant business clothes. The lady is surrounded by a halo of the aroma of expensive perfume, and her gaze is directed into the distance. So what is it, Parisian style?

Must-have wardrobe items for a Parisian woman.

Many representatives of the fair sex, who strive to look stylish and sophisticated every day, have a set of basic, must-have items in their wardrobe. What kind of items can be found in a Parisian woman's closet?

1. Ballet shoes. Contrary to popular belief, shoes with heels are not always preferred. They're in Everyday life wear comfortable ballet shoes with thin soles.

2. Bag with a long strap. A handbag slung over one shoulder is a habit large number residents of the fashion capital.

3.Large size scarf. Residents of many countries prefer a variety of voluminous scarves. However, most Parisian women believe that this is an irreplaceable and absolutely necessary accessory during the cold season.

4. A fitted jacket, raincoat or jacket. A truly French style is to wear fitted jackets. They are decorated with thin straps or worn wide open.

5.Large sunglasses. In combination with hair pulled back into a tight ponytail, bun or updo, these glasses look especially stylish and sophisticated.

6. Clothing in black. For Parisian women, black is not the color of mourning. For them, he is the personification of style and grace. Therefore, to create a Parisian look, you need to have black T-shirts, T-shirts, sweaters and other items of clothing in your wardrobe.

Which is unacceptable for the Parisian style.

There are things that a lady with truly French views on fashion will never allow herself to buy, much less wear. One of the first places on the list of “bad manners” included too long bright false nails. Many representatives of France prefer naturalness and neutrality in everything. Including in .

A miniskirt combined with a deep neckline is also not in the style of a resident of the fashion capital. The true one is unlikely to allow herself to look too open and too sexy.

Bright hair color, multi-colored highlighting, flashy accessories, all kinds of backcombing and a huge amount of hair styling products. In most cases, a lady living in Paris will bypass this entire list and will only be surprised that it occurred to someone to experiment with their appearance in such a way.

The main criterion that distinguishes a true Parisian is harmony in everything: in clothes, style, look, hairstyle, accessories. She does not seek to repeat someone else's image and is of the opinion that each person is unique.

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Most research monographs and solid scientific articles belong to the scientific style proper. The peculiarity of this genre is that such texts, as a rule, are written by professional scientists for the same specialists. This academic style is very often found in scientific works devoted to one issue, as well as in short essays where the author presents the results scientific research.

Texts written in a strictly scientific style are distinguished by precision of presentation, verified logical constructions, and an abundance of generalizing terms and abstract concepts. A standard academic text compiled in this genre has a strict structural composition, which includes a title, introductory and main parts, conclusions and conclusion.

Scientific and informative genre of scientific style

The secondary form of the scientific style of speech is considered to be the scientific-informative genre. It is usually compiled on the basis of some basic, reference text. Original monographs or articles are often taken as a basis. An example of texts written in the scientific and informational genre can be theses, or.

A scientific informative text is a creatively revised presentation of the primary material, completely coinciding with it in meaning. However, it does not contain all, but only basic information, only the most essential information about the subject. Writing works in this genre requires the ability to work with scientific literature, evaluate sources and convey their content in a condensed form without distortion.

Other genres of scientific style of speech

In one large group Linguistic specialists often combine texts of scientific reference, educational and scientific and popular science genres of scientific style. These substyles are characterized by the focus of information not so much on specialists, but on those who are far from the specifics of the subject at the center of the publication. Not only the results of scientific research are important, but also the form.

In the educational and scientific genre they most often write teaching aids and lecture texts. The scientific reference genre, characterized by extreme clarity and conciseness, is typical for reference publications, scientific dictionaries, encyclopedias and catalogues. Texts compiled in the popular science genre are less tied to special terminology. They are often used in books intended for a mass audience, as well as in television and radio programs covering scientific topics.

artistic speech stylistics Russian

The specificity of the artistic style of speech, as a functional one, lies in the fact that it is used in fiction, which performs a figurative-cognitive and ideological-aesthetic function. Unlike, for example, the abstract, objective, logical-conceptual reflection of reality in scientific speech, fiction is characterized by a concrete figurative representation of life. A work of art is characterized by perception through the senses and the re-creation of reality; the author strives to convey, first of all, his personal experience, your understanding or comprehension of a particular phenomenon. But in a literary text we see not only the world of the writer, but also the writer in this world: his preferences, condemnations, admiration, rejection, and the like. This is associated with emotionality and expressiveness, metaphor, and meaningful diversity of the artistic style of speech.

The main goal of artistic style is to master the world according to the laws of beauty, satisfy the aesthetic needs of both the author of a work of art and the reader, and have an aesthetic impact on the reader with the help of artistic images.

The basis of the artistic style of speech is the literary Russian language. The word in this functional style performs a nominative-figurative function. The number of words that form the basis of this style, first of all, includes figurative means of Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in context. These are words with a wide range of usage. Highly specialized words are used to an insignificant extent, only to create artistic authenticity when describing certain aspects of life.

The artistic style differs from other functional styles in that it uses the linguistic means of all other styles, but these means (which is very important) appear here in a modified function - in an aesthetic one. Besides, in artistic speech Not only strictly literary, but also extra-literary means of language can be used - colloquial, slang, dialect, etc., which are also not used in a primary function, but are subordinate to an aesthetic task.

The word in a work of art seems to be doubled: it has the same meaning as in the general literary language, as well as an additional, incremental one, associated with the artistic world, the content of this work. Therefore, in artistic speech, words acquire a special quality, a certain depth, and begin to mean more than what they mean in ordinary speech, while remaining outwardly the same words.

This is how ordinary language is transformed into artistic language; this, one might say, is the mechanism of action of the aesthetic function in a work of art.

The peculiarities of the language of fiction include an unusually rich, varied vocabulary. If the vocabulary of scientific, official business and colloquial speech is relatively limited thematically and stylistically, then the vocabulary of artistic style is fundamentally unlimited. The means of all other styles can be used here - terms, official expressions, colloquial words and phrases, and journalism. Of course, all these various means undergo aesthetic transformation, fulfill certain artistic tasks, and are used in unique combinations. However, there are no fundamental prohibitions or restrictions regarding vocabulary. Any word can be used if it is aesthetically motivated and justified.

We can say that in artistic style all linguistic means, including neutral ones, are used to express the poetic thought of the author, to create a system of images of a work of art.

The wide range in the use of speech means is explained by the fact that, unlike other functional styles, each of which reflects one specific aspect of life, the artistic style, being a kind of mirror of reality, reproduces all spheres human activity, all phenomena of social life. The language of fiction is fundamentally devoid of any stylistic closure; it is open to any styles, any lexical layers, any linguistic means. This openness determines the diversity of the language of fiction.

In general, artistic style is usually characterized by imagery, expressiveness, emotionality, authorial individuality, specificity of presentation, and the specificity of the use of all linguistic means.

It influences the reader’s imagination and feelings, conveys the author’s thoughts and feelings, uses all the richness of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, and is characterized by imagery, emotionality, and specificity of speech. The emotionality of an artistic style differs significantly from the emotionality of a colloquial style, since the emotionality of artistic speech performs an aesthetic function.

A broader concept is the language of fiction: the artistic style is usually used in the author's speech, but the characters' speech may also contain other styles, such as colloquial.

The language of fiction is a kind of mirror of literary language. Rich literature means rich literary language. Great poets and writers create new forms of literary language, which are then used by their followers and all those who speak and write in this language. Artistic speech appears as the pinnacle achievement of language. In it, the capabilities of the national language are presented in the most complete and pure development.

The stylistic stratification of speech is its characteristic feature. This stratification is based on several factors, the main one being the spheres of communication. The sphere of individual consciousness - everyday life - and the unofficial environment associated with it give rise to a conversational style, while the spheres of social consciousness with the accompanying formality feed book styles.

The difference in the communicative function of language is also significant. For the presenter is for book styles - a message function.

Among book styles, the artistic style of speech especially stands out. Thus, his language acts not only (and perhaps not so much) but also as a means of influencing people.

The artist summarizes his observations with the help of a specific image, through the skillful selection of expressive details. He shows, draws, depicts the subject of speech. But you can only show and draw what is visible, concrete. Therefore, the requirement for specificity is the main feature of the artistic style. However, a good artist will never describe, say, a spring forest directly, so to speak, head-on, in the manner of science. He will select a few strokes and expressive details for his image and with their help he will create a visible image, a picture.

Speaking about imagery as the leading stylistic feature of artistic speech, one should distinguish between “image in words”, i.e. figurative meanings of words, and “image through words.” Only by combining both, we get an artistic style of speech.

In addition, the artistic style of speech has the following characteristic features:

1. Scope of use: works of art.

2. Speech tasks: create a living picture depicting what the story is about; convey to the reader the emotions and feelings experienced by the author.

3. Characteristic features of the artistic style of speech. The statement basically happens:

Figurative (expressive and lively);

Specific (this person is described, and not people in general);

Emotional.

Specific words: not animals, but wolves, foxes, deer and others; didn’t look, but paid attention, looked.

Words are often used in a figurative meaning: an ocean of smiles, the sun is sleeping.

The use of emotionally evaluative words: a) having diminutive suffixes: bucket, swallow, little white; b) with the suffix -evat- (-ovat-): loose, reddish.

The use of perfective verbs with the prefix za-, denoting the beginning of an action (the orchestra began to play).

Using present tense verbs instead of past tense verbs (I went to school, suddenly I see...).

Use of interrogative, imperative, exclamatory sentences.

Use of sentences in the text with homogeneous members.

Speeches can be found in any fiction book:

Shined with forged damask steel

The rivers are a icy stream.

Don was scary

The horses snored

And the backwater foamed with blood... (V. Fetisov)

Quiet and blissful is the December night. The village sleeps peacefully, and the stars, like guards, vigilantly and vigilantly watch that there is harmony on earth, so that unrest and discord, God forbid, do not disturb the unsteady harmony, do not push people into new quarrels - the Russian side is already sufficiently fed with them ( A. Ustenko).

Note!

It is necessary to be able to distinguish between the artistic style of speech and the language of a work of art. In it, the writer resorts to various functional styles, using language as a means speech characteristics hero. Most often, the characters’ remarks reflect a conversational style of speech, but if the task of creating an artistic image requires it, the writer can use both scientific and business in the hero’s speech, and the failure to distinguish between the concepts of “artistic style of speech” and “language of a work of art” leads to perceiving any excerpt from a work of art as an example of an artistic style of speech, which is a gross mistake.

Art style

Art style- functional style of speech, which is used in fiction. In this style, it influences the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the wealth of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, and is characterized by imagery and emotionality of speech.

In a work of art, a word not only carries certain information, but also serves to have an aesthetic impact on the reader with the help of artistic images. The brighter and more truthful the image, the stronger its impact on the reader.

In their works, writers use, when necessary, not only words and forms of the literary language, but also outdated dialect and colloquial words.

The means of artistic expression are varied and numerous. These are tropes: comparisons, personification, allegory, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, etc. And stylistic figures: epithet, hyperbole, litotes, anaphora, epiphora, gradation, parallelism, rhetorical question, silence, etc.

Trope(from ancient Greek τρόπος - turnover) - in a work of art, words and expressions used in a figurative meaning in order to enhance the figurativeness of the language, artistic expressiveness speech.

Main types of trails:

• Metaphor(from ancient Greek μεταφορά - “transfer”, “figurative meaning”) - a trope, a word or expression used in a figurative meaning, which is based on an unnamed comparison of an object with some other on the basis of their common attribute. (Nature here destined us to open a window to Europe).

• Metonymy-ancient Greek μετονυμία - “renaming”, from μετά - “above” and ὄνομα/ὄνυμα - “name”) - a type of trope, a phrase in which one word is replaced by another, denoting an object (phenomenon) located in one or another (spatial, temporal and etc.) connection with the subject, which is denoted by the replaced word. The replacement word is used in a figurative sense. Metonymy should be distinguished from metaphor, with which it is often confused, while metonymy is based on the replacement of the word “by contiguity” (part instead of the whole or vice versa, representative instead of class or vice versa, container instead of content or vice versa, etc.), and metaphor - “by similarity.” A special case of metonymy is synecdoche. (All flags will visit us”, where flags replace countries)
• Epithet(from ancient Greek ἐπίθετον - “attached”) - a definition of a word that affects its expressiveness. It is expressed mainly by an adjective, but also by an adverb (“to love dearly”), a noun (“fun noise”), and a numeral (second life).

An epithet is a word or an entire expression, which, due to its structure and special function in the text, acquires some new meaning or semantic connotation, helps the word (expression) gain color and richness. It is used both in poetry (more often) and in prose. (timid breathing; magnificent omen)

• Synecdoche(ancient Greek συνεκδοχή) - trope, a type of metonymy based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another based on the quantitative relationship between them. (Everything is sleeping - man, beast, and bird; We all look at Napoleons; In the roof for my family;

Well, sit down, luminary; Most of all, save a penny.)

• Hyperbola(from ancient Greek ὑπερβολή “transition; excess, excess; exaggeration”) - a stylistic figure of obvious and deliberate exaggeration, in order to enhance expressiveness and emphasize the said thought. (I've said this a thousand times; We have enough food for six months.)
• Litota is a figurative expression that diminishes the size, strength, meaning of what is being described. Litotes is called an inverse hyperbole. (Your Pomeranian, lovely Pomeranian, is no bigger than a thimble).
• Comparison- a trope in which one object or phenomenon is compared to another according to some characteristic common to them. The purpose of comparison is to identify new properties in the object of comparison that are important for the subject of the statement. (A man is stupid as a pig, but cunning as the devil; My home is my fortress; He walks like a gogol; Trying is not torture.)

• In stylistics and poetics, paraphrase (paraphrase, periphrase; from ancient Greek περίφρασις - “descriptive expression”, “allegory”: περί - “around”, “about” and φράσις - “statement”) is a trope that descriptively expresses one concept with the help of several.

Periphrasis is an indirect mention of an object by description rather than naming. (“Night luminary” = “moon”; “I love you, Peter’s creation!” = “I love you, St. Petersburg!”).

• Allegory (allegory)- a conventional depiction of abstract ideas (concepts) through a specific artistic image or dialogue.

For example: “The nightingale is sad near the fallen rose, and sings hysterically over the flower. But the garden scarecrow, who secretly loved the rose, also sheds tears.”

• Personification(personification, prosopopoeia) - trope, the assignment of properties of animate objects to inanimate ones. Very often, personification is used when depicting nature, which is endowed with certain human traits.

For example:

And woe, woe, woe! And grief is girded with a bast, and the legs are entangled with washcloths.

folk song

The state is like an evil stepfather, from whom, alas, you cannot escape, because it is impossible to take with you the Motherland - the suffering mother.

Aydin Khanmagomedov, Visa response

• Irony(from ancient Greek εἰρωνεία - “pretense”) - a trope in which the true meaning is hidden or contradicts (contrasted) with the explicit meaning. Irony creates the feeling that the subject of discussion is not what it seems. (Where can we fools drink tea?)
• Sarcasm(Greek σαρκασμός, from σαρκάζω, literally “tear [meat]”) - one of the types of satirical exposure, caustic ridicule, the highest degree of irony, based not only on the enhanced contrast of the implied and the expressed, but also on the immediate deliberate exposure of the implied.

Sarcasm is a mockery that can be opened with a positive judgment, but in general always contains a negative connotation and indicates a deficiency in a person, object or phenomenon, that is, in relation to which it is happening. Example:

The capitalists are ready to sell us the rope with which we will hang them. If the patient really wants to live, doctors are powerless. Only the Universe and human stupidity are infinite, and I have doubts about the first of them.

Genres of artistic speech: epic (ancient literature); narrative (novels, tales, short stories); lyrical (verses, poems); dramatic (comedy, tragedy)

Fiction

Fiction style has an aesthetic impact function. It most clearly reflects the literary and, more broadly, popular language in all its diversity and richness, becoming a phenomenon of art, a means of creating artistic imagery. In this style, all structural aspects of the language are most widely represented: vocabulary with all direct and figurative meanings words, grammatical structure with a complex and branched system of forms and syntactic types.

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