Expressive means of language are epithets, comparison metaphors. Epithets, metaphors, personifications, comparisons: definitions, examples. Where are the means of artistic expression used?

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How did the poet manage to portray the sounds of a light morning breeze? Sound writing also plays a special role in this poem, in particular alliterations (sound repetitions of consonant sounds [w] and [s]), which help to create a sound image of a light morning breeze. It is his barely audible flutter that makes the birch trees “disarranged”, and the playful nettles sway. “Rustle”, “earrings”, “whisper”, “playfully”. The underlined letters convey the sounds [w], [s], creating a sound image of a light, barely audible breeze.

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What colors will you choose to illustrate this poem? "gold", "blush", "green", "silver", "mother of pearl". Conclusion: bright, multi-colored, festive, shiny colors should be used in the illustration.

When we talk about art, literary creativity, we are focused on the impressions that are created when reading. They are largely determined by the imagery of the work. In fiction and poetry, there are special techniques for enhancing expressiveness. Competent presentation, public speaking - they also need ways to build expressive speech.

For the first time, the concept of rhetorical figures, figures of speech, appeared among the speakers of ancient Greece. In particular, Aristotle and his followers were engaged in their research and classification. Going into details, scientists identified up to 200 varieties that enrich the language.

The means of expressiveness of speech are divided by language level into:

• phonetic;
• lexical;
• syntactic.

The use of phonetics is traditional for poetry. The poem is often dominated by musical sounds that give poetic speech a special melodiousness. In the drawing of a verse, stress, rhythm and rhyme, and combinations of sounds are used for amplification.

Anaphora- repetition of sounds, words or phrases at the beginning of sentences, poetic lines or stanzas. “The golden stars dozed off ...” - a repetition of the initial sounds, Yesenin used a phonetic anaphora.

And here is an example of a lexical anaphora in Pushkin's poems:

Alone you rush through the clear azure,
You alone cast a sad shadow,
You alone grieve the jubilant day.

Epiphora- a similar technique, but much less common, with words or phrases repeated at the end of lines or sentences.

The use of lexical devices associated with a word, lexeme, as well as phrases and sentences, syntax, is considered as a tradition of literary creativity, although it is also widely found in poetry.

Conventionally, all means of expressiveness of the Russian language can be divided into tropes and stylistic figures.

trails

Tropes are the use of words and phrases in a figurative sense. Tropes make speech more figurative, enliven and enrich it. Some tropes and examples of them in literary work are listed below.

Epithet- artistic definition. Using it, the author gives the word an additional emotional coloring, its own assessment. To understand how an epithet differs from an ordinary definition, you need to catch when reading, does the definition give a new connotation to the word? Here is an easy test. Compare: late autumn - golden autumn, early spring - young spring, a quiet breeze - a gentle breeze.

personification- transferring the signs of living beings to inanimate objects, nature: "The gloomy rocks looked sternly ...".

Comparison- direct comparison of one object, phenomenon with another. “The night is gloomy, like a beast ...” (Tyutchev).

Metaphor- transferring the meaning of one word, object, phenomenon to another. Similarity detection, implicit comparison.

“A fire of red mountain ash is burning in the garden ...” (Yesenin). The rowan brushes remind the poet of the flames of a fire.

Metonymy- renaming. Transfer of property, value from one object to another according to the principle of adjacency. “Which is in felt, let's bet” (Vysotsky). In felts (material) - in a felt hat.

Synecdoche is a kind of metonymy. Transferring the meaning of one word to another on the basis of a quantitative relationship: singular - plural, part - whole. “We all look at the Napoleons” (Pushkin).

Irony- the use of a word or expression in an inverted sense, mocking. For example, an appeal to the Donkey in Krylov’s fable: “From where, smart, are you wandering, head?”

Hyperbola- a figurative expression containing exorbitant exaggeration. It can relate to size, value, strength, other qualities. Litota, on the contrary, is an exorbitant understatement. Hyperbole is often used by writers, journalists, and litotes are much less common. Examples. Hyperbole: “In a hundred and forty suns the sunset burned” (V.V. Mayakovsky). Litota: "a man with a fingernail."

Allegory- a specific image, scene, image, object that visually represents an abstract idea. The role of the allegory is to point to the subtext, to force you to look for hidden meaning when reading. Widely used in fable.

Alogism- deliberate violation of logical connections for the purposes of irony. “That landowner was stupid, he read the Vesti newspaper and his body was soft, white and crumbly.” (Saltykov-Shchedrin). The author deliberately mixes logically heterogeneous concepts in the enumeration.

Grotesque- a special technique, a combination of hyperbole and metaphor, a fantastic surrealistic description. An outstanding master of the Russian grotesque was N. Gogol. On the use of this technique, his story "The Nose" is built. The combination of the absurd with the ordinary makes a special impression when reading this work.

Figures of speech

Stylistic figures are also used in literature. Their main types are displayed in the table:

Test "Means of artistic expression"

To test yourself on the assimilation of the material, take a short test.

Read the following passage:

“There, the war smelled of gasoline and soot, burnt iron and gunpowder, it gnashed its caterpillars, scribbled from machine guns and fell into the snow, and rose again under fire ...”

What means of artistic expression are used in an excerpt from the novel by K. Simonov?

Swede, Russian - stabs, cuts, cuts.

Drum beat, clicks, rattle,

The thunder of cannons, the clatter, the neighing, the groan,

And death and hell on all sides.

A. Pushkin

The answer to the test is given at the end of the article.

Expressive language is, first of all, an internal image that arises when reading a book, listening to an oral presentation, presentation. Image management requires pictorial techniques. There are enough of them in the great and mighty Russian. Use them, and the listener or reader will find their image in your speech pattern.

Study expressive language, its laws. Determine for yourself what is missing in your performances, in your drawing. Think, write, experiment, and your language will become an obedient tool and your weapon.

Answer to the test

K. Simonov. The personification of war in a passage. Metonymy: howling soldiers, equipment, battlefield - the author ideologically combines them into a generalized image of war. The used methods of expressive language are polyunion, syntactic repetition, parallelism. Through this combination of stylistic devices, when reading, a revived, rich image of the war is created.

A. Pushkin. There are no conjunctions in the first lines of the poem. In this way, the tension, the saturation of the battle is conveyed. In the phonetic pattern of the scene, the sound "p" in various combinations plays a special role. When reading, a roaring, growling background appears, ideologically conveying the noise of battle.

If answering the test, you could not give the correct answers, do not worry. Just re-read the article.

Epithets, metaphors, personifications, comparisons - all these are means of artistic expression, actively used in the Russian literary language. There is a huge variety of them. They are necessary in order to make the language bright and expressive, to enhance artistic images, to draw the reader's attention to the thought that the author wants to convey.

What are the means of artistic expression?

Epithets, metaphors, personifications, comparisons belong to different groups of means of artistic expression.

Linguists distinguish sound or phonetic visual means. Lexical - those that are associated with a specific word, that is, a lexeme. If the expressive means covers a phrase or a whole sentence, then it is syntactic.

Separately, they also consider phraseological means (they are based on phraseological units), tropes (special turns of speech used in a figurative sense).

Where are the means of artistic expression used?

It should be noted that the means of artistic expression are used not only in literature, but also in various areas of communication.

Most often, epithets, metaphors, personifications, comparisons can be found, of course, in artistic and journalistic speech. They are also present in colloquial and even scientific styles. They play a huge role, as they help the author to bring his artistic idea, his image to life. They are also useful to the reader. With their help, he can penetrate the secret world of the creator of the work, better understand and delve into the author's intention.

Epithet

Epithets in poetry are one of the most common literary devices. Surprisingly, an epithet can be not only an adjective, but also an adverb, a noun, and even a numeral (a common example is second Life).

Most literary critics consider the epithet as one of the main techniques in poetic creativity, decorating poetic speech.

If we turn to the origins of this word, then it comes from the ancient Greek concept, meaning "attached" in literal translation. That is, which is an addition to the main word, the main function of which is to make the main idea clearer and more expressive. Most often, the epithet comes before the main word or expression.

Like all means of artistic expression, epithets developed from one literary era to another. So, in folklore, that is, in folk art, the role of epithets in the text is very large. They describe the properties of objects or phenomena. They highlight their key features, while extremely rarely refer to the emotional component.

Later, the role of epithets in literature changes. It is expanding significantly. This means of artistic expression is given new properties and filled with previously uncharacteristic functions. This is especially noticeable among the poets of the Silver Age.

Nowadays, especially in postmodern literary works, the structure of the epithet has become even more complicated. The semantic content of this trope has also increased, leading to surprisingly expressive devices. For instance: diaper golden.

Function of epithets

The definitions of epithet, metaphor, personification, comparison come down to one thing - all these are artistic means that give salience and expressiveness to our speech. Both literary and colloquial. A special function of the epithet is also a strong emotionality.

These means of artistic expression, and especially epithets, help readers or listeners to visualize what the author is talking about or writing about, to understand how he relates to this subject.

Epithets serve to realistically recreate a historical era, a particular social group or people. With their help, we can imagine how these people spoke, what words colored their speech.

What is a metaphor?

Translated from the ancient Greek language, a metaphor is a "meaning transfer". This is the best way to characterize this concept.

A metaphor can be either a single word or a whole expression, which is used by the author in a figurative sense. This means of artistic expression is based on a comparison of an object that has not yet been named with some other one based on their common feature.

Unlike most other literary terms, metaphor has a specific author. This is the famous philosopher of ancient Greece - Aristotle. The original birth of this term is associated with Aristotle's ideas about art as a method of imitating life.

At the same time, those metaphors used by Aristotle are almost impossible to distinguish from literary exaggeration (hyperbole), ordinary comparison or personification. He understood metaphor much more broadly than contemporary literary scholars.

Examples of the use of metaphor in literary speech

Epithets, metaphors, personifications, comparisons are actively used in works of art. Moreover, for many authors, it is metaphors that become an aesthetic end in themselves, sometimes completely displacing the original meaning of the word.

As an example, literary researchers cite the famous English poet and playwright William Shakespeare as an example. For him, what is often important is not the worldly initial meaning of a particular statement, but the metaphorical meaning it acquires, a new unexpected meaning.

For those readers and researchers who were brought up on the Aristotelian understanding of the principles of literature, this was unusual and even incomprehensible. So, on this basis, Leo Tolstoy did not recognize the poetry of Shakespeare. His point of view in 19th-century Russia was shared by many readers of the English playwright.

At the same time, with the development of literature, the metaphor begins not only to reflect, but also to create the life around us. A vivid example from classical Russian literature is Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol's story "The Nose". The nose of the collegiate assessor Kovalev, who went on his own journey around St. Petersburg, is not only a hyperbole, personification and comparison, but also a metaphor that gives this image a new unexpected meaning.

An illustrative example is the Futurist poets who worked in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. Their main goal was to move the metaphor as far as possible from its original meaning. Such techniques were often used by Vladimir Mayakovsky. An example is the title of his poem "A Cloud in Pants".

At the same time, after the October Revolution, the use of metaphor became much less common. Soviet poets and writers strove for clarity and straightforwardness, so the need to use words and expressions in a figurative sense disappeared.

Although it is impossible to imagine a work of art, even of Soviet authors, without a metaphor at all. Words-metaphors are found in almost everyone. In Arkady Gaidar's "The Fate of a Drummer" you can find such a phrase - "So we parted. The clatter was silent, and the field is empty."

In the Soviet poetry of the 70s, Konstantin Kedrov introduced the concept of "meta-metaphor" or, as it is also called, "metaphor squared". The metaphor has a new distinctive feature - it is constantly involved in the development of the literary language. As well as speech and culture itself in general.

To do this, metaphors are constantly used, talking about the latest sources of knowledge and information, using it to describe the modern achievements of mankind in science and technology.

personification

In order to understand what personification is in literature, let us turn to the origin of this concept. Like most literary terms, it has its roots in the ancient Greek language. In literal translation it means "face" and "I do". With the help of this literary device, natural forces and phenomena, inanimate objects acquire the properties and signs inherent in man. As if inspired by the author. For example, they can be given the properties of the human psyche.

Such techniques are often used not only in modern fiction, but also in mythology and religion, in magic and cults. Personification was a key means of artistic expression in legends and parables, in which the ancient man was explained how the world works, what is behind natural phenomena. They were animated, endowed with human qualities, associated with gods or superhumans. So it was easier for the ancient man to accept and understand the reality surrounding him.

Examples of personifications

To understand what personification is in literature, examples of specific texts will help us. So, in a Russian folk song, the author claims that "bast of grief girded".

With the help of personification, a special worldview appears. It is characterized by an unscientific view of natural phenomena. When, for example, thunder grumbles like an old man, or the sun is perceived not as an inanimate cosmic object, but as a specific god named Helios.

Comparison

In order to understand the main modern means of artistic expression, it is important to understand what comparison is in literature. Examples will help us with this. At Zabolotsky we meet: "He used to be sonorous, like a bird"or Pushkin: "He ran faster than a horse".

Very often comparisons are used in Russian folk art. So we clearly see that this is a trope in which one object or phenomenon is likened to another on the basis of some common feature for them. The purpose of the comparison is to find in the described object new and important properties for the subject of artistic expression.

Metaphor, epithets, comparisons, personifications serve a similar purpose. The table in which all these concepts are presented helps to visually understand how they differ from each other.

Comparison types

Consider for a detailed understanding of what a comparison is in the literature, examples and varieties of this trope.

It can be used as a comparative turnover: the man is stupid as a pig.

There are non-union comparisons: My home is my castle.

Comparisons are often formed at the expense of a noun in the instrumental case. Classic example: he walks around.

The expressiveness of Russian speech. means of expression.

Figurative and expressive means of language

TRAILS -use of the word in a figurative sense. Lexical argument

FIGURES OF SPEECH

A generalized name for stylistic devices in which the word, unlike tropes, does not necessarily appear in a figurative sense. grammatical argument.

DESIGN POSSIBILITIES OF VOCABULARY

Lexical argument

EXPRESSIVE-EMOTIONAL VOCABULARY

ARTISTIC POSSIBILITIES OF MORPHOLOGY

grammatical argument

AUDIO EXPRESSION

ARTISTIC SYNTAX CAPABILITIES

grammatical argument

Tests.

1. Choose the correct answer:

1) On that white April night Petersburg I saw Blok for the last time... (E. Zamyatin).

a) metaphorab) hyperbolav) metonymy

2.Then you get cold in the shine of moonlight,

You moan, doused with foam wounds.

(V. Mayakovsky)

a) alliteration b) assonance c) anaphora

3. I drag myself in the dust - and I soar in the sky;

Alien to everyone in the world - and the world is ready to embrace. (F. Petrarch).

a) oxymoron b) antonym c) antithesis

4. Let it fill with years

life quota,

costs

only

remember this wonder

tears apart

mouth

yawn

wider than the Gulf of Mexico.

(V. Mayakovsky)

a) hyperbolab) litotave) personification

5. Choose the correct answer:

1) It was drizzling with beady rain, so airy that it seemed that it did not reach the ground and haze of water dust floated in the air. (V. Pasternak).

a) epithet b) comparison c) metaphor

6.And in autumn days the flame flowing with life in the blood is not extinguished. (K. Batyushkov)

a) metaphorab) personification) hyperbole

7. Sometimes he falls passionately in love

In my elegant sadness.

(M. Yu. Lermontov)

a) antithesab) oxymoron c) epithet

8. Diamond is polished with a diamond,

The string is dictated by the string.

a) anaphora b) comparison c) parallelism

9. On one assumption of such a case, you would have to pull out the hair from your head and emit streams... what am I saying! rivers, lakes, seas, oceans tears!

(F.M. Dostoevsky)

a) metonymy b) gradation c) allegory

10. Choose the correct answer:

1) Black tailcoats rushed apart and in heaps here and there. (N. Gogol)

a) metaphorab) metonymy c) personification

11. The idler sits at the gate,

mouth wide open,

And no one will understand

Where is the gate, and where is the mouth.

a) hyperbolab) litotave) comparison

12. C impudent modesty looks into the eyes. (A. Blok).

a) epithetb) metaphorav) oxymoron