How does ureaplasmosis manifest in dogs? Ureaplasmosis is a dangerous bacterial disease in cats and dogs. Mycoplasmosis in dogs and a puppy is treated or not, should it be treated, what is better and how

Bacterial diseases are a fairly common attack in animals. As a rule, when we talk about something like this, we imagine pneumonia, bronchitis, problems with the gastrointestinal tract. But the list of diseases of this type is much wider. In particular, these include ureaplasmosis. Both cats and dogs get sick. Unfortunately, people are also susceptible to the disease.

• Ureaplasma caniginitalium.
• Ureaplasma cati.
• Ureaplasma gallorale.
• Ureaplasma felinum.
• Ureaplasma diversum.

Cells are destroyed both under the direct action of ureaplasma, and due to the "inadequate" behavior of the immune system, which begins to destroy its own tissues. In severe cases, anemia develops, and this can happen very quickly.

Note that ureaplasmosis in cats and dogs, as a rule, is completely asymptomatic. But this does not mean at all that the animal will happily live with a latent form of infection until the end of its days. At the slightest decrease in immunity due to poor feeding, stress, etc., the clinical picture can develop very quickly.

So, if the ureaplasma affected the reproductive system, then the animals may experience endometritis, urethritis, pyometra may develop etc. Also, a non-obvious symptom is a suddenly developed infertility from manufacturers.

In general, making an accurate diagnosis in this case is a very difficult matter. There can be a lot of reasons that cause symptoms similar to those described above. So the final diagnosis is made only on the basis of a complete clinical examination, including blood, urine and stool tests.

Microscopic detection of the pathogen is quite difficult, since various forms can differ significantly from each other, and it can be extremely difficult to simply examine small ureaplasmas in a smear. The difficulty lies in the fact that the number of infected cells fluctuates greatly from day to day, which also does not simplify the process of diagnosing the disease at all. Much more reliable inoculation of pathological material on nutrient media.

In this case, it is possible with 100% probability to determine the exact type of pathogen and “test” it for sensitivity to antibacterial agents. By the way, how is ureaplasmosis treated?

Important! Even with a good response to therapy, the possibility of relapse should not be ruled out, which happens quite often. It is for this reason that it is very important to treat the animal with a full course of the drug, even if the latter has some side effects.

Since ureaplasmosis in dogs and cats causes a strong decrease in immunity, often pets have to be treated along the way for some concomitant diseases. With extreme caution, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (for example, ointments in the treatment of conjunctivitis) are used. If they are used incorrectly, there is a high risk of "spreading" of lesions over a large area. Sulfanilamide preparations are not used for treatment due to their low efficiency.

According to vashipitomcy.ru

One of the most common diseases in children is ureaplasmosis. About 33% of girls are born with an infectious disease, boys are less likely to suffer from manifestations of this pathology. Ureaplasma in children is poorly manifested.

The microorganism is able to pass through the pores, quickly develop resistance to various antibacterial drugs. The size of the smallest microorganisms is 0.3 microns.

Reproduction of the smallest microorganisms occurs inside the cell. The development cycle is 6 days.

Ureaplasmas penetrate the child's body, destroying the membrane of a healthy cell. There is damage to the cell membrane, the development of an inflammatory reaction.

Ureaplasmosis has a high level of contagiousness. The disease is transmitted to the newborn baby from the mother. Bacteria enter the body of the crumbs along the vertical path of infection, defective microorganisms cause premature birth, cause the fetus to freeze.

Before taking a serious step - to conceive a child, you should undergo a complete examination. Detection of the disease during pregnancy will bring many problems to the mother and fetus.

Infectious pathology begins to be treated at week 20. The only effective way to get rid of ureaplasmosis is to take strong antibacterial drugs that can cause the development of fetal pathologies. After the 20th week of pregnancy, the risk of complications is minimal.

If a woman did not know about the presence of a disease that was discovered during pregnancy, childbirth with a diagnosis of ureaplasmosis will cause infection of the baby.

Bacteria are able to penetrate to the fetus through the digestive and urogenital tract, skin, eyes. The baby also becomes infected by the hematogenous route through the infected placenta (vessels of the umbilical cord).

Provoking risk factors:

• suppression of the immune defense of the genitourinary system;
• colds;
• hypothermia;
• prolonged, uncontrolled use of antibiotics.

Infection of the baby occurs after birth. For example, if a child needs an urgent organ transplant. This route of infection is rare.

The infection enters the body of the newborn through the urethra, oral cavity. Once in the genital tract of the crumbs, the ureaplasma hides or begins violent pathogenic activity.

The birth of a healthy child means that an infectious disease will not manifest itself. With a reduced immunity of the child, the bacteria begin to multiply rapidly, damaging the organs that come across on the way.

The duration of the incubation period ranges from 3 days to 3–5 weeks, sometimes the period from the ingestion of bacteria to the onset of symptoms of the disease increases to 2 months, until the manifestation of a provoking factor.

Ureaplasmosis in children, if the infection occurred in utero, leads to the birth of a baby with a low weight, premature labor.

The disease does not always go unnoticed. Sometimes the infection causes a number of complications.

Ureaplasma in newborns can lead to the development of the following pathologies:

• acute pneumonia;
• blood poisoning;
• bronchopulmonary dysplasia;
• meningitis;
• inflammation of the vagina, vulva, ovaries, uterine appendages, kidneys;
• infertility.

Not always there are such consequences of infection. However, a woman in position should know, take into account the degree of risk, take measures to avoid such complications.

It is impossible to recognize the disease on your own. In most cases, ureaplasmas appear as common inflammatory pathologies of the genitourinary system. Only a qualified specialist will see the signs of the disease.

With ureaplasma in children, the symptoms may be as follows:

• prolonged cough;
• weight loss;
• a slight increase in temperature;
• crying while urinating indicates pain.

Epileptic seizures, nausea, vomiting indicate that the microorganisms have reached the meninges. Late detected ureaplasmosis in infants (after 4-8 months), late treatment, can lead to infertility.

In boys, the disease can be manifested by discharge from the urethra. The child is constantly crying, perhaps the baby is disturbed by cramps in the lower abdomen.

Infection in girls manifests itself in the form of vaginal discharge, pulling pains in the lower abdomen.

An infectious disease is often treated by pediatricians, since in small villages there is no corresponding specialist. The treatment of the disease is carried out by a doctor - a dermatovenereologist. It is this specialist who should be contacted when symptoms of ureaplasmosis appear.

To confirm the diagnosis, the child takes the following tests:

• culture of blood contents, trachea;
• study of biological media (urine, scrapings);
• if necessary, the doctor takes a sample of cerebrospinal fluid.

The disease can be detected using the polymerase chain reaction. Infectious pathology is determined by bacteriological examination.

For newborns, treatment is prescribed depending on the affected organs. The infection affects the lungs and genitourinary system. Ureaplasmas in a child greatly affect the body of the crumbs. It is necessary to take care of the baby by starting treatment immediately.

Identified ureaplasmosis is treated with the following drugs:

• antibiotics (Tetracycline, Ofloxacin, Azithromycin, Erythromycin);
• immunomodulators;
• medicines that normalize the microflora, avoid dysbacteriosis;
• adaptogens and enzymes support liver and gallbladder function.

The smallest microorganism does not contain a protein shell, the bacterium easily adapts to antibacterial drugs. Before starting treatment, it is recommended to conduct a culture for sensitivity to various types of antibiotics.

For newborn babies, such drugs are administered intravenously due to poor absorption.

Be sure to prescribe vitamin complexes, especially if the infection has led to the development of pneumonia. Treatment of the disease is carried out permanently, the child is kept under constant supervision of medical personnel.

Late treatment will lead to the development of complications. Possible consequences, infectious pathology can lead to infertility of the child.

There is no special diet for newborn babies. Babies up to a year receive nutrients mainly from mother's milk.

Dietary nutrition must be observed by the mother if the child is breastfed.

Babies who have begun to be fed should not be consumed by nursing mothers:

Food should be boiled, steamed, baked. Babies need to sleep twice a day. Mandatory night sleep - at least 8 hours, daytime - 2-3 hours.

To protect the child from ureaplasmosis, you should undergo an examination before conception. Detection of the disease during pregnancy requires appropriate treatment.

Therapeutic measures should be taken before the 29th week of pregnancy. After this period, treatment is useless, the child will be infected.

This kind of infection should not be allowed to occur. Venereal diseases have a devastating effect on the entire body.

When symptoms of infection appear, the baby should be shown to the doctor, the dermatovenereologist will help stop the inflammation.

Ureaplasma in women may not appear for a long time. Ureaplasma parvum, ureaplasma urealiticum - intracellular bacteria. Similar in properties to viruses and unicellular organisms. Cause pathology ureaplasmosis.

With untimely treatment, inflammation of the bladder, vaginal mucosa, internal mucous membrane of the uterine body, appendages, erosion, cervical cancer, infertility can develop. To prevent negative consequences, you should know what ureaplasma is and how it manifests itself.

1. For what reasons does the disease develop, ureaplasmosis during pregnancy
2. How the disease manifests itself
3. Diagnostics
4. Treatment of pathology with medicines
5. Prevention
6. What does traditional medicine offer

Ureaplasma in women "lives" on the flora of the mucous membranes of the organs of the genitourinary system. Under the influence of adverse factors, all conditions for the reproduction of microorganisms are created. As soon as there are a lot of them, the disease ureaplasmosis develops. You should know how ureaplasma manifests itself in women, and its symptoms. Treatment is carried out immediately to avoid serious complications.

The way of infection with microbes is different, but most often - sexual. It is possible to transmit the infection during intrauterine development during gestation.

Women can live for a long time without knowing that they have a pathogenic infection in their body. With a strong immune system, there are no signs of the disease. But under the influence of negative factors that contribute to the protective functions in the body, the disease begins to develop rapidly.

Factors due to which pathology may occur:

1. Inflammatory diseases of the genitourinary system.
2. Venereal diseases.
3. Frequent and prolonged use of antibacterial drugs.
4. Artificial termination of pregnancy.
5. Disorders of the hormonal system.
6. Operational interventions.
7. Contrast radiography of the genitourinary system.
8. Chaotic sex life.

Women diagnosed with cervicitis, colpitis, adnexitis, pyelonephritis, chronic cystitis are also at risk.

Ureaplasma parvum in women is the cause of abnormal intrauterine development of the hearth and the course of pregnancy. That is why it is necessary to be examined for the presence of infection even when planning conception. Ureaplasma and infertility are two concepts that are closely related.

Ureaplasmosis in women is insidious during the period of gestation in that it can cause spontaneous miscarriage, premature birth. It is possible to develop severe complications after the birth of a child in the form of inflammation of the ovaries and appendages. If ureaplasma appears in large quantities in the fetus, then this is fraught with pathologies of the respiratory system in the later life of the child.

Important! If a woman is a carrier of the infection, then infection of the fetus during pregnancy does not occur. A microbe can enter the body of the fetus during intrauterine development only if the woman is diagnosed with an acute phase of the pathology.

Often, the symptoms of ureaplasmosis in women are hidden, in some cases, for a long time, the pathology does not manifest itself at all. Therefore, a woman learns that she is a carrier during a random examination or when taking tests when registering for pregnancy.

The first signs of ureaplasmosis are scanty vaginal discharge that has an unpleasant odor; slight cramps and pain when urinating. But it can be signs and a clamidiosis.

Since pathology often leads to the development of secondary diseases, signs of inflammation of other organs are added to the main symptoms:

• when urinating, a small amount of urine comes out, sometimes with small impurities of blood;
• pain in the suprapubic part;
• urine becomes cloudy (a sign of chlamydia, other pathologies of the genitourinary system);
• general deterioration of well-being, loss of appetite, temperature may rise, bouts of nausea or vomiting may appear;
• feeling of heaviness in the vaginal area, sometimes in the lower abdomen;
• feeling of itching;
• uterine bleeding (quite rare);
• failure of the menstrual cycle - prolonged heavy menstruation that lasts from 7 days or more (a sign of chlamydia);
• spotting during intercourse, soreness;
• decreased libido.

The advanced stage of ureaplasmosis is characterized by infertility. Often a woman, when contacting a doctor with a complaint about the inability to get pregnant, is diagnosed with infertility precisely because of the present disease. At the same time, the main symptoms of ureaplasma in women may not be pronounced, often perceived by the female sex as the consequences of fatigue, hormonal and menstrual disorders.

Small bleeding during and after sexual intercourse may indicate the growth of the endometrium, erosion and dysplasia of the cervix. Pain in the lower abdomen may be a sign of inflammation of the appendages, ovaries, chlamydia; cramps during urination - symptoms of cystitis. All these diseases develop against the background of ureaplasma present in excess.

The route of infection also affects the symptoms of the disease. If the microbe enters the body through sexual contact, then pathologies of the genitourinary system develop. When infected through oral sex, frequent respiratory diseases can be observed.

Almost always, the primary symptoms are imperceptible and quickly pass. But the microbes remain. As soon as there is a decrease in immunity due to hypothermia, excessive physical exertion, stressful situations, microbes enter the active stage of development, causing more pronounced symptoms.

It is important to conduct a timely diagnostic examination and treatment of parvum ureaplasma in women in order to prevent complications.

To determine the amount of ureaplasma in the body, the following are used:

1. microscopic methods. The easiest and cheapest diagnostic methods. They are subjective, since it is not always possible to determine the number of microbes.
2. Serological methods. They are also not 100% informative. May not detect infection at an early stage of development.
3. Cultural diagnostics. It is a sowing on a nutrient medium. Informative way.
4. Molecular biological diagnostics. The most accurate method for determining ureaplasmas.

If blood is donated, the procedure is performed in the morning on an empty stomach. Urine is collected in the morning. In women, a smear is taken (an exception is menstrual bleeding). Before taking a smear, you should avoid sexual intercourse for 2-3 days. Hygiene of the genital organs is carried out in the evening on the eve of the test, no later. Do not use vaginal ointments and gels for 3 days, douche. 2 weeks before the analysis, do not take antibacterial and antiviral drugs.

Therefore, the presence of microbes in the genitourinary tract of women may not mean that the pathology is already present. The diagnosis is made only if the number of infection is large and there are clear signs of the disease.

Symptoms and treatment are two closely related concepts. Therapy is effective and effective if carried out in a complex manner. There are suppositories and tablets to eliminate inflammation, destroy the infection.

The most common include:

1. Panavir - antiviral suppositories.
2. Genferon (candles) is an antiviral, immunomodulatory drug.
3. Viferon. Antiviral and antibacterial suppositories.
4. Hexicon (candles). Antiseptic antimicrobial drug.
5. Terzhinan. Antibacterial suppositories.
6. Macmirror and Hexicon. Antimicrobial, antibacterial tablets and suppositories.
7. Lactobacterin, Bifidumbacterin. Candles that normalize beneficial microflora.
8. Antibiotics - Penicillin, Cephalosporin, Rifampicin, Vilprafen, Trichopolum.

Treatment of ureaplasmosis is long-term. At all stages of therapy, a woman will be tested, doctors will control the process of recovery of the body and the amount of infection. Treatment is prescribed not only for the woman, but also for her partner, since the pathology can also develop in men and be sexually transmitted.

To avoid the development of the disease, you need to follow simple rules:

1. Observe intimate hygiene.
2. Do not have promiscuous sex. If a woman's partners change frequently, be sure to use condoms, antimicrobial and antiseptic ointments. Anal, oral sex should also be protected.
3. Avoid hypothermia, overheating, stressful situations. All these factors lead to a decrease in immunity and uncontrolled division of infectious cells, which will provoke the onset of the disease.
4. Women are required to undergo diagnostics, take tests at least 4 times a year.

Women at risk: relatives present in the family with a similar disease who have reduced immunity. What women should be afraid of: sexually transmitted diseases, hypothermia, stress. Under the influence of these factors, the normal level of bacteria can be disturbed.

Doctors do not prohibit the use of traditional medicine. But such treatment of ureaplasma in women should be secondary.

Important! It is impossible to treat ureaplasmosis and destroy microbes with decoctions, other folk recipes! These methods are used only in combination with the main methods of treatment - antibiotics, immune-restoring drugs.

Types of folk recipes that will help cure ureaplasmosis:

1. Chamomile, alder (cones), succession, kopeck (root), leuzea (root), licorice (root). The components are taken in equal amounts. Grind, brew 2 liters of water. Boil the composition in a water bath for 15 minutes. After cooling and straining, insist for a day. Take 150 ml before meals 3 times a day.
2. Take 50 g of birch buds, wild rosemary, succession, thyme, yarrow, leuzea root. Pour 200 ml of boiling water over one tablespoon of the medicinal composition. Insist 3 hours. Take 100 ml 2 times a day before meals.
3. Dill seeds - 20 g, nettle and birch leaves - 25 g each, primrose (root) - 50 g, lungwort - 50 g, plantain - 35 g, meadowsweet - 15 g, string - 25 g, rose hips, raspberry leaves 30 each g. Pour the ingredients into a container, pour 1.5 liters of boiling water. Insist 4-5 hours. Take 1 tbsp. l. 4 times a day after meals.
4. Garlic treatment. This spice has long been known for its antiseptic properties. The components of garlic have a detrimental effect on multiple microbes, bacteria and even worms. It is necessary to eat at least one clove per day as an additional therapy against ureaplasmosis.
5. Oak bark - 1 tbsp. l., Kuril tea - 1 tbsp. l., upland uterus - 1 tsp, bergenia roots - 1 tsp. Ingredients may not be crushed. Place them in a container, add 2 liters of water. Boil over low heat (after boiling) for 10 minutes. Cool, strain. Douching with this composition every day 2 times - in the morning and in the evening for 3-4 weeks.
6. The following composition will help remove unpleasant symptoms in women (burning, itching, discharge): lemon juice - 100 ml; 1.5 liters of boiled warm water. Douche 2 times a day for a week. Judging by the reviews, the unpleasant symptoms of ureaplasmosis in women disappear after the first procedure.
7. With a decoction of goldenrod, you can not only douche, but also take it 1 tbsp. l. 3 times a day. The decoction is prepared in the ratio of 1.5 liters of grass / 1 liter of water.

You can prepare solutions for douching from calendula, cloves, cocklebur, echinacea, blackberries, wintergreens, marigolds, willow-tea, cranberries, and tartar. All these medicinal herbs have an antimicrobial, antiseptic effect.

Sarcoptosis is a contagious disease caused by ticks of the genera Sarcoptes, Knemidocoptes and Notoedres which belong to the Sarcoptidal family. Ticks of the genus Sarcoptes are known in veterinary medicine as causative agents of scabies; they localize and multiply in the epidermal layers of the skin. Ticks are not visible to the human eye, their sizes vary from 0.2 to 0.5 mm. They have a rounded slightly flattened shape of the body of a grayish color, which is covered with scales, there are suction cups and bristles on the legs, the ticks have no eyes, but there is a gnawing proboscis. In the photo taken with an electron microscope, you can clearly see the structure of Sarcoptidal.

• Development in dogs
• Ways of infection
  • signs
  • Diagnostics
• Treatment
• The development of the disease in cats
  • Signs of illness
  • Therapy
• Leakage in pigs
  • Therapy

Sarcoptic mange in dogs is caused by a mite of the genus Sarcoptescanis, which affects the auricles, muzzle, areas of the body with the least hairline, the elbow joints, and the abdomen and does not have a pronounced seasonality, as it occurs at any time of the year.

Sick weakened dogs most often become the source of damage, and in the future, reproduction. Healthy individuals become infected by contact with the sick or through human household items, shoes, clothes, etc. Most often, the disease affects young individuals, which tolerate the disease more severely than their adult relatives.

Infection from people who are non-specific carriers is also possible. In humans, sarcoptic mange proceeds much more easily than in animals and manifests itself in the form of redness, followed by a rash and itching, the continuation of these signs is possible up to several months. In the human body, Sarcoptidal mites cannot live long because there are no suitable conditions for the development of their eggs.

The first days of sarcoptic mange are not noticeable, but after 10-14 days the first symptoms appear. So-called pimples (papules) filled with a clear liquid form on areas of the skin that are not protected by hairline, bursting, they spread the infection throughout the body. The disease is accompanied by unbearable itching, the infected animal constantly itches, which further leads to the formation of a scab, the animal continues to itch, turning the scales into open wounds of an abscess. With improper treatment and in advanced cases, the disease takes a chronic head start, which subsequently leads to thickening, pigmentation and even baldness of the skin. Photos clearly demonstrate how the affected areas of the skin look.

To make a correct diagnosis, it is necessary to take scrapings of the skin and, under laboratory conditions, obtain an accurate result by microscopy. Despite laboratory tests, no more than 50% of dogs infected with sarcoptic mange receive a positive result. Despite this, preventive treatment is prescribed based on clinical and epidemiological data.

Treatment of sarcoptic mange in dogs involves several steps. To begin with, the pet must be washed with soapy water using antiseborrheic agents. After that, the animal is treated with preparations with acaricide with an interval of several weeks. Dicrezil, karbofos, an aqueous solution of diazinon show good results in the fight against ticks. Macrolide preparations are administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly, the dose is 0.1 ml / kg per dog body weight, applied twice with an interval of 7-9 days. Outwardly, products containing selamectin, which has long been used to treat sarcoptic mange in many countries, are used.

The systemic means of brovermectin-granulate, ivermectin cope well with the disease. However, these drugs should not be prescribed to breeds such as shelties, kohls, bobtails, they have severe side effects. Therefore, on the basis of these drugs, ointments are made, which are then rubbed into damaged areas of the skin. Treatment is necessarily accompanied by the use of a muzzle in order to avoid licking the drugs and poisoning the pet. For the speedy restoration of wool, sulfur-containing preparations are recommended.

Symptoms of sarcoptic mange are manifested in cats, as in dogs, affecting the skin. In the area of ​​​​the head on the ears, nose, near the superciliary arches, abscess vesicles filled with liquid appear, which cause constant itching, leading to the formation of scabs, combing the skin to blood. In these places, hair falls out, and the skin becomes rough and begins to crack. The photo on the Internet shows how the affected area of ​​​​the skin of a sick animal looks like.

Diagnosis takes place on the basis of a clinical examination of the pet by a veterinarian and by laboratory melons, for which it is necessary to take a skin scraping in the affected area and study it under a microscope.

A sick pet must be isolated from other animals and contact with other family members should be minimized. One of the most effective, albeit expensive, methods of treatment are drops on the withers Lawyer of the German company Bayer. A one-time application protects the animal from sarcoptic mange for up to 28 days, which is enough for a complete recovery. The use of sulfuric and aversectin ointments give a positive result in the fight against the disease. They should be applied several times a day for 5 days. The complex remedy amit containing in its composition anti-inflammatory, antibacterial substances perfectly copes with the infection.

In more severe cases, it is possible to use drugs that are injected subcutaneously, they act quickly and effectively due to the fact that they act from the inside. One of these is aversect, it is applied at the rate of 0.2 ml per 10 kg of weight twice with an interval of 5 days. Bathing with keratolytic shampoos also gives a good result in the fight against scabies. It is necessary to put on a funnel on the treated animal in order to avoid licking and poisoning of the pet. In parallel with the treatment, the room where the infected animal is kept should be disinfected.

Sarcoptic mange of pigs is provoked by the mite Sarkoptessuis, which affects the epidermal layers of the skin, most often in the places where the hairs come out, where the skin is thinnest. Animals constantly itch, tearing the skin to blood, thereby provoking the formation of scabs. The photo in the medical literature shows what the infested pigs look like.

The disease often affects young individuals up to a year old, with not yet strengthened immunity. If the disease is not treated, then upon reaching the age of six months, the disease passes into the chronic stage. In adults, infection is noticeable on closer examination.

Despite the pronounced signs of sarcoptic mange, in order to obtain a correct conclusion in affected pigs, the skin is scraped off until blood appears, for diagnosis.

Treatment of sarcoptic mange in pigs should begin with softening and removal of hardened parts of the body. After that, the young are bathed, and adults are sprayed with such means as 2% SK-9 emulsion, 2% chlorophos solution, TAP-85 preparation, 1% creolin soap solution, 1.5% trichlormetaphosam. When treating animals with liquid solutions, the inner surface of the ears should be carefully treated. Intramuscularly, the animals are injected with the drug Ivermek, subcutaneously administered Novomek 1% at the rate of 1.5 ml per 50 kg, twice with an interval of up to 10 days. For disinfection of premises and walking areas where sick individuals are kept, the same preparations should be used as for spraying pigs.

The use of meat of processed animals for food is allowed no earlier than 10 days after the last spraying with chlorophos, trichlormetaphos-3 after 45 days, and only two months after the application of creolin and TAP-85.

For preventive purposes, it is necessary to observe sanitary requirements, periodically inspect livestock, exclude contact of sick animals with healthy ones. New animals entering the farm should be quarantined for 30 days and treated with acaricidal agents for prevention.

Based on materials lyambliya.lechenie-parazitov.ru

Unfortunately, dogs suffer from bacterial infections just like humans. However, one should not mean only bronchitis and pneumonia by such infections, very often the genitourinary system of a dog is also affected by a bacterial infection. Such a bacterial disease is ureaplasmosis, which is caused by bacteria of the family Mycoplasmatacea.

Ways of transmission of ureaplasmosis are:

1. Sexual contact with an infected dog.
2. Generic activity, from mother to puppies.
3. Sharing hygiene products with an infected dog.

Pathogens are in the body of 80% of animals, and do not bring discomfort, the symptoms of the disease appear only if a certain level of concentration of bacteria in the body is exceeded.

The consequences of this disease can be:

• In females: salpingitis, vaginitis, spontaneous abortions, the birth of unviable puppies.
• In males: balanoposthitis, orchitis, prostatitis, aspermia, hypospermia,
• Common to both sexes of dogs are such problems with the genitourinary system as: pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, urolithiasis.
• Infertility.

The incubation period of ureaplasmosis varies within from 3 to 40 days. However, the owners do not suspect that their pet has such a disease, as they turn to the veterinarian with a completely different symptomatology. Microscopic bacteria can infect the animal's eyes, reproductive organs, respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract, and even provoke arthritis. In addition, part of the life cycle of ureaplasmas takes place in red blood cells, which leads to their destruction, against the background of this process, the animal develops jaundice and severe anemia.

This bacterial infection is characterized by special structure of a bacterial cell- it does not have a wall, otherwise, in turn, it does not allow the animal's body to form a stable immunity to it.

The symptomatology of the manifestation of ureaplosmosis in each animal is individual and depends on the immunity of the animal and the "localization" of the infection. The main features are:

• Apathy.
• Lack of appetite.
• Paleness of the mucous membranes.
• Slight increase in body temperature.
• Seizures.
• Vomiting, diarrhea.

Since the absence of any symptoms in ureaplasmosis is a fairly common phenomenon, and if symptoms occur, they are applicable to many bacterial and infectious diseases, it is impossible to diagnose ureaplasmosis from one clinical picture. Late diagnosis of the disease leads to rapid adaptation of bacteria in the carrier's body and, as a result, the disease will respond poorly to standard treatment and ureaplasmosis can become chronic.

To make a correct diagnosis, it is necessary to conduct clinical tests of blood, urine and feces, it is not advisable to conduct smear tests, since it is extremely difficult to see small ureaplasmas in a smear. Also, the complexity of diagnosing lies in the constant fluctuation in the number of infected cells in an animal. The most reliable diagnostic method is inoculation of pathological material on a nutrient medium.

Ureaplasmosis differs from other bacterial infections in its great resistance to many well-known antibiotics. Therefore, it is very important to treat the pet with the drug prescribed by the veterinarian.

For the treatment of ureaplasmosis, antibiotics macrolides and quinolones are used, antibiotics of the tetracycline series are sometimes used, but quite often they may not give the intended effect, it is also better not to use sulfonamides, because of their low efficiency. In parallel with this, drugs are used to stimulate the immune system and physiotherapy. Sometimes animals are prescribed homeopathic medicines, but the effectiveness of their treatment has not been proven.

During the treatment of secondary diseases, it is better not to use non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, as they increase the area of ​​bacterial damage in the dog's body.

Unfortunately, there is no vaccine for ureaplasmosis, and since the incubation period lasts more than a month, it is often almost impossible to find the source of infection. To prevent possible infection, the following recommendations should be followed:

1. Once every six months, a complete preventive examination of the dog is carried out.
2. Avoid casual sexual contact while walking.
3. Before mating, carefully check the intended partner, require a certificate of health of the animal.
4. Strengthen the dog's immunity, if necessary, give the animal drugs that increase the body's resistance to infections.
5. Do not allow the use of joint hygiene devices for several animals at the same time.

There is an opinion that ureaplasmosis can be transmitted from a dog to a person, therefore it is very important to observe personal hygiene measures while caring for a sick pet; infected dogs should not be allowed at all to children and pregnant women.

Based on materials from sobakainfo.ru

Mycoplasmosis in dogs is a dangerous infectious disease. It does not manifest itself for a long time, it is difficult to diagnose and treat.

Mycoplasmosis in dogs is an infectious disease. It is provoked by mycoplasmas - unicellular microorganisms. This is one of the most dangerous diseases in animals: it is asymptomatic for a long time, it is difficult to diagnose and treat. Four-legged pets often become its carriers, but the disease manifests itself only when immunity is weakened.

What is mycoplasmosis

Mycoplasma does not have a cell wall. Therefore, this microorganism is isolated in a separate prokaryotic class Mollicutes. He does not apply to bacteria, fungi or viruses. It is found everywhere: in soil, water, on plants. However, it can only live in a favorable environment, joining cells. Mycoplasmosis is transmitted in dogs only from an infected individual.

The main carriers of mycoplasmosis are rats and cats. Moreover, cats, in addition to microorganisms of their “own” type Mollicutes felis and Mollicutes gatae, carry Mollicutes cynos, which is not dangerous for them, but affects dogs.

The disease is transmitted in several ways:

• airborne;
• contact;
• sexual;
• generic.

In the body of an animal, the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and genital organs serve as the habitat for microorganisms.

Mycoplasmas are present in 80% of animals, but only in 10% of cases the disease develops. This happens when the body's defenses are weakened, during pregnancy, oncological diseases, immunodeficiency.

Symptoms

For a long time, mycoplasmosis in dogs proceeds without visible symptoms. It appears only in advanced cases, and it can be determined by external signs. With a disease, the organ that struck the microorganism suffers. Therefore, only secondary signs are visible. They are often confused with other diseases: colds, nephritis, cystitis, arthritis, arthrosis, conjunctivitis.

Symptoms to look out for:

1. Diseases of the genitourinary system: prostate, vaginitis, cystitis, urethritis. In females, discharge from the vulva is observed.
2. Eye damage: conjunctivitis, swelling of the eyelids, tearing, purulent or serous discharge.
3. Diseases of the upper respiratory organs: rhinitis, cough, colds.
4. Temperature rise.
5. Lethargy, apathy of the dog.
6. Skin diseases: eczema, subcutaneous abscesses, dermatitis, allergic reactions.
7. Diarrhea, vomiting, nausea.
8. Joint diseases: arthrosis, arthritis. Sometimes mycoplasmosis destroys the animal's joints, leading to cartilage erosion. The dog begins to limp, with difficulty to move.

In severe cases, the temperature rises, the animal begins to fever. The dog experiences constant thirst in the absence of appetite.

Why is the disease dangerous?

The main danger of mycoplasmosis is the absence of severe symptoms. It manifests itself only against the background of a decrease in immunity. It is especially important to determine the disease in bitches before mating. Pregnancy is a trigger for illness. And it is not recommended to treat mycoplasmosis while the dog is carrying puppies. Childbirth in this case is carried out using a caesarean section, and newborn puppies are checked for the presence of microorganisms. Intervention in the bearing of offspring is possible only for acute indications.

The disease can lead to:

• respiratory diseases;
• diseases of the genitourinary system;
• interrupted pregnancy, miscarriage, the birth of an unviable litter, infertility;
• development of the chronic form of mycoplasmosis.

Often, mycoplasmosis in dogs resolves with the addition of a secondary infection. Antibiotics act on other harmful bacteria, and mycoplasmas remain inaccessible. As a result, the disease becomes chronic.

Is mycoplasmosis transmitted to humans?

Studies have shown that there are several types of mycoplasmas. Those that affect pets - dogs and cats - are not dangerous to humans.

Mycoplasmosis is transmitted only from one organic species to another. In other words, the disease is transmitted from person to person, or from animal to animal.

And yet, veterinarians advise to strengthen personal hygiene: wash your hands after contact with the dog, when cleaning her things or feeding the animal. It is necessary to protect people with weak immunity: children, the elderly who have had the disease.

Diagnostics

It is impossible to make a diagnosis of mycoplasmosis without a complete examination. It is also impossible to state the degree of development of the disease, since its symptoms are not expressed.

Mycoplasmosis is diagnosed using the following studies:

1. Blood and urine tests.
2. Smears for conjunctivitis.
3. Bronchial flushes.
4. Washings from the mucous membranes of the genital organs.

The mycoplasmas detected during the analyzes are checked for activity, quantity, resistance to drugs. Only after that the veterinarian prescribes medication.

Treatment

Treatment of mycoplasmosis in dogs is always complex. The selection of medications is strictly individual and depends on the degree, severity, nature of the disease, the condition of the animal.

The veterinarian prescribes the following drugs:

1. Antibiotics: they are constantly changing, as mycoplasmas quickly develop resistance to the active drug component. Usually two drugs are prescribed at the same time. Most often, Tylosin, Doxycycline, Levomycetin, Erythromycin, Minocycline are prescribed.
2. Hepatoprotectors: used to protect the liver.
3. Immunostimulants: Antibiotics are ineffective in weakened immune systems.
4. Local drugs: are prescribed individually. Gels, drops for conjunctivitis, anti-inflammatory for cystitis, urethritis, vaginitis, painkillers for arthritis, arthrosis.

While taking medication, the animal must be re-examined. It will reveal, effectiveAre there any prescribed drugs, and if others need to be prescribed.

Prevention

Mycoplasmosis often provokes the development of other diseases. In addition, it weakens the immune system, making the animal's body unstable to distemper, enteritis and other viruses.

Mycoplasmosis is a dangerous "canine" disease. It manifests itself only in the later stages with secondary signs and is difficult to treat. Its diagnosis is also difficult, since normally an inactive pathogenic organism becomes part of the microflora. In healthy animals, the chances of overcoming the disease are much higher than in weakened individuals.

In contact with

Mycoplasmosis is one of the most difficult diseases to diagnose in dogs. The problem is that the disease does not manifest itself for a long time, and the first symptoms can be distinguished with extreme exhaustion of the animal's body.

Causes of the disease

Mycoplasmosis is commonly understood as a group of diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms of the Mollicutes class. Since there are several types of microorganisms (T-mycoplasmas, mycoplasmas, achholeplasmas), pathologies can manifest themselves in different systems and organs. Animals, in particular dogs, are characterized by the activity of mycoplasma - Mycoplasma cynos.

In nature, mycoplasmas are found everywhere, regardless of climatic conditions, and are included in the microflora of the respiratory and genital tracts of dogs. Studies have shown that in more than 20% of healthy animals, these microorganisms were found on the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract.

Once in the body, mycoplasmas react with host cells and feed on them. In the process of life, pathogenic microorganisms release hydrogen peroxide and ammonia, and this process disrupts the normal functioning of healthy cells. Infection occurs by airborne, sexual, generic, feed or contact routes.

Mycoplasma cynos does not necessarily cause disease in a dog. If the animal has strong immunity, does not have oncological and chronic diseases, the pathology will not manifest itself. In weakened individuals, due to damage by pathogenic microorganisms, the following may occur:

• conjunctivitis;
• respiratory diseases;
• diseases of the musculoskeletal system;
• mastitis;
• diseases of the genitourinary system (pyelonephritis, cystitis);
• pathology of the liver, kidneys.

Mycoplasmas are especially dangerous for females bearing offspring, since infection leads to infertility, the birth of dead or sick puppies, and miscarriages.

Clinical picture

Until the necessary diagnostic studies are carried out, infection with mycoplasma cannot be determined. Pathology is manifested by symptoms inherent in a specific disease caused by Mycoplasma cynos damage to a specific organ.

The owner should be alert for the following signs:

• redness and suppuration of the eyes, increased lacrimation;
• runny nose;
• stomach pain, diarrhea, or constipation;
• problems with urination;
• nausea, vomiting;
• high temperature, fever;
• pain and swelling of the joints, lameness;
• poor appetite or lack of it;
• low mobility, apathy;
• anemia;
• skin rashes (dermatitis, eczema, dermatosis).

Blurred clinical picture and similarity with other pathologies makes it difficult to make a diagnosis.

Diagnostics in the veterinary clinic

As mentioned above, mycoplasmas, which do not have their own cell wall, attach to the host cell and receive nutrients from it. Due to this, mycoplasmas adapt to the host cells and actively exchange proteins with them.

That is why the immune system cannot identify in time the harmful microorganisms that are the causative agents of the pathology.

The autoimmune process begins due to the fact that the immune system enters the fight not only with mycoplasma, but also with its own cells.

The main diagnostic method is the PCR method (polymer chain reaction), which allows you to determine the pathogen. A large species diversity of mycoplasmas requires several studies: swabs from the trachea and bronchi, samples from the nasal mucosa, smears from the eyes, and the reproductive system.

Also, the necessary diagnostic methods include blood cultures to determine the sensitivity of mycoplasmas to antibiotics, urine analysis for the presence of mycoplasmas in the genitourinary system.

Ultrasound and radiography, although they do not belong to mandatory instrumental studies, can reveal secondary pathologies.

Treatment Method

Treatment of pathology is complex. This is a long process that requires endurance and patience from the owner. Therapy is based on the use of antibacterial and symptom-relieving drugs. Mycoplasmas are unusually sensitive to antibiotics, in particular, to tetracycline drugs, the action of which is to suppress synthesis in non-nuclear microorganisms.

In the course of treatment, the veterinarian conducts studies with the help of which he determines the effectiveness of therapy. In the absence of the desired result, the treatment is adjusted, the replacement of drugs is carried out.

The dog is shown antibiotics of the tetracycline series or aminoglycosides (Doxycycline, Monocycline, etc.), as an alternative - Erythromycin, Tylosin, Kanamycin, Spiramycin, etc.

Since prolonged use of antibiotics can cause side effects and adversely affect the functioning of the liver, the animal is prescribed hepatoprotectors (Hepatovet, Covertal, Legafition) for maintenance therapy.

The treatment regimen is compiled individually, depending on the stage of the pathology. Medicines are prescribed by a veterinarian. Give them to the dog strictly by the hour. The course of treatment varies from 10 days to 3 weeks.

The dosage of drugs is determined by the veterinarian based on the size of the animal and age. Exceeding the dosage, replacing drugs without consulting a specialist increases the risk of side effects and complications.

It is important to consider that antibiotics of the tetracycline group are contraindicated in puppies. Pregnant bitches are treated immediately after a caesarean section.

Childbirth in a natural way is contraindicated. This is a necessary measure to save the life of the offspring. During pregnancy, puppies can become infected with mycoplasmosis from the mother in utero, in addition, they may develop pneumonia.

After birth, puppies are examined for the presence of mycoplasmas in the body.

In addition to antibiotics, the dog is shown antimicrobials of the group of macrolides, fluoroquinols (Ofloxacin, Ciproloxacin, Azithromycin, Levofloxacin), immunomodulators (Fosprenil, Miracle Bad, Gamavit), antifungal drugs (Fluconazole).

Probiotics and prebiotics are necessary to maintain normal intestinal microflora (Vetom 1.1, Procolin, etc.).

In the process of treating conjunctivitis that has developed against the background of infection with mycoplasmas, steroid ointments should not be used - this can lead to serious complications.

Remember that self-medication is dangerous for your pet!

Measures to prevent mycoplasmosis

As such, prevention of pathology does not exist. However, any disease is easier to prevent than to treat. Therefore, great importance is attached to the quality care of the pet and maintaining its immune system in the normal range.

The dog should eat well, receive vitamin and mineral complexes, be kept in comfortable conditions, walk and move a lot. During the walk, you need to observe the temperature regime, to prevent hypothermia of the animal. Timely vaccination, deworming and preventive examinations will help to avoid many diseases.

If you plan to get offspring from a dog, both partners must be examined for mycoplasmosis before mating. When buying a puppy, you need to make sure not only that he has vaccinations, but also that there are no mycoplasmas in his body.

If you suspect a pathology, you should immediately contact your veterinarian, since with timely treatment, the prognosis for the disease is favorable.

The article allows you to get only a general idea of ​​what veterinarians have to deal with in practice and what you need to pay attention to in order to take a dog or puppy to a veterinary clinic in a timely manner, since no other advice can be effective in such situations.

It is recommended that you read other useful articles that the best RuNet site about puppies and dogs offers, as well as leave your comments with questions or descriptions of situations that you had to deal with in practice.

Mycoplasmosis in a dog, what is it, is it dangerous for humans in animals?

Mycoplasmosis is an infectious disease caused by mycoplasmas. The most common carriers of bacteria are cats, dogs and rats. Infection of healthy animals from sick animals occurs by contact or airborne droplets.

An animal infected with mycoplasmosis does not pose a danger to humans.

Mycoplasmosis in animals symptoms, what tests to take, how much does a blood test cost, how they check in the clinic, laboratory diagnostics

If mycoplasmosis is suspected, to confirm the diagnosis, a veterinary clinic may prescribe blood tests or a wash from the mucous membrane. The cost of bacteriological examination for mycoplasmas will be about 1,500 rubles, enzyme immunoassay will cost less - 300 rubles. Diagnosis is made by detecting in the blood serum the presence of an antigen of the Mycoplasma genus and antibodies of the IqG (G) class.

Mycoplasmosis in dogs and a puppy is treated or not, should it be treated, what is better and how

Treatment of mycoplasmosis in puppies and adult dogs is a rather lengthy process. Mycoplasmas are considered sensitive to antibiotics of the tetracycline group, including doxycycline and levomycetin. Aminoglycosides, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, and tylosin may also be prescribed. There are no preventive measures and vaccines against mycoplasmosis in animals.

Mycoplasmosis in dogs antibiotic sensitivity

Mycoplasmas react to antibiotics of the tetracycline group and show resistance to beta-lactams and sulfonamides. Bacteria are also sensitive to erythromycin and nitrofuran derivatives. It is contraindicated for puppies and pregnant bitches to prescribe levomycetin and tetracys.

Mycoplasmosis in dogs in the lungs, drops in the nose

Mycoplasmas can cause respiratory diseases, diseases of the upper respiratory tract, pneumonia, as they are often part of the permanent microflora of the mucous membranes. To relieve swelling and runny nose, the animal can wash the nose with saline, or instill interferon, polydex or isofra.

Mycoplasmosis in dogs is dangerous for cats, ways of infection and transmission

Although the mycoplasmas in dogs and cats are different (Mycoplasma cynos is isolated in dogs, and Mycoplasma gatae and Mycoplasma felis in cats), the possibility that a sick dog can infect a cat is not excluded. Mycoplasmas are transmitted by airborne droplets, as well as by direct contact of animals.

Mycoplasmosis in a dog smells from the mouth and vomits, pathogen, incubation period

Data on the duration of the incubation period of mycoplasmosis are too different. The disease may appear after 3 days, and sometimes not manifest itself for several months. Mycoplasmas can infect a wide area of ​​the animal body.

The smell from the mouth and vomiting indicate that the disease is started and lasts for quite a long time. High probability of death.

Mycoplasmosis in dogs treatment with doxycycline, is it possible to knit

For mycoplasmosis in dogs, doxycycline is often prescribed, as mycoplasmas are susceptible to this drug. You should be prepared for the fact that the treatment will take quite a long time. It is not permissible to knit a sick animal.

Firstly, the patient's body is too weak, secondly, mycoplasmosis is a contagious disease that can easily be transmitted from a sick animal to a healthy one, and thirdly, mycoplasmas can cause significant harm to future offspring.

Mycoplasmosis in dogs - contact of a healthy and sick dog, prognosis, consequences, whether it is transmitted to pregnant women

With mycoplasmosis, contact between healthy and sick animals should be avoided. The disease is easily transmitted by airborne droplets or when using the same objects, bowls, etc. Prevention or vaccine against mycoplasmas has not been developed, and the consequences of the disease can be sad.

If a pregnant dog becomes ill with mycoplasmosis, then most likely she is threatened with a miscarriage or the birth of dead puppies.

A corneal ulcer causes pain and suffering to the animal. It can occur in a dog or cat of any age and any breed. Regardless of the cause...

Mycoplasmosis is determined only in the laboratory

Mycoplasmas are capable of disrupting the normal functioning of the immune system, and they use fibrous exudate to protect themselves from antibodies. Characteristic of a bacterial infection, it leads to a chronic course of the process. This not only complicates the diagnosis, but also significantly complicates the treatment of mycoplasmosis.

Characteristically, as pathogenic microorganisms, mycoplasmas act only in case of weakening of the protective resources of the body and the addition of any other viral or bacterial flora.

Bacteria of this species, causing systemic pathologies of the body, are not able to lead to an inflammatory reaction if the animal is completely healthy.

Mycoplasmosis is diagnosed only according to laboratory data, since it is difficult to differentiate it from other inflammatory diseases. In most cases, the animal is first treated with antibiotics, which muffle the inflammation, and only after repeated relapses, the decision is made to conduct special tests.

Symptoms of mycoplasmosis

The dog becomes lethargic

In dogs, mycoplasmosis manifests itself in the form of conjunctival lesions, genitourinary infections, and respiratory tract infections. Most animals diagnosed with mycoplasmosis feel well, as it is characterized by a chronic or even asymptomatic course.

• The first sign indicating the presence of mycoplasmas is conjunctivitis. The mucous membrane of the eye becomes inflamed, serous or purulent discharge is observed. The process is sluggish, poorly amenable to classical methods of therapy.
• Very often, mycoplasmas are found in the urinary tract. In males, they cause recurrent balanoposthitis, urethritis, swelling of the scrotum and prostate. There may be a decrease in sperm motility. Females give birth to non-viable puppies, miscarriages, intractable vaginitis are often observed. Puppies born to an infected mother die in the first week as they develop acute pneumonia.
• Respiratory tract infections: rhinitis, bronchitis are also detected in adults. The dog sneezes and rubs his nose with his paws, a viscous secret is released from the nostrils. Cough is observed most often at night and in the morning, during the day the pet seems lethargic, appetite disappears. Animals with pathologies of the middle respiratory tract can get pneumonia.
• In the case of the transfer of mycoplasmas into the joint cavity, an inflammatory process begins like arthritis. The dog suffers from pain in the inflamed joint, it is enlarged to the touch, the local temperature is elevated. The animal moves stiffly, limps, does not want to go for a walk.
• Skin infections: dermatitis, eczema and other inflammations can be provoked both by autoimmune reactions to the action of mycoplasmas, and directly by bacteria. They get complicated.

Treatment

In case of eye damage, local treatment is also prescribed.

If a veterinarian has diagnosed mycoplasmosis in a dog whose symptoms and treatment are carried out according to the classical scheme, then the owner is required to be patient. Medications that are helpful in the treatment of this complex disease have a number of side effects and are toxic enough to make the animal feel bad during the treatment period. Usually, the doctor prescribes two antibacterial drugs at once, such as Tylosin, Levomycetin or Doxycycline.

The combined use of two antibiotics at once guarantees complete suppression of the pathogenic activity of mycoplasmas.

In addition to antibiotic therapy, the veterinarian must prescribe hepatoprotectors, immunomodulators and enzyme preparations. Protecting the liver from the toxic effects of antibiotics, restoring the body's defenses and helping the digestive system - this is the task of auxiliary therapies.

In addition to the main methods, I widely use symptomatic and homeopathic treatment in therapy.

With conjunctivitis, drops and ointments are prescribed that protect the cornea and relieve inflammation of the mucosa. For arthritis, painkillers (Ketanol), local applications and compresses on the affected joint are used. Excellent helps to reduce the intensity of inflammation in the joint compress with the drug "Dimexide", which is an anti-inflammatory agent and is a conductor in the tissue of any antibacterial agents.

Puppy females diagnosed with mycoplasmosis are treated without waiting for the end of pregnancy. Upon reaching the deadline, the veterinarian performs a caesarean section so that the puppies are not infected through the female genital tract.

Prevention

Happy dog ​​is healthy

A pathology that is difficult to diagnose is easier to prevent than to cure, so owners should protect their pet as much as possible from the possibility of mycoplasma activation. The following rules must be observed:

• Avoid hypothermia of the animal, do not load the pet so much that it falls from fatigue. Overwork lowers the immune system.
• Stress also negatively affects the state of the immune system, so you need to protect your pet from them.
• Mating can cause infection of a male or female, and the titles of the manufacturer are not at all a guarantee of his health. Self-respecting nurseries and breeders must submit a health certificate for their pet, and require the same document from a mating partner.
• Places where stray dogs congregate, yards full of cats and walking pets are also breeding grounds for various diseases. It is advisable to walk the dog outside the places frequently visited by other animals.

In a short video, the veterinarian explains the causes of mycoplasmosis, the complexity of its diagnosis and treatment.

Mycoplasmosis is a group of infectious diseases of humans and animals caused by microorganisms from the class Mollicutes. The disease is characterized mainly by a subacute and chronic course, with damage to the mucous membranes (eyes, upper respiratory tract, urogenital tract), as well as the musculoskeletal system and skin.

The causative agents of mycoplasmosis are the smallest (0.2-0.3 microns) and the most simply arranged prokaryotes, demanding on nutrient media, gram-negative, facultative anaerobic.

Mycoplasmas are extremely polymorphic microorganisms. In smears prepared from organs and cultures, rounded, annular, oval, coccoid and filamentous formations are found. Cells have a different size, which can vary from 125 to 600 nm.

The class Mollicutes (lat.: mollis - "soft"; cutis - "skin") includes more than 80 genera; three families: mycoplasma (Micoplasma), ureaplasma (Ureaplasma), and acholeplasma (Acholeplasma).

In the pathogenesis of mycoplasmosis, a certain role is played by the ability of mycoplasmas to stimulate the proliferation of the host cells surrounding them. Due to this, they can contribute to indirect tissue damage, causing an increase in cellular immune responses (CTH), as well as increasing the sensitivity of cells to viruses, because Many viruses multiply intensively in dividing cells.

Some types of mycoplasmas are part of the saprophytic microflora, constantly living on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity, upper respiratory tract, gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts of humans and animals. For example, M. gatae is a commensal of the mucous membrane of the eyes and upper respiratory tract of cats. A person can be a natural reservoir for at least 17 types of mycoplasmas. More than 30 types of mycoplasmas are causative agents of various diseases.

The clinical course and severity of symptoms of mycoplasmosis depends on the type of pathogen and the immune resistance of the organism.

In immunoreactive animals, mycoplasmosis is asymptomatic. Such individuals are hidden carriers, they release the pathogen into the external environment and are a source of infection for other animals.

Combinations of mycoplasmosis with respiratory viral infections are not uncommon. Opportunistic mycoplasmas can cause disease in immunocompromised animals. These are endogenous infections caused by associations of mycoplasmas with other microorganisms.

One of the most common symptoms is conjunctivitis. Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the eyes can be one- and two-sided. By the nature of the discharge: serous, serous-catarrhal, and even purulent (in case of secondary microflora). With a long course, especially in the case of a combination with a viral infection, or pyogenic microflora, inflammation can spread to other parts of the eye. This can lead to serious ophthalmic disorders.

With the defeat of the respiratory system with mycoplasmosis, various symptoms can be observed: from rhinitis to bronchopneumonia. Discharge from the nasal passages (from serous to purulent), sneezing, coughing are noted. With a long course of mycoplasmal bronchitis and bronchopneumonia, irreversible changes develop in the respiratory organs, which lead to such consequences as bronchiectasis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

With mycoplasmosis in dogs and cats, lesions of the oral mucosa are very often observed - gingivitis, which, depending on the duration of the course, can be both superficial and erosive-ulcerative (especially when mycoplasmosis is combined with other pathogens of a viral or bacterial nature). Chronic gingivitis can lead to periodontal disease, which eventually leads to tooth loss.

When the organs of the urogenital tract are affected, various symptoms can be observed. In severe mycoplasmosis, resorption of embryos, abortion, puppies and kittens are born underdeveloped, high neonatal mortality is observed in the first days. In bitches, recurrent vaginitis, miscarriages, and stillbirths are recorded; in males - balanoposthitis, urethritis, prostatitis, orchiepididymitis, swelling of the scrotum, reduced fertility.

Mycoplasma infection that occurs with damage to the joints (chronic fibrinous-purulent polyarthritis, tendosynovitis) can develop as a result of the spread of the pathogen from the foci of active or latent infection from the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, genitourinary tract, conjunctiva. This clinical picture is typical for debilitated animals and animals with immunosuppression. Symptoms include chronic intermittent claudication, unwillingness to move, joint pain, swelling and swelling of the joints, possibly with fever and general malaise. M. spumans infection has been reported to be associated with polyarthritis syndrome in young Greyhounds.

Skin lesions in mycoplasmosis can be manifested by itchy dermatoses of varying severity.

Diagnosis of mycoplasmosis can be carried out by various methods of laboratory research. The most effective methods of laboratory diagnostics are serological studies (RSK, ELISA, RNGA, etc.) and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The diagnostic efficiency of PCR depends on the quality of material sampling for research and on the concentration of DNA fragments in the biological material. In case of violation of the sampling technique, as well as in cases of recent infection with mycoplasmosis, false negative results may be obtained. Growing a culture of mycoplasma requires the use of special transport and nutrient media.

Treatment of mycoplasmosis requires systemic (tablets, injections) and local (drops) administration of antibacterial drugs that are active against these pathogens. Mycoplasmas are sensitive to antibiotics of the tetracycline group, macrolides, lincosamides, and also to fluoroquinolones. A good therapeutic effect is observed when using combined drugs.

Given that the clinical manifestation of mycoplasmosis is more often observed in animals with weakened immune systems, it is advisable to include immunomodulators in the treatment regimen.

With mycoplasmosis occurring against the background of a viral infection, it is necessary to prescribe antiviral drugs. And when mycoplasmosis is combined with another bacterial infection, sensitivity and resistance to antibiotic therapy should be taken into account.

Immunity in mycoplasmosis is often short-lived and depends on the intensity and form of the infectious process. A variety of pathogen types, as well as the presence of immunosuppression in diseased animals, often leads to relapses of the disease.

Prevention of mycoplasmosis is reduced to the timely detection and treatment of sick animals. Vaccination has not been developed.

Mycoplasmas (prokaryotes) are small single-celled organisms widely distributed in nature. They are found in the human and animal body, on plants, in the soil, etc.

Attaching to the host cell, mycoplasmas feed on it, receive useful substances necessary for growth. "Disguised", they violate the process of recognition of substances and cells alien to the body. This can cause an immune response to fight your own body (an autoimmune process).

Mycoplasmosis is often accompanied by a secondary infection caused by bacteria. In this case, exudate is released with a large amount of fibrinogen, which protects mycoplasmas from the attack of antibodies, the action of antimicrobial drugs. Therefore, it is difficult to treat the disease. Often it becomes chronic.

Pathological conditions develop under the action of mycoplasma waste products. The infectious process extends to the respiratory organs, mammary glands, joints, genitals, nervous system, urinary tract.

The disease affects both small and medium-sized dogs (Spitz, pugs, etc.) and large ones (Labradors, Rottweilers, German Shepherds, etc.).

Manifestation

The development of the disease depends on the characteristics of the pathogen and the susceptibility of the dog's body. The incubation period in each case is different. A short one lasts from 4 to 7 days, a long one - up to 25. On average - from 9 to 12 days. The mechanism of disease development is poorly understood.

For humans, most mycoplasmas that infect animals do not pose a danger. However, veterinarians recommend following the rules of personal hygiene when in contact with a sick pet. This is especially true for young children, the elderly and people with weakened immune systems.

In dogs, mycoplasmas cause diseases of the genitourinary system:

• balanoposthitis;
• orchitis;
• epidymitis;
• prostatitis;
• swelling of the scrotum;
• hypo- and aspermia;
• salpingitis;
• vaginitis;
• pyometra;
• infertility;
• abortion;
• pyelonephritis;
• glomerulonephritis;
• urolithiasis;
• carcinoma of the bladder, urethra.

Affected bitches give birth to dead, non-viable or weak, poorly developed puppies with low birth weight.

If the disease is detected during pregnancy, treatment is not carried out until childbirth. At the same time, a bitch is not allowed to give birth on her own. Mycoplasmosis can be transmitted to puppies during passage through the birth canal. Carry out a caesarean section.

Eye damage is manifested by lacrimation, inflammation of the conjunctiva, redness, blepharospasm, the appearance of catarrhal or purulent contents. Sneezing, dry cough, rhinitis are possible. Owners confuse the symptoms of mycoplasmosis with the common cold or allergies. Untimely access to a doctor leads to the onset of the disease.

Canine mycoplasmosis of the joints manifests itself in the form of arthritis, purulent polyarthritis, tendosynovitis, cartilage erosion. The limbs swell, the joints swell, and there is severe pain.

When feeling in places of inflammation, bumps are found. Stiffness in movements, lameness are characteristic. In severe cases, the pet refuses to walk. If arthritis has been diagnosed, but there is no response to treatment, testing for mycoplasmas is mandatory.

A sign of skin infection is ulcers and abscesses. Treatment helps, but new wounds keep popping up. Perhaps the development of dermatitis caused by an autoimmune reaction, chronic eczema.

Mycoplasmosis affects the respiratory tract more often in puppies and animals with diseases of the bronchial epithelium. The result is pneumonia.

In severe cases, body temperature rises, there is no appetite, disorders of the gastrointestinal tract (diarrhea, vomiting) are possible. The dog becomes lethargic, loses interest in life.

Infection occurs sexually, by airborne droplets, through household items, during passage through the birth canal. Young animals and those with weakened immune systems are more likely to get sick.

Diagnostics

The symptoms of mycoplasmosis are similar to those of many diseases. This is the difficulty of its timely diagnosis. During the diagnosis, it is necessary to determine the type, number of mycoplasmas, their effect on the dog's body.

To determine the causative agent of the disease, they take a general and biochemical blood test, a urine test. Swabs are taken from the bronchi, trachea, mucous membranes of the genitourinary system, smears, serological fluid of the joints, prostate juice, etc.

For bacteriological examination, samples are frozen and delivered to the laboratory within two days.

They also conduct laboratory studies of secretions by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), serological methods, stain smears according to Romanovsky-Giemsa.

Types of mycoplasmas are distinguished by cultural (sensitivity to digitonin), biochemical (enzymatic properties, urease production), and antigenic characteristics.

Treatment

To cure mycoplasmosis, antimicrobial agents are used (tablets Tetracycline, Doxycycline, Levomycetin, Erythromycin, Aminoglycosides, Cephalosporins). Levomycetin is not prescribed for pregnant females. Mycoplasmosis in a puppy under 6 months of age is not treated with tetracyclines. The pathogen is resistant to sulfonamides and some beta-lactams.

To ease the load on the liver, hepatoprotectors are prescribed (capsules Phosphogliv, Essliver, Essentiale). The use of immunomodulators and stimulants is shown.

Symptomatic therapy is also prescribed. For example, with arthritis - painkillers, anti-inflammatory drugs. Ointments containing steroids are not used.

It is almost impossible to sterilize the body from mycoplasmas. It is considered possible to control the reproduction and aggressiveness of the pathogen.

After treatment, repeated laboratory tests are mandatory. The analysis may give a false positive result if the infection was destroyed recently or in the presence of antibodies developed as a result of mycoplasmosis. They may come on alert in response to another infectious disease.

Prevention

To prevent infection:

Maintaining the dog's immunity at a high level will avoid infection or recurrence of mycoplasmosis.

The chemical composition of the cell consists of protein in the amount of 59.80%, total nitrogen - 11.20%, nucleic acids - 6.63%, lipids - 5.10%, and fatty acids - 2.35%. The amount of protein in the dry mass of mycoplasmas ranges from 54 to 62 mg, it contains up to 17 amino acids. In addition, the protein component includes various enzymes that play a major role in the metabolism of microbial cells.

The genome of the mycoplasma cell consists of a circular two-stranded DNA. In this case, genome replication occurs, as a rule, at one point of growth. It is believed that the shape of the cell depends on the developmental cycle of the microorganism.
Mycoplasmas, due to their structural features, are poorly adapted to nutrient media. Some strains cause turbidity of the medium, while others form a light film. Some strains grow in the upper layer of the nutrient medium, others grow in the bottom part. On semi-liquid media with growth additives, mycoplasmas grow by injection or form suspended crumbly colonies.

MYCOPLASMOSIS IN DOGS AND CATS.

More than 30 types of mycoplasmas are known and classified, many of them are pathogenic for animals and are the causative agents of various diseases. Diseases have been observed in cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, birds, dogs, cats, lions, mice, rats, from which pathogens have been isolated. The pathogenicity of mycoplasmas is their ability to produce hemolysins, endotoxins and other waste products that determine pathogenesis. Under the influence of these products, various pathological conditions develop in the body. The infectious process involves the respiratory organs, mammary gland, joints, genitals, nervous system, urinary tract. The development of the infectious process depends on the characteristics of the pathogen and the body of a susceptible animal. Pathogenicity can also be detected in the case of tissue culture infection. Based on the study of CPE, attempts are made to classify mycoplasmas into 3 groups: the first group - saprophytes that do not multiply in tissue culture, the second - contaminants that are present in the tissue, but are poorly reproductive, the third - pathogenic forms that cause CPE in the tissue.

The localization of mycoplasmas in the body of animals is mainly on the mucous membranes of the respiratory and genitourinary systems, in the joints.
Mycoplasmas isolated from small domestic animals include M. felis and M. Gatae in cats and M. cynos in dogs.
The stability of these organisms in the external environment is not great; in relation to humans, they are saprophytes and in most cases do not pose a danger. Mycoplasmas are often part of the permanent flora of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, genital tract and can be opportunistic organisms, causing systemic infection in immunodeficiency, immunosuppression and cancer. With mycoplasmosis, a secondary bacterial infection is often observed - fibrous exudate, characteristic of the infectious process, protects mycoplasmas from antibodies and antimicrobial drugs and contributes to the chronicity of the inflammatory process. In addition, mycoplasmas are capable of incorporating the host cell antigen into their plasmalemma, and the mycoplasma protein antigen can be incorporated into the host cell plasmalemma, as a result of which the immune defense mechanism is disrupted.

In dogs, the most commonly diagnosed urogenital diseases are caused by representatives of Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma, which are normally found in the genitourinary system of healthy animals. Transmission occurs, as a rule, sexually, but airborne transmission is also possible.

With severe mycoplasmosis, resorption of embryos, abortion is possible, puppies are born underdeveloped, there is a high neonatal mortality in the first days. In bitches, recurrent vaginitis, resistant to classical treatment, miscarriages, stillbirths are recorded; in males - balanoposthitis, urethritis, prostatitis, orchiepididymitis, swelling of the scrotum, reduced fertility. The respiratory tract is affected by mycoplasma only in small puppies or in animals with damage to the ciliary apparatus of the bronchi (ciliary epithelial dyskinesia). Mycoplasma infection of the joints (chronic fibrinous-purulent polyarthritis, tendosynovitis) can develop as a result of the spread of microorganisms from foci of active or latent infection from the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, genitourinary tract, conjunctiva. It is typical for debilitated animals and animals with immunosuppression. Clinically, this manifests as chronic intermittent claudication, unwillingness to move, joint pain, swelling and swelling of the joints, possibly with fever and general malaise. M. spumans infection is associated with polyarthritis syndrome in young Greyhounds.
Several types of mycoplasmas have been isolated in cats, with Mycoplasma felis and M. Gatae being the most common. The infection is common both in large colonies of cats and among domestic animals, and the microorganism is isolated from both sick and healthy cats. The presence of M. Gatae in the upper respiratory tract and on the conjunctiva of cats is natural, although it may have little pathogenic potential in these places. With conjunctivitis and diseases of the upper respiratory tract, the pathogenic role is assigned to M. Felis. According to foreign literature, the frequency of detection of mycoplasmas on the mucous membranes of healthy cats reaches 70%, in cats with conjunctivitis - up to 25% of cases. It is assumed that M. Felis may be pathogenic, and M. Gatae may be a commensal. Mycoplasmas as a monoinfection have not been proven to cause upper respiratory disease, although in combination with other microorganisms they are more pathogenic in cats than in dogs. In most cases, the defeat of mycoplasmosis manifests itself in the form of serous rhinitis and sneezing. Nevertheless, in the case of isolation of mycoplasma from the respiratory tract of cats, specific antibiotic therapy is indicated.
In combination with chlamydia, herpes and mycoplasma immunopathies can cause conjunctivitis. Conjunctivitis involving mycoplasmas is accompanied by blepharospasm, swelling and redness of the conjunctiva, lacrimation, and the appearance of catarrhal or purulent discharge. In most cases, symptoms disappear after 7-10 days.
Mastitis. In the pathology of the mammary glands, mycoplasmas agalactiae var are isolated, as well as apathogenic species that cause subclinical forms of breast disease.

Ureaplasmas- bacteria of the Mycoplasmatacea family. Ureplasmas, unlike mycoplasmas, contain urease and hydrolyze urea into ammonium and carbon dioxide, cultivated at pH 6.0 and form very small colonies, which are spherical formations ranging in size from 0.25 to 1 μm. They are located singly, in pairs or in short chains.

The peculiarity of the biology of ureaplasmas is also manifested in their relatively rapid growth.

The duration of the incubation period for acute mycoplasmosis can vary from 3 days to 3-5 weeks, sometimes up to 2 months. There is evidence that the average duration of the incubation period for inflammation of the urethra - the urethra - is 19 days. Mycoplasmas are often found in chronic gynecological diseases: vaginitis, bartholinitis, cervicitis, endometritis, inflammatory processes in the abdominal cavity. In association with other microflora, myco - and ureaplasmas are involved in the formation of bacterial vaginosis. Asymptomatic forms (or mycoplasmosis) are not accompanied by an organism reaction in the form of inflammation. With full immunity, carriage can continue indefinitely without negative consequences for the organism in which mycoplasmas persist (but the carrier can be a source of transmission of infection to sexual partners. When immunity is weakened (the reasons for which may be different - malnutrition, hypothermia, stress, general illness, pregnancy , childbirth, abortion, etc.) carriage ceases to be asymptomatic, signs of inflammation appear and the disease develops.There is evidence that approximately 40% of all inflammatory diseases of the genitourinary organs are caused by mycoplasmas.Adapting to long-term existence in a particular organism, myco- and ureaplasmosis difficult to treat, often recur, lead to complications.

Inflammatory processes in the genital organs caused by ureaplasmas can lead to dysfunction of the reproductive system, up to the complete absence of the possibility of conception. Extensive statistical evidence suggests that ureaplasmas play a role in abortions and premature births. In most cases, the detection of these microorganisms in the urine of pregnant women correlates with the pathology of pregnancy, in particular, with the birth of puppies with low body weight. In such newborns, bronchopulmonary pathology of ureaplasma nature is due to intrauterine infection. The fetus becomes infected in utero.

If clinically significant mycoplasmosis is suspected (mainly in weakened animals and animals with immunosuppression), the use of antibacterial drugs that affect the synthesis of DNA, RNA, proteins and the integrity of cell membranes is indicated. Row tetracyclines, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, lincosamines And aminoglycosides. Urogenital mycopalsms are most sensitive to doxycycline, tetracycline And josamycin. The lowest sensitivity is ciprofloxacin And erythromycin. An important role in the treatment of mycoplasmosis and concomitant infections is played by the use of immunomodulators that increase the body's resistance.
Due to the initially saprophytic nature of mycoplasmosis and the high adaptability of mycoplasmas to the immune attack of the body, it is practically impossible to sterilize the body with respect to mycoplasmosis, it is only possible to control the reproduction and aggressiveness of the pathogen in the body.

Material used:

Seminar of the SHANS-BIO laboratory

lectures Kiryanov EA Mycoplasmas and L-forms of bacteria in animal pathology.

Labrador retriever puppies for shows, hunting, at home, breeding males for mating,
exhibitions, assistance in cultivation, consultations.

Unfortunately, dogs suffer from bacterial infections just like humans. However, one should not mean only bronchitis and pneumonia by such infections, very often the genitourinary system of a dog is also affected by a bacterial infection. Such a bacterial disease is ureaplasmosis, which is caused by bacteria of the family.

Ways of transmission of ureaplasmosis are:

1. Sexual contact with an infected dog.
2. Generic activity, from mother to puppies.
3. Sharing hygiene products with an infected dog.

Pathogens are in the body of 80% of animals, and do not bring discomfort, the symptoms of the disease appear only if a certain level of concentration of bacteria in the body is exceeded.

The consequences of this disease can be:

• In females: salpingitis, vaginitis, spontaneous abortions, the birth of unviable puppies.
• In males: balanoposthitis, orchitis, prostatitis, aspermia, hypospermia,
• Common to both sexes of dogs are such problems with the genitourinary system as: pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, urolithiasis.
• Infertility.

Signs and symptoms of the disease

The incubation period of ureaplasmosis varies within from 3 to 40 days. However, the owners do not suspect that their pet has such a disease, as they turn to the veterinarian with a completely different symptomatology. Microscopic bacteria can infect the animal's eyes, reproductive organs, respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract, and even provoke arthritis. In addition, part of the life cycle of ureaplasmas takes place in red blood cells, which leads to their destruction, against the background of this process, the animal develops jaundice and severe anemia.

This bacterial infection is characterized by special structure of a bacterial cell- it does not have a wall, otherwise, in turn, it does not allow the animal's body to form a stable immunity to it.

The symptomatology of the manifestation of ureaplosmosis in each animal is individual and depends on the immunity of the animal and the "localization" of the infection. The main features are:

• Apathy.
• Lack of appetite.
• Paleness of the mucous membranes.
• Slight increase in body temperature.
• Seizures.
• Vomiting, diarrhea.

Diagnosis and treatment

Since the absence of any symptoms in ureaplasmosis is a fairly common phenomenon, and if symptoms occur, they are applicable to many bacterial and infectious diseases, it is impossible to diagnose ureaplasmosis from one clinical picture. Late diagnosis of the disease leads to rapid adaptation of bacteria in the carrier's body and, as a result, the disease will respond poorly to standard treatment and ureaplasmosis can become chronic.

To make a correct diagnosis, it is necessary to conduct clinical tests of blood, urine and feces, it is not advisable to conduct smear tests, since it is extremely difficult to see small ureaplasmas in a smear. Also, the complexity of diagnosing lies in the constant fluctuation in the number of infected cells in an animal. The most reliable diagnostic method is inoculation of pathological material on a nutrient medium.

Ureaplasmosis differs from other bacterial infections in its great resistance to many well-known antibiotics. Therefore, it is very important to treat the pet with the drug prescribed by the veterinarian.

For the treatment of ureaplasmosis, antibiotics macrolides and quinolones are used, antibiotics of the tetracycline series are sometimes used, but quite often they may not give the intended effect, it is also better not to use sulfonamides, because of their low efficiency. In parallel with this, drugs are used to stimulate the immune system and physiotherapy. Sometimes animals are prescribed homeopathic medicines, but the effectiveness of their treatment has not been proven.

Despite a good initial response to treatment, the animal may relapse, so it is important that the pet completes the full course of medication, despite possible side effects. Also, do not forget that against the background of a decrease in immunity due to ureaplasmosis, a dog may experience a number of concomitant diseases, such as conjunctivitis.

During the treatment of secondary diseases, it is better not to use non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, as they increase the area of ​​bacterial damage in the dog's body.

Prevention

Unfortunately, there is no vaccine for ureaplasmosis, and since the incubation period lasts more than a month, it is often almost impossible to find the source of infection. To prevent possible infection, the following recommendations should be followed:

1. Once every six months, a complete preventive examination of the dog is carried out.
2. Avoid casual sexual contact while walking.
3. Before mating, carefully check the intended partner, require a certificate of health of the animal.
4. Strengthen the dog's immunity, if necessary, give the animal drugs that increase the body's resistance to infections.
5. Do not allow the use of joint hygiene devices for several animals at the same time.

There is an opinion that ureaplasmosis can be transmitted from a dog to a person, therefore it is very important to observe personal hygiene measures while caring for a sick pet; infected dogs should not be allowed at all to children and pregnant women.