Economic rise in the I-III centuries

Names of Chersonese depending on the time In other Greek. Χερσόνησος -
ἡ χερσόνησος: "peninsula";
In Byzantine times - Kherson,
In the Genoese period - Sarson,
In Russian chronicles - Korsun

Chersonese

Chersonese - a polis founded by the ancients
Greeks on the Heracles peninsula
southwestern coast of Crimea.
R. Resurrection. Citizens on Chersonese Square
For two thousand years Chersonese
was
large
political,
economic and cultural center
Northern
Black Sea region
where
was
the only Dorian colony.

Now the Kherson settlement
located on the territory
Gagarinsky district of Sevastopol and
is a historical and archaeological
reserve.
In 2013 it was included in the list of objects
UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Political system

Typical Greek polis;
Kherson state slave-owning republic with
democratic form of government;
The highest authority is the assembly of all
free male citizens,
who have reached the age of majority;
The People's Assembly made laws and
solved the most important issues.

Daily life of the city

The day-to-day life of the city was led
elected council and collegiums that exercised
monitoring all activities of residents
cities.
Council members were elected for a month, and his
secretary (grammatevs) - for a year.
The king (basileus) was an eponym, that is, his
the name was called and dated year.
A collegium was elected to command the army
strategists, later they were replaced by archons.

people's court

In the city there were folk
court and special officials
persons - dicastes (judges).
The decisions of the court were taken
help voting with pebbles, then
is by secret ballot,
It is also indicated in the Chersonesus oath:
"I will judge with pebbles by
laws."

State treasury and sacred sums

Agoranomers kept order on
market, astinomas - for the accuracy of measures
weight and volume, the names of the latter
were placed on coins and amphorae handles.
State treasury and sacred
the amounts were administered by various
persons who were also elected by the people,
and at the end of the service life
reported to the assembly
about the expenses incurred.

Political history of Chersonese

Political history of Chersonesos in the 7th century. BC e. almost unknown to us.
From the 3rd century BC e. formidable force in
Northern Black Sea region
become Scythians.
Their scattered tribes
gradually transition to a settled
way of life, agriculture (along with
with cattle breeding), education
tribal unions.

Formation of tribal unions

Political
an association
Scythians
ends
the creation of a large state with a center in Naples
("New City", its ruins - in the southeast
outskirts of modern Simferopol).
At its head is a smart and energetic leader -
King Skilur.
The Scythian nobility dreams of the riches of the Greek cities,
seeks to seize the coast with its
overseas trade.

Loss of democratic form of government

In the 1st century BC e. Chersonese became dependent on the Roman Empire and served for a long time
the main outpost of its aggressive policy in the Northern Black Sea region.

Trade of Chersonese

Trade was mostly
intermediary.
From the Greek cities of Malaya
Asia, the Aegean Islands and
mainland Greek merchants
brought jewelry from
precious metals, weapons,
painted black-lacquer dishes,
olive oil, marble, etc.
Some of these goods
sold to neighbors
Scythians.

Export of Chersonese

Heracleian
peninsula
Chersonesites turned into their
agricultural district -
the choir where the fortifications were erected,
estates,
demarcated
allotments,
vineyards and orchards were green.

Industry, fishing and agriculture

Viticulture and winemaking
formed the basis of local agriculture
economy.
Crafts developed in the city itself:
pottery, blacksmith, foundry,
construction and carving.
At all times the inhabitants of Chersonesus
were excellent sailors and
fishermen.

Economic rise in the I-III centuries

Roman protectorate contributed to the economic
rise in the I-III centuries.
The townspeople actively strengthened the city walls and towers,
built new temples, built terms (baths),
rebuilt the theater, spent a few threads
plumbing.

Trade

Chersonese carried on a brisk trade with
large trade and craft centers
Black and Mediterranean Seas and, before
Total,
co
their
traditional
partners on the south coast of Pontus -
Heraclea, Sinope, Amis, Amastria.

Coinage

In Chersonese, the minting of gold was periodically resumed.
coins.
Mint

Import of goods

Fine glass and bronze vessels,
Various red-lacquer ceramics,
spices,
Incense

Consequences of the capture of Chersonese by Vladimir

Byzantium concluded with Russia an equal
union
Chersonesus, who served as an intermediary in their
trade, this union was very profitable
went to Asia Minor and Byzantium
agricultural products and
animal husbandry; from southern countries to Chersonese and
further, to the north, they carried weapons, fabrics, oil

The weakening of the trade and economic positions of Chersonesos in the XI-XII centuries

Chersonesos retained its importance as a stronghold of the Byzantine military-political presence in the region, as evidenced by the finds of the seals of the sevasts of senior officials, members of the imperial families.

Causes of the decline of the Chersonese economy

Over time, the power of Byzantium weakened, and in the XIII century. trade on the Black Sea
ended up in the hands of Italian (Venetian, and then Genoese) merchants, who
founded their trading posts in the Crimea.
Trade routes moved to the Eastern Crimea, and this was one of the reasons
the decline of the Chersonese economy.

The final extinction of life in the middle of the XV century

Time passed and the earth buried ruins under itself
once a great, beautiful city!

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!!!

List of sources used:

1. Alekseev A. Yu. Chronography of European Scythia of the 7th-4th centuries BC. e.
St. Petersburg, 2003.
2. Zubar V.M. Chersonese Tauride and the Roman Empire. Essays on military-political history. - Kiev: Institute of Archeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 1994.
3. History of Khersones http://www.qrim.ru/about/sights/hersones
4. Pisarevsky N.P. The navy of the ancient states of the North
Black Sea region. Abstract for the competition doctorate degrees. ist. Sciences.
Voronezh, 2001.
5. Tauric Chersonesus http://gostyam.sebastopol.ua/Hersones.shtml
6. Economy of Chersonese http://traditio-ru.org/wiki/Chersonesus_Tauride

Description of the presentation on individual slides:

1 slide

Description of the slide:

The oldest city is in ruins, in the dust, But the memory of the centuries is indestructible... A piece of dry rubble land On the narrow edge of the Crimean coast... The presentation was made by the geography teacher of MBOU "Secondary School No. 24" Khozhaeva Irina Alexandrovna UNESCO World Heritage in the Russian Federation. Republic of Crimea. Ancient city of Chersonese

2 slide

Description of the slide:

The ancient city, which is located within Sevastopol, was awarded the status of a world heritage site on June 23, 2013 during the 37th session of the UNESCO Committee in Cambodia.

3 slide

Description of the slide:

On December 4, 2014, Russian President Vladimir Putin, in his annual message to the Federal Assembly, stated that for Russia Korsun (Chersonese) "has great civilizational and sacred significance, like the Temple Mount in Jerusalem for those who profess Islam or Judaism"

4 slide

Description of the slide:

Khersones Ancient Chersonesos, the ruins of which are located in Sevastopol on the coast between Quarantine and Pesochnaya bays, was founded, according to researchers, in the distant VI century BC. ancient Greeks, immigrants from Heraclea Pontus - an ancient Greek colony, which was located on the southern coast of the Black Sea, on the site of the present Turkish city of Eregliya.

5 slide

Description of the slide:

Chersonese The word "Chersonesus" is traditionally translated from Greek as "peninsula". Chersonesos was founded as a colony of Heraclea Pontus, a rich Greek city, and therefore for a long time it kept Hellenic customs and culture, was famous for its wealth and traded with many other countries, fought with the Scythians and went to war against the neighboring Bosporan kingdom, at the turn of the era served as outpost of the Roman troops.

6 slide

Description of the slide:

Thanks to successful trade in the 4th-3rd centuries BC, Chersonese reached its peak. His influence extended to the entire western coast of Crimea. However, at the same time, Chersonese had a powerful rival - the Scythian kingdom. In the III-II centuries BC. Scythians made a number of attacks on Chersonese and its environs. As a result of the Greco-Scythian wars, Chersonesos lost most of its lands and found itself under siege. Chersonesites were forced to turn to their powerful neighbor, the Pontic king Mithridates VI Evpator, who ruled the eastern part of Crimea, for help. Mithridates sent an army under the command of the skillful commander Diophantus to help Chersonesus. The Scythians suffered a crushing defeat, but Chersonese also won the victory at a high price. Chersonese actually became the rear base of Mithridates in the war between the Pontic Kingdom and the Roman Empire, which was completely unnecessary for the inhabitants of the policy. After the defeat of Mithridates, the Roman garrison and fleet settled in Chersonese. The city became one of the outposts of the Roman Empire in the Crimea. In the 2nd-4th centuries, Chersonese experienced another economic upsurge. The population of the city increased, trade with other parts of the Roman Empire developed. Chersonese supplied the Roman army with bread, wine and fish. The Roman army defended the city from nomadic raids.

7 slide

Description of the slide:

After the division of the Roman Empire into Western and Eastern (Byzantine) in 395, Chersonese became the main administrative, commercial and cultural center of Byzantium in the southwestern Crimea. In the 9th-10th centuries, new conquerors appeared near the walls of Chersonesus - the Slavs. Warlike Kievan Rus arose on the banks of the Dnieper. In 987-988, the army of Prince Vladimir besieged the city. The reason for the siege was the refusal of the Byzantine emperor to marry the prince his daughter Anna, promised to Vladimir for military assistance. To force the emperor to fulfill his promise, Vladimir captured the main outpost of Byzantium in the Crimea, Chersonese.

8 slide

Description of the slide:

The Byzantine emperor had to accept. He agreed to the marriage of Vladimir with Anna, on the condition that he accept Christianity. In Chersonese, the Russian prince was baptized himself and forced his retinue to be baptized. So Chersonesus became the center of the spread of Christianity and Byzantine culture to Kievan Rus. The Byzantine emperor had to accept. He agreed to the marriage of Vladimir with Anna, on the condition that he accept Christianity. In Chersonese, the Russian prince was baptized himself and forced his retinue to be baptized. So Chersonesus became the center of the spread of Christianity and Byzantine culture to Kievan Rus. (reproduction of the painting by V.M. Vasnetsov "The Baptism of Prince Vladimir")

9 slide

Description of the slide:

In XIII, after the fourth crusade, as a result of which the crusaders defeated Constantinople, the Byzantine Empire broke up into three states. Crimean possessions became part of the Trebizond Empire. From that moment, the decline of Chersonesus began. The city lost its importance as an administrative and commercial center, and was constantly subjected to raids and robberies. Twice the city was captured by the Tatars, who settled in the Crimean steppes, where one of the beyliks of the Golden Horde was founded. In the last quarter of the 13th century, the city was taken by the horde of Emir Nogai, and in 1399. Chersonese was captured by the army of Murza Edigei. The once flourishing Kherson was deserted and gradually turned into a small settlement on the shore of the bay. In 1475, the Ottoman Empire captured the Genoese colonies in the Crimea and subjugated the Crimean khans to its power. For 300 years, the Crimean Khanate became a vassal of the Ottoman Empire. Inkerman and Balaklava turned into provincial towns, and Khersones ceased to exist and was a ruin, which the local Tatars called Sary-Kermen (yellow fortress). The shores of the magnificent bay were empty. At the end of the 18th century, travelers mentioned only the small Tatar village of Ak-Yar (white cliff) on the northern shore of the Akhtiar (Sevastopol) bay.

10 slide

Description of the slide:

In 1827, half a century after the founding of the city of Sevastopol, excavations began at this site. Day after day, houses and streets, squares and temples of the ancient city appeared from the earth. There were a lot of finds and soon an archaeological museum called "The Warehouse of Local Antiquities" emerged from them. Nowadays, the museum has turned into a large scientific and cultural institution - the National Reserve "Tauric Chersonesos".

11 slide

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The modern exposition of the Chersonesos Museum includes: the Museum of the History of Ancient Chersonesos, the Museum of the History of the Medieval Period of Chersonesos and an open-air exposition - excavated sections of the settlement.

12 slide

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The main attraction of the reserve, of course, is the Cathedral of St. Prince Vladimir. It was founded in 1861 in Chersonesos - in memory of the baptism of Equal-to-the-Apostles Prince Vladimir in 988. During the Great Patriotic War, the cathedral was badly damaged, after the war it was restored.

13 slide

Description of the slide:

Bell In 1803, by decree of Emperor Alexander I, the bell was sent to Sevastopol and intended for the church of St. Nicholas under construction. After the Crimean War of 1853-1856, the allied troops of England and France took the bell from Sevastopol among the trophies. The return of the bell took place on November 23, 1913 with a large gathering of people and was accompanied by a solemn procession. A plaque on one of the pylons of the bell today reads: “The bell was cast in Taganrog in 1778 from Turkish cannons taken as a trophy. It depicts the patrons of sailors - St. Nicholas and St. Fock. After the Crimean War, he was taken to Paris, where he stayed until 1913. During bad weather, he was used as a signal bell.

14 slide

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