Ancient Rome. Roman Empire History of the Ancient World. Presentation on the theme of the early empire the first emperors

1. Early empire 30 BC e. - Octavian - 1st emperor (August). Beginning of an empire. Formally, “restorer of the republic”. provincial reform. Officials have power. Army reform. Strengthening the borders. «Return to the values of ancestors». Cult of August. Rise of culture – Horace, Ovid, Virgil. Heirs - despotism, civil war, weakening of the senate. Nero. Octavian August

1. Early empire Antonine dynasty II c. BC e. – Rise of the empire. Trajan (AD) is the “best” emperor. Support for the poor, agriculture, defeat, Dacians and Parthians. Marcus Aurelius (161 - 180) - a philosopher on the throne, following ethical standards. Victory over the Parthians and Germans. Edict of Caracalla in 212 - citizenship to the free inhabitants of the empire. Emperor Trajan

1. The early empire The emergence of Christianity Jesus Christ in Judea under the emperors Augustus and Tiberius. Convicted by Pontius Pilate and executed in Jerusalem. (Sacrifice for the atonement of the sins of mankind). The leaders of Christianity are the apostles. Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John - New Testament. Christian communities. Pre-sweaters. Bishops. Peter and Paul - Church. Persecution - Nero, Diocletian (I-III centuries). Rembrandt. Resurrection of Christ

1. Early empire 3rd century AD e. - The systemic crisis of the empire. External danger. Reduction of slaves. The impoverishment of farmers - Colony (for life). Slave uprisings. Reducing trade. Tax increase. "Soldier" emperors. In the army - the provincials. Lack of funds for maintenance. The provinces are trying to get out of the control of Rome Germanic warriors

2. Late Empire 284 - 305 — Diocletian. Dominat. Honor as Jupiter. The three assistants are part of the empire. Single land tax. Division into 12 regions. Ranking of officials. Taxpayers are included in the qualification (inventory). The population is attached to the place of residence and profession. The process of the collapse of the empire slowed down. Emperor Diocletian

2. Late Empire 306 - 337 - Constantine I the Great. 313 - Ediolan Edict - religious tolerance. Church support. Arianism: God the Son is not equal, but “like in essence” to God the Father. 325 - Council of Nicaea - Creed (book of dogmas), condemnation of Arianism. 330 - Capital in Constantinople. Columns to the ground. 395 - Division into Western and Eastern empires. Western and Eastern Roman Empires

2. Late Empire IV - V centuries. The Great Migration of Nations. The main enemies are the Germans (Goths, Vandals) and the Huns. 378 - The Goths defeated the Roman army. 408, 410 - Alaric to Rome. Ransom. Liberation of 40 thousand slaves. Again, fall, ruin. 451 - Catalunian fields. Huns. Death of Attila. But: 476 - Odoacer overthrew Romulus Augustus. Imperial regalia to Constantinople. Romulus Augustus presents the crown to Odoacer

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Roman Empire under Constantine

1. Invasion of the barbarians. Since the time of Trajan, the Romans have not waged wars of conquest. But barbarians constantly invaded the empire. This was the name of the peoples whose language the Greeks and Romans did not understand, which seemed to them wild and uneducated.

Emperor Constantine at the beginning. 4 centuries in the struggle for power won one of the generals - Constantine.

Read paragraph 2 of §59 and answer the questions: How did Konstantin dress? What was the power of Constantine? How did the army change under him? Who could serve in the army under Constantine?

By his order, the Arc de Triomphe was erected in Rome. For the first time, such an arch was installed not in memory of the defeat of an external enemy, but in honor of the victory of some Romans over others.

3. Attaching the columns to the ground. Remember - who are the columns? In addition to part of the harvest to the owner of the land, they now had to pay tax to the imperial treasury. The columns began to leave their sites. In response to this, Constantine issues a decree forbidding the columns to leave their lands, thereby attaching them to the ground.

4. Changes in the position of Christians. Constantine realized that Christians were not calling for the overthrow of the emperor and the destruction of the Roman state. After all, even the Apostle Paul taught: "There is no power except from God; he who opposes the authority opposes God's establishment." In 313, Constantine issued a decree allowing Christians to build temples and openly pray. Apostle Peter - crucified on the cross upside down

Enrique Simone, The Beheading of St. Paul (1887)

Note: The bishop is the leader of the Christians of an entire area. Soon the bishops got together and agreed to create a single church for the entire empire - an organization of Christians.

Church leaders have determined which books written about Jesus and his teachings are considered sacred. These books were brought together to form the second part of the Bible, the New Testament.

Among the Christians, the bishop of the city of Rome gained great influence. He began to call himself the pope (in Greek "papas" - 2 "father"). According to legend, the first bishop of Rome was the disciple of Jesus, the apostle Peter, so the popes consider themselves his successors.

Baptism of Emperor Constantine. niistali.narod.ru

Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Emperor Constantine. During the reign of the Roman Emperor Constantine, the persecution of Christians ceased. Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire in 325.

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German emperors… The imperial title did not give the kings of Germany much additional power, although theoretically they stood above all the royal houses of Europe. The emperors ruled in Germany using already existing administrative mechanisms, and interfered very little in the affairs of their feudal vassals in Italy, where their main support was the bishops of the Lombard cities. Beginning in 1046, Emperor Henry III gained the right to appoint popes, just as he held in his hands the appointment of bishops in the German church. He used his power to introduce in Rome the ideas of church government in accordance with the principles of canon law (the so-called Cluniac reform), developed in the area lying on the border between France and Germany. After Henry's death, the papacy turned the principle of freedom of the "divine state" against the authority of the emperor in matters of ecclesiastical government. Pope Gregory VII asserted the principle of the superiority of spiritual over secular power and, in what went down in history as the "struggle for investiture", which lasted from 1075 to 1122, launched an attack on the emperor's right to appoint bishops.

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Hohenstaufen on the imperial throne. The compromise reached in 1122 did not lead to final clarity on the question of supremacy in state and church, and under Frederick I Barbarossa, the first emperor of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, who took the throne 30 years later, the struggle between the papacy and the empire flared up again, although with a specific the reason for it was now disagreements about the ownership of Italian lands. Under Frederick, the words "Roman Empire" for the first time added the definition "Sacred", which indicated the belief in the sanctity of the worldly state; this concept was further substantiated during the revival of Roman law and the revival of contacts with the Byzantine Empire. This was the period of the highest prestige and power of the empire. Frederick and his successors centralized the system of government in their territories, conquered the Italian cities, established feudal suzerainty over states outside the empire, and, as the Germans moved east, extended their influence in this direction as well. In 1194, the Kingdom of Sicily passed to the Hohenstaufen - through Constance, daughter of King Roger II of Sicily and wife of Emperor Henry VI, which led to the complete encirclement of papal possessions by the lands of the Holy Roman Empire.