Lakes, swamps, underground waters. Lakes, groundwater, swamps, permafrost, glaciers What are permafrost lakes

1. The blue eyes of Russia are lakes. Their origin, features and geography.

2. Groundwater is the country's most important natural resource.

3. Permafrost.

4. Swamps are a treasure trove.

5. Cover and mountain glaciers are a strategic reserve of fresh water in our country.

		Blue eyes of Russia -

On Russian territory				Why is the lake famous?
there are				Baikal, Caspian Sea -
million	lakes, and
dominated				What lakes of Russia are you
lakes up to 1 km2.


The highest degree of lakes is the northwest of the Russian
plains, or "Lake Land", Western Siberia, North
Siberian, Indigirskaya, Kolyma and Leno-Vilyuiskaya
lowlands (locate on the map).
What conditions favor
or hinder
formation of lakes?
Climate and geological structure
territory,			terrain
features of the occurrence of groundwater.

		Flowing, full-flowing
	What lakes	and fresh lakes. Why?
	What lakes
	prevail in	Examples of lakes: Ladoga,
	areas with humid	Examples of lakes: Ladoga,
	areas with humid	Onega, Chudskoye, Pskovskoye,
	climate?	Onega, Chudskoye, Pskovskoye,
	climate?	Ilmen, Taimyr, Imandra, Seliger,
		Teletskoye, Baikal, Khanka (check them
		on the map).
	They are few, shallow,	Lakes in territories with
	drainless,	dry climate - what
	drying up,	their quality and quantity?
	salted. Why?	their quality and quantity?
	Examples of lakes: Elton,	Salinity of some lakes
	Baskunchak, Kulunda,	reaches 35 and sometimes 40
	Tanks (mark them on the map).	ppm Salt concentration
		in lakes changes during
		years depending on income
		and consumption of fresh water and
		temperature.

Let's think about
origin of lake
hollows
Glacial	Volcanic
Lakes of the north-west of the Russian	Lakes of Kamchatka - Kuril,
plains - Ladoga, Onega,	Kronotskoe, Karymskoe,
Seliger, Ilmen, Imandra,	Acid
Pskovskoye, Chudskoye; northern Siberia

tectonic	residual
Lakes of the highlands of the south	Lakes - Caspian, Chany,
Siberia - Baikal

Let's remember the origin
lake basins
old	Limannoe
Most lakes are flat	Liman lakes on the shores
territories of Russia,	Azov and Black Seas
located in temperate
climate zone
Zaprudnoe	artificial
Mountain lakes -	Reservoirs on large
Caucasus, Sayan, Altai -	rivers - Volga, Kama, Yenisei
Teletskoye	(Rybinsk, Kamskoe,
	Krasnoyarsk, etc.)

Blue eyes of Russia - lakes

Karst

In areas where readily soluble rocks are distributed - Lake Proval near Pyatigorsk (Caucasus), in the Urals, in the north of the Russian Plain.

thermokarst

In areas of development of permafrost rocks - Lake Nedzheli (Sakha-Yakutia)

Lakes also differ in their runoff characteristics.

What is called a sewage and drainless lake? What kind

are the features of the salt and gas composition characteristic of them?

Give examples of fresh and salt lakes. How are they shown on the map? Mark them on the map.

The groundwater

Task: Read the text of the textbook (p. 106) and make a coherent story about the groundwater in Russia using additional questions:

1. Why is groundwater considered the most important mineral resource?

2. What are their states in nature?

3. What are the types of groundwater? Name and mark on the map the largest artesian basins in Russia ( Moscow, West Siberian, Tunguska).

4. Features of groundwater (where they are located in the earth's crust, what they depend on, in what form they come to the surface, what is their

renders

permafrost on nature and

activity

Where is it found in Russia?

Permafrost is widespread in our country (more than 60% of Russia's area is occupied to some extent by it). The permafrost zone includes: the coast of the Arctic Ocean in the European part of Russia, including the Kola Peninsula, all of Siberia (with the exception of the south of Western Siberia and Far Eastern Primorye).

Mark the boundary of the distribution of permafrost on

swamps

The area of swamps in Russia is about 2 million km2 (over 10% of the entire territory)

	remember how they are portrayed	The most waterlogged
	on the map. What are the main	northwest Russian
	placement of swamps in our country	plains (up to 20-30%),
	What are the reasons for the formation	Vasyugan in the West
	What are the reasons for the formation	Siberian Plain (up to 70
	Why Conservation of Wetlands is Important	%), the Amur basin (10-12
	Why Conservation of Wetlands is Important
	protection and management
	wealth of nature?
	How does man use swamps?

Lakes, underground waters, permafrost and glaciers - this is the wealth of water resources, the diversity of landscapes.

Tasks in the study of the topic:

Formation of an understanding that any object of inland waters (river, lake, etc.) is a complex natural system that requires deep study and knowledge for economic use and requires protection and rational use.

Student preparation requirements:

Give examples of the importance of different types of inland waters as water resources. Show on the map large lakes, areas of permafrost, glaciers. Explain the distribution of inland waters throughout the country.

Goals and objectives of the lesson:

To form knowledge about lakes, swamps, groundwater, glaciers, snow cover, permafrost, their features, location, significance in nature and in human life.
To give an idea of the location, features, origin and significance of lakes, swamps, groundwater, glaciers, permafrost.
Continue learning to work with maps, tables and other sources of information.

Equipment: Physical map of Russia, soil map (with permafrost border), tables: lakes, groundwater, glaciers. Presentations "Museum of Permafrost", "The Wonderful World of Swamps".

During the classes

I. Organizational moment.

II. Repetition. Checking homework.

I option.

1. Most of the rivers of Russia have food:

a) rain

b) glacial;

c) snowy;

d) mixed.

2. Erosion of rocks, soils by flowing water is called:

a) accumulation;

b) erosion;

c) the fall of the river.

a) Yenisei;

4. Border rivers are:

c) Yenisei;

d) Ussuri.

5. Sudden rise in the water level in the river:

a) high water;

b) flood;

c) flood.

6. Funnel-shaped mouth of the river, expanding towards the sea:

a) estuary;

b) delta.

7. Rivers of the Pacific basin:

a) Ussuri;

b) Anadyr;

c) Kolyma;

8. Rivers of the internal flow basin:

d) Northern Dvina.

9. Waters are most widely used for economic purposes:

c) underground;

d) glaciers.

10. A mountain river is:

c) Pechora;

11. Most of the rivers in Russia have a mixed diet with a predominance of:

a) rain

b) snow;

c) underground;

d) glacial.

Map knowledge check: show the rivers of the Arctic and Atlantic oceans.

Rivers of the Arctic Ocean basin: Sev. Dvina, Onega, Pechora, Ob with Irtysh, Yenisei with Angara, Lena with Vilyui and Aldan, Yana, Indigirka, Kolyma. The rivers of the Atlantic Ocean basin are the Neva (flows from Lake Ladoga and flows into the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea. Dnieper, Don, Kuban).

Front work.

Repeat terms: river system, source, mouth, basin, river fall, river slope, water flow, annual runoff, river regime, solid runoff, high water, high water.

III. Learning new material

Lakes are closed basins filled with water.

In such a lake, salts accumulate.

1) The deepest lakes are of tectonic origin(in faults, cracks in the earth's crust). Such lakes are oblong: narrow and long. This is the origin of the deepest lake in the world - Baikal (1637 m).

Lakes of glacial-tectonic origin (tectonic depressions were deepened under the weight of an ancient glacier) are located in the northwest of the Russian Plain. The largest of them are Ladoga, Onega, Imandra.

Moraine lakes occupy depressions between moraine basins. Such a lake is Lake Seliger on the Valdai Upland.

Volcanic lakes are located in the craters of volcanoes on the Kuril Islands, on the Kamchatka Peninsula. When a volcano erupts, such a lake boils away.

In areas with permafrost, thermokarst lakes are formed. In summer, the permafrost thaws, the soils subside, and shallow depressions filled with melt water form. There are many such lakes in Yakutia, the most famous is Lake Nedzheli.

common in river valleys small lakes - oxbow lakes- these are old riverbeds that have the shape of a horseshoe - because these are former bends of rivers, meanders.

If there is a distribution of water-soluble rocks, for example, limestone, gypsum, dolomite, then in such areas karst lakes are formed. As a rule, they have a rounded shape.

Why are there a lot of lakes in some areas, and almost none in others? What are the conditions for the formation of lakes? (Humid climate, excessive moisture; the presence of hollows; close occurrence of groundwater; close occurrence of water-resistant layers that do not allow surface water to seep).

Man is the force that creates artificial reservoirs - ponds and larger reservoirs. Most of the reservoirs are on the Volga. Why? (Several hydroelectric dams have been built here. The largest are Kuibyshevskoye, Rybinskoye, Cheboksarskoye. On the Angara - Bratskoye.)

Lakes influence the components of nature:

Changes the microclimate, cooling and moistening the air in the summer on the coast. In autumn, frosts come later near the lakes.

Contribute to raising the level of groundwater.

Lakes turn into swamps in which peat accumulates.

Salt lakes accumulate salts. For example, in the lakes Baskunchak and Elton.

They affect the relief: the waves of the lake destroy the shores, and at the bottom of the lake there are accumulation processes (deposits of sedimentary material - silt, sand, clay).

Swamps.

Guys! Guess the riddle: "Not the sea, not the land, the ships do not swim, but you can't walk." What's this? (Swamp.) Each of you, for sure, has been to the swamp. Look at the world map. It shows in color what percentage of the area in each region of the Earth is occupied by swamps. Mostly in the Northern Hemisphere, the total area is about 350 million hectares. Around us swamps, swamps, swamps ... Question? And what is this swamp? Swamps are areas of land where the soil is constantly or most of the year waterlogged.

In marsh ecosystems, plant residues do not rot to the end and therefore not humus is formed, but peat.

How are swamps formed? What types of swamps do you know? Riding, lowland, transitional; according to the predominance of vegetation: forest, moss, herbaceous, shrubby. Did you know that February 2nd is World Wetland Day? In 1975, the Convention on Wetlands, adopted on February 2, 1972, ratified by the Soviet Union 2 years later, came into force. Its main task is to protect sea bays, lakes and wetlands from pollution by chemical waste. In Russia, 35 territories and water areas of wetlands of international importance have been taken under protection, and another 166 sites are recommended for inclusion in the list of wetlands protected by the Ramsar Convention. Question? How do you feel about swamps? Most people answer: "Bad!" The swamp is mosquitoes, mud, you can drown, it's scary there. Swamps are not useful, they interfere with agriculture. Only hunters and cranberry pickers will respond with praise about the swamps. This attitude was partially passed on to us from distant ancestors. The swamp, as a place inaccessible and unsuitable for human habitation, was rarely visited by people.

And where, if not in this remote place, should the "unknown and impure forces" created by the rich imagination of the people settle down? Superstitions are known to last a long time. Nowadays, attitudes towards swamps are changing. Question? What are the benefits of swamps? If forests are often compared with the lungs of our planet, and streams and rivers with its circulatory system, then the role of swamps in the biosphere can be compared with the role of the liver and kidneys in the body. The ability of swamps to purify water is amazing. The swamps are even used to clean up the wastewater from pig farms! These drains not only smell bad, but are also poisonous. If they water the soil, then the yield will decrease. Microorganisms inhabiting peat do an excellent job with these "flavors".

In the water flowing out of the swamp there is not a hint of what was drained into it from a pig farm! And the peat of such a "pig swamp" becomes an excellent fertilizer. The main value of swamps is the ability to accumulate water and improve its quality. Wetlands are the guardians of all other aquatic ecosystems that provide the biosphere with fresh and clean water. Question? Let's take a walk in the swamp! Are you afraid to walk on it? Yes, it is unsteady, swampy, but how did our troops go on the offensive along it during the war, along with cannons and other equipment? Do you know what plants grow in the swamp? Well done! Indeed, there are not so many plants in the swamp, but they are very peculiar. These plants are not able to grow in other territories, as they cannot compete with other species. It is difficult for plants in a swamp: high humidity, air and heat do not penetrate deep into the peat layer, the water is poor in nitrogen, it is acidic. Few plants can live under such conditions, because they have to constantly fight against the burial of living parts under a layer of growing peat. (The presenter tells and demonstrates slides.) Perhaps the most striking and well-known adaptation is the carnivorousness of some marsh plants (predator plants!). They are able to "catch" and digest insects! We have such a plant in the swamps, only a very small one - round-leaved sundew. Try to experiment with sundew: "treat" it with a piece of meat or a boiled egg. You will see that the sundew will eat this treat without a trace!

So I want to call this plant a predator! But sundew is a useful plant, cough medicine is made from it. Question? What plant in the swamp smells good, but if you stay near it for more than half an hour, your head starts to hurt? It's a bullshit, right. Its stems and leaves exude a volatile aromatic oil. And this plant is also a swamp shrub. He, like wild rosemary, leaves green leaves for the winter and hides with them from frost under the snow. Its purple small flowers smell sweetly of nectar; bumblebees make special honey from it. Do you know what this plant is called? Podbel. The relatives of the podbel are well known to you all. These are cranberries, lingonberries, blueberries. How are they similar? These plants belong to the heather family.

They are united by the fact that they are all shrubs or semi-shrubs with woody stems and leathery leaves. They can be evergreen (like cranberries) or deciduous (like blueberries). Their flowers are cup-shaped. Heathers grow in the most unfavorable conditions: on sands, marshes, that is, where other plants cannot live.

One of the marsh sedges is called cotton grass. When ripe, fluffs form at the ends of the stems. They help small, light seeds fly away with the wind. "Wadding" from cotton grass in the villages near the marshes was used to stuff pillows and mattresses and even made fabrics from it. Is the task a question? Do you know what a cattail looks like? Draw it. Hint: In the people it is often incorrectly called reeds or reeds. The cattail has two great adaptations to get through the winter. The first is seeds. Those very velvet heads that you often admire in the summer. They consist of many seeds, equipped, like a dandelion, with flying hairs. The second adaptation is thick rhizomes that have grown in muddy, marshy soil. They store nutrients for the winter.

Cattails will need them in the spring, when it's time to wake up. Other plants have the same rhizomes, for example, water lilies. If you have been to the swamp, you have noticed what small pines and birches there are. Have you seen a real dwarf birch? How does it differ from the usual birch that grows in almost every yard? Why is she so small in the swamp? Look at this saw cut of a pine that grew in a swamp. How old do you think she is? This pine is 40 years old! Due to poor nutrition in the swamp, she had a long and difficult time to grow. And this is a saw cut of a pine tree that grew in good conditions in the forest. She, of course, is not 40 years old, but much more, but when she was as old as the marsh pine, she was of such a diameter. Teacher. Solve another riddle. "Soft, not fluff, green, not grass." (Moss) Most of all in the swamp of mosses. They cover all bumps and depressions with a fluffy green-brown, brownish carpet.

And the most common among them is sphagnum. This moss has a wonderful property - it absorbs and retains a lot of water. Ten times more than it weighs! Not without reason, translated from Greek, "sphagnos" means "sponge". Sphagnum moss has a strong bactericidal (i.e., killing bacteria) effect. During the war, it was used for dressings. Sphagnum is also used for wall insulation (it is laid between logs). Where else can this moss be used? Teacher. We continue our acquaintance with swamp secrets and riddles. The remains of mosses, grasses, stems and leaves die off and lie in layers on top of each other. Dozens or even hundreds of years pass, and in the swamp there is: - a peat deposit. And what is the meaning of peat. 1. Peat is a good fuel. They have been burning stoves for a long time. 2. Peat is also an excellent fertilizer. If it is added to the soil, then we will definitely get a good harvest. 3. And for home flowers and seedlings, peat pots are made from peat. Why are they good? Keep the shape; planted plants receive fertilizer; seedlings can be planted in the ground along with a pot. 4. In medicine - peat treatment. The swamp is always a mystery, a mystery not only for us, but also for scientists. This is truly an undiscovered treasury from where we can learn not only about past landscapes, but also our history. In addition to the remains of plants, swamps store in their thickness tools of labor and war of the past, and even the remains of the owners of these tools. So, in Britain, a knight in full armor was found. Despite all the mystery and mystery of the swamps, people have long settled near them. One of the Mansi peoples - "na-ras-mahun" - is translated as "swamp people". And they consider the frog to be their ancestor. And the Mansi believed that one of the sons of Numitorum (the supreme being) had the appearance of a frog.

Swamps are waterlogged areas of the terrain. Wetlands are divided into two types: lowland and upland.

Lowland swamps are found where groundwater comes close to the surface. They are located in relief depressions and have a concave shape. Lowland swamps are impassable or difficult to pass. Lowland bogs, with the accumulation of a peat layer, break away from the groundwater that feeds them and become raised. To preserve raised bogs, the main condition is necessary - excessive moisture.

The largest area in Russia is occupied by swamps in the West Siberian Plain. Especially the territory of Vasyugan, where swamps occupy 70% of the total area. There are many swamps in the North-West of the Russian Plain.

Conditions for the formation of swamps:

excessive moisture (k>1);
flat terrain, slow runoff;
overgrowing of lakes;
proximity to groundwater;
proximity to the surface of the water-resistant layer (permafrost, platform shield).

Why can't all swamps be drained?

In the swamps, water is being purified, swamps give rise to many rivers.

Valuable berries grow in swamps - cranberries, cloudberries, blueberries.

Peat is formed in the swamps, which is used as fuel and fertilizer.

Swamps - habitats for waterfowl - ducks, waders, geese, etc.

The groundwater.

Groundwater is water found in the earth's crust. Their reserves are huge. Groundwater - are divided into groundwater and interstratal.

Groundwater is water found in the earth's crust. Their reserves are huge. Groundwater - are divided into groundwater and interstratal. Above the groundwater there is a permeable layer. In the village wells (krinitsy) there is pound water. Groundwater comes to the surface of the earth in springs, springs.

Interstratal waters lie deeper, between water-resistant layers. Stocks of interstratal waters are called artesian basins. They are obtained by drilling a well into interstratal waters - an artesian well.

Answer the questions:

What are the two types of groundwater? (Soil, interstratal.)

How does the composition and quality of groundwater differ? (Thermal, mineral, fresh.)

What determines the depth of groundwater?

Why is there little water in wells in winter, but a lot in spring?

What serves as a waterproof layer for groundwater in deserts? (Crystal foundation.)

How are thermal and mineral waters used by humans?

Fresh groundwater is the best quality drinking water that has undergone natural filtration (mechanical purification).

Thermal waters are underground waters with a temperature of +30 to +300°C. They are heated by magma in areas where volcanism is widespread (Kurils, Kamchatka).

Mineral underground waters have a high concentration of dissolved substances and gases and are used for medicinal purposes.

The reserves and depth of groundwater are not the same in the regions and depend on the climate (moistening of the territory), the composition of the rocks (water-resistant layer), and the relief (hollows).

Answer the questions:

What are the two types of groundwater? (Soil, interstratal.)
How does the composition and quality of groundwater differ? (Thermal, mineral, fresh.)
What determines the depth of groundwater?
Why is there little water in wells in winter, but a lot in spring?
What serves as a waterproof layer for groundwater in deserts? (Crystal foundation.)
How are thermal and mineral waters used by humans?

Permafrost.

Permafrost is an underground glaciation, the upper layer of the earth's crust, which has negative temperatures all year round and retains ice in the ground for hundreds and thousands of years. Permafrost occupies about half of Russia's territory. The thickness of frozen soils in Yakutia reaches 1500 m, and the temperature is -16°C. In summer, the upper layer of permafrost thaws from 20 cm in the Arctic to 2.5 m in the southern areas of permafrost.

The southern boundary of permafrost is shown on the soil map. In the European part of Russia, permafrost occupies the coast of the Arctic Ocean, the border in the Ural Mountains shifts south to the latitudinal course of the Ob River, Eastern Siberia and the Far East (except Primorye) lie completely within its boundaries.

When did permafrost form? Scientists believe that thousands of years ago, when there were several stages (periods) of cooling in the Quaternary period. The reason for the formation of permafrost is severe winters with little snow, short summers and an average annual temperature below 0°C. In modern conditions, permafrost is preserved in those areas where the average annual temperature is below 0°C.

What effect does permafrost have on nature? Remember how the roots of larch are distributed? (In the surface layer.)

Permafrost inhibits the development of plants and soil formation processes. It also affects groundwater, being a waterproof layer, retains moisture in the upper layers of the earth, and contributes to the swamping of the territory. In winter, permafrost deprives the rivers of underground nutrition, and they freeze to the bottom. Thanks to permafrost, ice on the rivers "explodes" and icings (taryns) are formed. Permafrost is a relief-forming factor, forming permafrost landforms (bulgunnyakhs, swelling hillocks).

Permafrost also has an impact on human economic activity. It greatly complicates the construction of buildings, roads, pipelines, and mining. Pipelines are laid above the ground, because when the permafrost thaws, there is a danger of pipeline destruction. Houses on permafrost are placed on piles to preserve the permafrost soil, and, therefore, to avoid subsidence and destruction of buildings. But permafrost is also a natural "refrigerator" where food can be stored.

As the story progresses, the teacher draws a diagram on the board:

Glaciers.

Glaciers are accumulations of ice formed from snow.

Cover glaciers with a thick layer of up to 4 km lie on Antarctica. In Russia, there is a sheet of glaciation on the islands of the Arctic. The area of ice on the islands is more than 55 thousand km 2, they make up more than 90% of the area of modern glaciation in Russia. There is as much water in the glaciers of the Arctic as the rivers of Russia carry out into the World Ocean in 3.5 years.

Glaciers flow down, breaking off iceberg mountains into the ocean.

In the mountains of the Caucasus, Kamchatka, Altai in the north of the Urals and in other mountains, mountain glaciation is widespread. The largest glaciers in Russia are the Bogdanovich glacier in Kamchatka (about 17 km long) and the Bezengi glacier in the Caucasus (17.6 km long).

The lower boundary of the glacier is a snow line, above which the fallen snow does not have time to melt in the warm season and turns into ice (firn and glacier). The further south, the higher the snowline, and the more precipitation (on the windward slopes), the lower the snowline.

What role do glaciers play in nature and human life? (Glaciers give rise to mountain rivers. Terek and Kuban, Katun from Katunsky Belki in Altai originate from glaciers.)

Where is the snow line higher in the northern Urals and the Caucasus?

On the western or eastern slopes of the Koryak Highlands?

Glaciers flow down, carrying with them frozen pieces of rocks, and reaching the border of the snow line, they melt, and the rocks form the final moraine, where the mountain river begins.

IV. Consolidation (geographical dictation)

Natural accumulations of ice that move independently. (Glacier.)

Land areas that are excessively wet. (Swamps.)

What is the origin of the lake basins in the northwestern part of Russia? (Glacial-tectonic.)

What kind of swamps by type of food prevail in the steppes: lowland or upland. (Lowlands.)

The deepest lake in Russia and the world. His origin. (Baikal. Tectonic - formed in a break in the earth's crust.)

What is the origin of the largest lake in the world? (Caspian- residual origin.)

Where is the snow line lower - in Altai or in the Caucasus? (In Altai- harsh climate.)

What effect does permafrost have on rivers? (The rivers are full-flowing, the river network is denser, because the permafrost- waterproof layer.)

Why is the European part of Russia poorer inland waters than the Asian part? (In the Asian part, there is less evaporation and the presence of permafrost.)

Supplementary material for the lesson. Permafrost

Permafrost was known to Russian pioneers as early as the 17th century. Siberian governors reported to Moscow about the "land that does not melt." It caused particular difficulties in winter, when rivers froze over and fresh water sources dried up. Once a Yakut merchant Shergin, hoping to get to the water, dug a huge well. But, having reached a depth of 116 m, he abandoned his idea, because the frozen soils did not end. The thickness of the permafrost in Yakutia is 250-400 m. The well, which is known as "Shergin's mine" has survived to this day.

Homework B.: 13; R.: 20.

I option: Compose questions and prepare an answer about lakes and glaciers.

Option II: On groundwater, permafrost and swamps. Additional material for the lesson

Permafrost.

Soil ice is easy to feel by sound at the edge of the coastal slope. If you hit the edge of a steep descent to the water with your foot, then the rumble goes loud and sonorous, as if glass is hidden underground. The root system of woody plants, due to permafrost, is located very shallow, parallel to the surface of the earth. This reduces the stability of the trees, and they are not always able to withstand the pressure of a strong wind. At the same time, permafrost, gradually melting, provides continuous water supply to plants.

The age of permafrost is many thousands of years, but not everywhere it turns out to be truly "eternal". The condition of Russia's underground "refrigerators" is not permanent. In recent years, the cold has gradually receded from the bowels of the planet. In the flat part of the tundra of Siberia, it was not possible to build roads that would withstand more than five warm seasons. The repair of embankments is quite expensive, so cargo in many areas has to be delivered via winter roads (winter roads) - during deep freezing of the soil in the cold season.

An important property of permafrost is its ability to conserve organic and inorganic substances and prevent decomposition. Permafrost is becoming a serious problem in the disposal of household waste. In the south of Siberia, activation of permafrost processes is observed during the construction of railways. At the beginning of the 20th century, the construction of embankments for roads led to a sharp increase in the thawing layer: on mares (boggy plains), its depth increased by 2 times. Because of these changes, road structures are spreading to the sides. Some sections of the Trans-Siberian Railway subsided by 2.5 m. In Yakutia, thermokarst lakes and alasses (Dry depressions in place of drained lakes) are often found. Lakes are formed on the site of melted underground ice. One of the artificially cleared areas was given over to arable land, but it lasted only 15 years. Then the land began to subside, and a lake formed on the site of arable land.

>>Lakes. Swamps. The groundwater. Glaciers. permafrost

§ 24. Lakes. Swamps. The groundwater.

Glaciers. permafrost

Lakes. There are about 3 million lakes in Russia. Among them is the deepest (1620 m) freshwater lake Baikal. Lake Baikal is famous not only as the deepest lake in the world. It contains half of the fresh water reserves of our country (23 thousand km 3), or more than half of the flow of all the world's rivers. Baikal water is one of the cleanest in the world. 336 rivers flow into Baikal, and only one flows out - the Angara. The Baikal fauna is unique. 3/4 species of Baikal animals live only here. Russia along with Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Iran, it comes to the shores of the world's largest Caspian Sea-lake (area - 371 thousand km 2).

The distribution of lakes across the country is uneven and depends on many factors: the geological structure and relief and terrain, climatic conditions, features of the occurrence of groundwater. The number of lakes decreases significantly towards the south due to the increase in aridity climate a.

The origin of lake basins is diverse (see Table 10).

What are the largest lakes in Russia. Which lakes in our country have pits of the same origin as the largest lakes in Africa? Recall the main reasons for the formation of swamps. How are formed The groundwater?

On the physical map of Russia, give examples of areas with a large number of lakes.

Lakes are sources of fresh water, food, raw materials. For example, salt is mined in lakes Elton and Baskunchak.

Lakes regulate the flow of rivers. They are traversed by shipping lanes. Numerous recreational areas are located on their banks. Lakes actively influence other components of nature. They change the relief, forming the bottom and banks. Filling their basins with peat, silt and salts, lakes create mineral deposits.

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Water is a wonderful gift of nature. She
around us, in raindrops, in
snowdrifts, in rivers, lakes.
Water, you have no taste or smell
you can not be described, you
enjoy without knowing that you
such. You can't say that you
necessary for life. You yourself
a life.
Antoine de Saint-Exupery

1. A constant stream of water flowing in
deepening
2. Beginning of the river
3. The place where the river flows into the sea, lake,
another river
4. The main river with all its tributaries
5. The excess of the source above the mouth in meters

Working with terms on the topic "Rivers"

6. The amount of water passing through the riverbed per
a certain period of time
7. The lowest water level in the river
8. Sudden, short-term rise in level
water in the river
9. Flooding of vast areas of the territory with water
land as a result of rising water levels in the river
10. Expected regular rise in water level
in the river as a result of melting snow and ice in spring
or summer

INLAND WATERS

LAKES
SWAMPS
MULTI-YEAR
PERMAFROST
RIVERS
GLACIERS
UNDERGROUND
WATER

Study Plan

The blue eyes of Russia are lakes.
Swamps are a treasure trove.
Cover and mountain glaciers -
strategic fresh water supply
our country.
Groundwater is the most important
natural resource of the country.
Permafrost.

LAKE

Excessively wet areas of land with a special
vegetation, wildlife and a layer of peat.
Constant
water
flow,
the recess he has made.
current
v
Natural depression filled with water and not
with links to the sea.
Multi-year masses of natural ice formed during
account of the accumulation and transformation of snow.
Waters hidden from view, coming to the surface
keys, springs.

10 largest lakes in the world

№
p/n
1.
lake name
Caspian Sea
Eurasia
Square
(thousand km 2)
376,0
Location
2.
Upper
North America
82,1
3.
Victoria
Africa
68,1
4.
Huron
North America
59,6
5.
Michigan
North America
57,8
6.
Aral Sea
Eurasia
37,1
7.
Tanganyika
Africa
33,9
8.
Baikal
Eurasia
31,5
9.
Nyasa
Africa
30,8
10.
Big Bear
North America
30,2

The Caspian Sea-Lake is the largest in terms of area in the world

Lake Baikal - the deepest lake in the world

Classification of lakes by origin

thermokarst
tectonic
dammed
glacial
residual
volcanic
estuaries
oxbow
artificial

Tectonic lakes

tectonic lakes
formed in
fractures in the earth's crust.
Such lakes
oblong: narrow
and long.
bright
representative
is Baikal.

Glacial lakes

Glacial lakes
formed in
deflections of the earth
surfaces that
deepened under
the weight of the ancient
glacier.
Located on
northwest Russian
plains (Ladoga,
Onega, Seliger)

Volcanic lakes

Volcanic lakes
formed in
volcano craters
In Russia they
located in
mainly on
Kuril Islands
and on the Kamchatka peninsula
(Kronotsky,
Kuril)

Thermokarst lakes

located on
territory that has
permafrost.
permafrost in summer
thaws, soils
subside, form
shallow basins,
filled with melt water.
In Yakutia, such lakes
many, most
known - Nedzheli.

Dam (dammed) lakes

Dam lakes
formed in
collapse or
landslide when riverbed
the river is blocked
fragments of rocks
Such lakes
formed in the mountains
areas (Sarez lake
in the Caucasus, Teletskoye
lake in Altai).

Residual lakes

Residual lakes
formed from
remnants of the ancient
oceans and seas
(Caspian sea lake)

Staritsa

Staritsy are sections of the former riverbed,
changed direction in this area.

Estuaries

Estuaries formed
by cutting off a part
seas (shores of the Azov
and Black Seas)

The distribution of lakes across the country is uneven.

Depends on:
- geological structure and
terrain;
- climatic conditions;
- occurrence features
ground water.

The meaning of the lakes

1. Influence the microclimate
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
coast.
Helps to raise ground levels
water.
Salt lakes accumulate salts.
Influence the relief of the coast.
They are means of transport.
They are a recreation area.