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Presentation on the topic: Alternative energy sources

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Research format Research object on the geography of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Russia and the world as a whole. Research task Answer the following questions: General: Is SNF storage in Russia profitable? How is SNF production related to the standard of living? Who is responsible for nature conservation (are there such international organizations)? Are there alternative energy sources? What is the ratio of the use of different energy sources in the world? What are the advantages and disadvantages of alternative energy sources? How is the impact of waste on the natural landscape - climate - human health - the environment? geography of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Russia and the whole world. Soon this may lead to global pollution of the planet. Methods of work Observation, comparison, analysis Resources Search for information on the Internet, acquaintance with specialized literature

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Geography of the World's Natural Resources The entire history of human society is the history of its interaction with the geographic environment. In the twentieth century public pressure on nature has increased dramatically. The transformation of natural landscapes into anthropogenic ones (urban, mining, agricultural, forestry…) has accelerated. Anthropogenic landscapes occupy more than 60% of the earth's land, of which 20% of the territory has been radically transformed. Man began to withdraw more and more resources from nature, and to return more and more numerous wastes of his activity.

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Energy consumption is a sustainable development issue Of all human activities, energy has the greatest impact on our lives. Heat and light in houses, traffic flows and the work of industry - all this requires energy. Every year, 10 billion tons of fuel are used for energy production. About 40% of this amount is oil. Considering that, in addition to oil, fuels such as coal and natural gas are used, it can be concluded that more than 90% of all energy consumed is produced using carbonaceous raw materials. The consequence of such a large-scale use of fossil energy sources may be global warming (the so-called greenhouse effect) and a lack of resources in the future. Humanity is already faced with the task of developing inexhaustible sources of energy. Over the next century, the transition to alternative energy sources will begin, the era of "black gold" will pass, and what will happen to the economies of countries dependent on oil can only be guessed at.

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Alternative Energy Sources Alternative energy sources include solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, and biomass combustion. The pace of development of alternative energy sources is impressive. In the last 5 years, the growth in the production of photovoltaic installations is about 30% per year. In this regard, the Thousand Roofs project, implemented in the early 1990s, should be mentioned. in Germany. The main part of the costs (up to 70%) in the implementation of this project was assumed by the state. In Germany, PV installations have been installed on the roofs of 2,250 houses. At the same time, the role of a backup source of energy was played by the power grid, which covered the lack of electricity, and in case of its excess, it took away the surplus. Shortly thereafter, the United States launched the even more global Million Roofs program through 2010. About $6 billion has been allocated from the federal budget for its implementation. It is logical to assume that in the coming years the number of such projects will only increase.

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There is also worldwide interest in alternative power sources for cars to reduce carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. About a year ago, the US Department of Energy, together with leading oil and automotive companies, began a program to develop and manufacture automobile engines that use hydrogen as fuel.

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Solar Energy Solar energy has two main advantages. Firstly, there is a lot of it and it belongs to renewable energy resources: the duration of the existence of the Sun is estimated at about 5 billion years. Secondly, its use does not entail undesirable environmental consequences. However, the use of solar energy is hampered by a number of difficulties. Although the total amount of this energy is enormous, it dissipates uncontrollably. To receive large amounts of energy, large area collector surfaces are required. In addition, there is the problem of instability of energy supply: the sun does not always shine. Even in deserts where cloudless weather prevails, day gives way to night.

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Wind energy Wind energy on earth is inexhaustible. For many centuries, people have been trying to turn wind energy to their advantage by building wind farms that perform various functions: mills, water and oil pumps, and power plants. As the practice and experience of many countries have shown, the use of wind energy is extremely beneficial, because, firstly, the cost of wind is zero, and secondly, electricity is obtained from wind energy, and not by burning carbon fuel, the combustion products of which are known to be dangerous. human exposure (CO, SO2…….). Due to the constant emissions of industrial gases into the atmosphere and other factors, the temperature contrast on the earth's surface increases. This is one of the main factors that leads to an increase in wind activity in many regions of our planet and, accordingly, the relevance of building wind farms. A wind power station (WPP) converts the kinetic energy of the wind flow into electrical energy. The WPP consists of a wind-mechanical device (rotary or propeller), an electric current generator, automatic control devices for the operation of a wind turbine and a generator, facilities for their installation and maintenance. A wind power plant is a complex of technical devices for converting the kinetic energy of the wind flow into mechanical energy of rotation of the generator rotor. The wind turbine consists of one or more wind farms, an accumulating or redundant device, and systems for automatic control and regulation of the plant's operating modes. Remote areas, insufficiently provided with electricity, have practically no other, economically viable alternative, such as the construction of wind farms. The wind has kinetic energy, which can be converted by a wind-mechanical device into mechanical energy, and then by an electric generator into electrical energy.

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Biomass energy When biomass (manure, dead organisms, plants) rots, biogas is released with a high content of methane, which is used for heating, generating electricity, etc. Sometimes pigsties and cowsheds are shown on TV, which provide themselves with electricity and heat due to the fact have several large "vats" where they dump large masses of manure from animals. In these sealed tanks, the manure rots, and the released gas goes to the needs of the farm. By the way, in the end, the dry residue remains from the manure - which is an excellent fertilizer for the fields. Many ideas are devoted to growing fast-growing algae and loading them into the same bioreactors, as well as similar use of other organic waste (corn stalks, cane, etc.).

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Geothermal energyGeothermal energy, i.e. The warmth of the Earth's interior is already being used in a number of countries, such as Iceland, Russia, Italy and New Zealand. The Earth's crust, 32–35 km thick, is much thinner than the underlying layer, the mantle, which extends about 2900 km toward the hot liquid core. The mantle is a source of gas-rich fiery-liquid rocks (magma) that are erupted by active volcanoes. Heat is released mainly due to the radioactive decay of substances in the earth's core. The temperature and amount of this heat is so great that it causes the mantle rocks to melt. Hot rocks can create thermal "bags" under the surface, in contact with which water is heated and even turns into steam. Since these "bags" are usually sealed, hot water and steam are often under high pressure, and the temperature of these environments exceeds the boiling point of water on the earth's surface. The greatest geothermal resources are concentrated in volcanic zones along the boundaries of crustal plates.

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According to the estimates of the European Wind Energy Association, the installation of wind farms with a total capacity of 40 GW will create an additional 320,000 jobs. According to the Photovoltaic Industry Association, the installation of 3 GWe will create 100,000 jobs. The Solar Energy Federation believes it is possible to provide 250,000 jobs by acting only for the needs of the domestic market and another 350,000 jobs can be created in the case of export work. White Paper proposes a range of tax incentives and other financial measures to encourage investment in renewable energy, as well as measures to encourage the use of passive solar energy. According to this document: "The set goal of doubling the current share of renewable energy sources to 12% by 2010 is realistically feasible." The share of renewable energy sources in electricity production could rise from 14% to 23% or more by 2010 if appropriate measures are taken. According to the estimates of the European Wind Energy Association, the installation of wind farms with a total capacity of 40 GW will create an additional 320,000 jobs. According to the Photovoltaic Industry Association, the installation of 3 GWe will create 100,000 jobs. The Solar Energy Federation believes it is possible to provide 250,000 jobs by acting only for the needs of the domestic market and another 350,000 jobs can be created in the case of export work. White Paper proposes a range of tax incentives and other financial measures to encourage investment in renewable energy, as well as measures to encourage the use of passive solar energy. According to this document: "The set goal of doubling the current share of renewable energy sources to 12% by 2010 is realistically feasible." The share of renewable energy sources in electricity production could rise from 14% to 23% or more by 2010 if appropriate measures are taken. Job creation is one of the most important aspects that characterize the development of renewable energy. The employment potential of the population in the field of renewable energy sources can be estimated from the following data:

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Why do we need renewable energy sources? Energy today The energy we use today comes mainly from fossil fuels. Coal, oil and natural gas are fossil fuels created over millions of years by the decay of plants and animals. The location of these resources is the bowels of the Earth. Under the influence of high temperature and pressure, the formation of fossil fuels continues today, but their use is much faster than the formation. For this reason, fossil fuels are considered non-renewable as their resources may be exhausted in the not too distant future. In addition, the burning of fossil fuels leads to pollution and other negative impacts on the natural environment. Since our existence depends on energy, we must use its sources, the resources of which would be unlimited. Such energy sources are called renewable. In addition, the production of energy from renewable sources does not harm the environment, unlike the burning of fossil fuels. Among fossil fuels, uranium occupies a special place - nuclear fuel, the resources of which can be depleted in less than 100 years. However, in the so-called breeder reactors, it is possible to produce new uranium. At the same time, due to the problem of radioactive waste, which has been a danger for millions of years, and after the Chernobyl disaster, which demonstrated the risk associated with the use of nuclear energy, most governments in industrialized countries are abandoning the use of nuclear energy. This process continues despite the fact that nuclear energy, which generates almost no greenhouse gases, can be seen to some extent as a solution to global climate change. The problem of greenhouse gases, recognized as one of the most important among many others, requires a reduction in the use of fossil fuel energy.

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The Future of Renewable EnergyOur future largely depends on the application of technological innovation. Renewable energy sources will be able to influence the change in society as a whole over the coming decades. According to forecasts, over the next decades, the importance and share of renewable energy sources in the overall process of energy production will increase. These technologies not only reduce global CO2 emissions, but also give the necessary flexibility to the energy production process, making it less dependent on limited fossil fuel reserves. According to the consensus of experts, for some period of time, hydropower and biomass will dominate other types of renewable energy sources. However, in the 21st century, the leadership in the energy market will belong to wind energy and photovoltaics, which are now actively developing. At the present stage, wind energy is the fastest growing branch of electricity production. In some regions, wind energy is already competing with traditional energy based on the use of fossil fuels. At the end of 2002, the installed capacity of wind farms worldwide exceeded 30,000 MW. At the same time, there is a clear increase in worldwide interest in photovoltaics, although its current cost is three to four times higher than the cost of traditional energy. Photovoltaics is especially attractive for remote areas that do not have a connection to the public grid. The advanced thin-film technology used to manufacture photovoltaic cells is much cheaper than crystalline silicon technology and is being actively introduced into large-scale commercial production.

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Traditional Energy Sources Traditional energy sources include oil, gas and coal. Their advantages compared to non-traditional energy sources include well-established production and marketing technology, and their disadvantages include environmental pollution, difficulty in extraction and limited reserves. At present, oil is the main energy resource in the global energy system, its share in total energy consumption is about 39%, and in some countries this figure exceeds 60%. Oil and oil products are traditionally used as raw materials for the production of electricity and heat, as a motor fuel, and also as a semi-finished product for the chemical industry. World oil reserves are about 140 billion tons. The main resources are concentrated in the Near and Middle East (64%). America ranks second in terms of proven reserves (15%), followed by Central and Eastern Europe (8%) and Africa (7%). The share of gas in world energy consumption is currently about 23%. The gas is used in the fuel and energy, metallurgical, chemical, food and pulp industries. At the same time, natural gas is a more environmentally friendly type of fuel than oil or coal. To obtain the same amount of energy, the amount of carbon dioxide produced when burning gas is 50% less than when burning coal, and 30% less than when burning fuel oil. At the beginning of 2004, the world's proven reserves of natural gas were about 164 trillion cubic meters. cube m. The main deposits are concentrated in two regions - in Russia (34.6%) and in the Middle East (35.7%). According to experts, the share of coal in the structure of the world fuel and energy balance as of January 1, 2004 was about 24% . The main industries consuming coal are metallurgy and electric power industry. At the same time, "energy coals" account for about 75% of the total volume of extracted reserves, and "metallurgical" - 25%. Despite the significant volumes of explored reserves, coal is significantly inferior to natural gas and oil in terms of cost and environmental indicators of its use, as a result of which the demand for this type of raw material is steadily falling. At present, the world's proven coal reserves are about 600 billion tons. Most of the coal reserves are concentrated in North America (24.2%), the Asia-Pacific region (30.9%) and the CIS countries (30.6%). Nuclear energy accounts for about 7% of global energy production, and in in some countries, such as France, almost all energy is generated by nuclear power plants. For quite a long time, it was believed that uranium could eventually replace fossil fuels, since the cost of nuclear energy is much lower than the energy obtained by burning oil, gas or coal. However, after a series of accidents at nuclear power plants, the largest of which occurred in May 1979 in Three Mile Island (USA) and in April 1986 in Chernobyl (USSR), "green" movements began around the world against the construction of nuclear power plants. Currently, environmentalists have a very strong influence in some industrialized countries and will not allow this energy industry to develop. Hydropower provides about 7% of the energy used worldwide. In some countries, such as Norway, almost all electricity is generated by hydroelectric power plants. Water is one of the most environmentally friendly and cheap energy resources.

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Is storage of spent fuel profitable for the state? Spent nuclear fuel (SNF) is an extremely dangerous, highly radioactive "cocktail", which is a mixture of a huge number of fragmentation elements, various isotopes of uranium, plutonium, as well as other transuranium elements and their decay products. Existing technologies provide only two ways of handling SNF: - storage or burial, - processing (regeneration) of SNF. Until July 2001, Russian legislation permitted the import of SNF from foreign NPPs only for the purpose of processing, followed by the return of processed products, including high-level waste. On June 6, 2001, the State Duma in the third reading adopted a law amending Article 50 of the Law of the RSFSR "On the Protection of the Environment", which allowed "the import into the Russian Federation from foreign countries of irradiated fuel assemblies of nuclear reactors for temporary technological storage and (or) their reprocessing.” A draft law on the import of foreign SNF, adopted by the State Duma in 2001, makes it possible to dispose of radioactive waste generated as a result of its processing in Russia. The feasibility study (FS) for the project does not include the cost of re-transporting most of the reclaimed fuel and radioactive waste. This is also evidenced by the construction of a disposal facility for high-level LRW, which is provided for by the feasibility study of the project. This suggests that radioactive waste will remain in Russia forever. If the import project is implemented, then about 200 tons of plutonium will be separated as a result of processing. Russia already has 30 tons of plutonium in storage, separated from the reprocessing of domestic spent nuclear fuel. This plutonium is not used for various reasons, including economic ones. There are no ways to industrially dispose of plutonium as a fuel. Storing plutonium is very problematic and extremely expensive. The costs that Russia will incur from importing foreign SNF will cover the revenue side of the project. According to Rosatom, the construction of the plant will cost only $1.96 billion. However, the cost of a similar enterprise in Sellafield (Great Britain), with a capacity 2 times less, cost $4.35 billion. In Japan, a similar plant was valued at $17 billion. The cost of the project does not take into account, at a minimum, the costs of transporting a significant part of the regenerated uranium fuel and radioactive waste back to the supplier country, decommissioning the SNF storage and processing facilities, etc. It is assumed that the profit from the import of spent nuclear fuel will allegedly be spent on environmental programs. At the same time, for 40 years already, "nuclear" officials have been unwilling to solve the problem of resettlement of residents affected by the activities of the Mayak Production Association in the Chelyabinsk region. People still live on radioactive earth. Moreover, a medical experiment is being conducted on them to study the effect of low doses of radiation on the human body. Even if the project is launched, there are no guarantees that the money will be used for the stated purposes.

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Results of the forecast of world energy consumptionIn the opinion of analysts, the realism of these forecasts is not in doubt. The main question is how soon such changes will occur and how they will affect the global economy. In any case, it is already becoming obvious that the era of black gold is nearing its end.

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International organizations for the protection and conservation of natureINTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS OF THE UN SYSTEM. UNCED - United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED). Year of establishment: 1989 Participants: Member States of the United Nations. Objectives: interaction of states on key issues (protection of the atmosphere, protection of land and water resources, use of new methods of biotechnology, suspension of environmental degradation). Main activity: preparation of national reports and work programs UNDP - United Nations Development Program (UNDP). Year of establishment: 1965 Participants: 189 states. Objectives: to help developing countries build more efficient economies and rational use of natural resources. Main activities: conducting research on natural resources, creating local educational institutions and material and technical base for applied research. CSD - United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD). Year of establishment: 1992. Participants: 53 states with the right to vote (Africa 13, Asia 11, Eastern Europe 6, Latin America and the Caribbean 10, Western Europe, etc. 13). Objectives: to promote the process of sustainable development at the national and international levels. Main activity: drawing attention to the problems of environmental protection; assistance in improving the activities of the UN in the field of environment and development; encouragement of seminars and conferencesWHO - United Nations World Health Organization WorldHealthOrganisation (WHO) - World Health Organization. Year of creation: 1946 Participants: Member States of the United Nations. Objectives: to protect and improve human health by controlling and managing the negative impact on the environment. Main activities: carrying out activities to improve the environment, including ensuring the safety of the use of chemicals, assessing and monitoring the level of pollution, protection from radioactive exposure, assessing the impact of climate change on human health; development of a Global Strategy for the Protection of Health and the Environment. IUCN - International Union for Conservation of Nature - World Conservation Union - International Union for Nature Conservation (IUCN) - The World Conservation Union. Greenpeace (eng. Greenpeace - "green world") - an international public environmental protection organization founded in Canada in 1971. The main goal is to achieve a solution to global environmental problems, including by attracting the attention of the public and authorities to them.

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Monitoring and observation systems World Conservation Monitoring Center (WCMC) Year of establishment - 1981 Participants: IUCN, WWF. Objectives: To support conservation and sustainability programs through the provision of complete and up-to-date information based on research and analysis. Global Resource Information Database (CRID-UNEP). Year of establishment: 1985 Participants: UN member countries. Objectives: Collection and dissemination of data on the state of the environment. Main activities: providing access to the latest environmental data management technologies; enabling countries to use GRID technology for national environmental assessment and management Environmental Law Information System (ELIS). Year of establishment: 1970 Participants: IUCN member organizations. Objectives: collection, processing and dissemination of information on legal aspects, legal literature and documents on environmental protection International Environmental Information System (INFOTERRA) International Environmental Information System (INFOTERRA). Year of establishment: 1977 Participants: 149 countries. Objectives: to promote the establishment of contacts between sources and consumers of information, the exchange of data on environmental issues, the unification of information resources. UNEP Climate Change Information Unit - InformationUnitonClimateChangeUNEP.International Environmental and Natural Resources Information service (INTERAISE).European Environment Information and ObservationNetwork

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How Global Warming Happens There are certain gases in the Earth's atmosphere that act as a "greenhouse", trapping the sun's rays that bounce off the Earth's surface. As you know, without this mechanism, the Earth would be too cold to support life. With the onset of the industrial revolution, huge amounts of greenhouse gases began to enter the atmosphere, especially carbon dioxide (CO2). An increase in greenhouse gases increases the temperature of the atmospheric layers and leads to global warming. When coal, oil and natural gas are burned, the concentration of these gases in the atmosphere increases. For more than a hundred years, the entry of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, caused by the development of industry, transport and energy production, has been faster than their removal from the atmosphere through natural processes.

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Causes of the Greenhouse Effect Another reason for the rise in greenhouse gases is global deforestation. Trees are known to absorb carbon dioxide. As a result of massive deforestation on the globe, the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere is increasing and the ability of the remaining forests to absorb it is decreasing. The second most important greenhouse gas is methane (CH4). It is a by-product of the coal combustion process and is also released into the atmosphere during the production of natural gas, which is almost pure methane. When burning different types of fossil fuels, different amounts of CO2 are produced per unit of energy produced. Most of the products of combustion of coal, which consists mainly of carbon, is CO2. Combustion of natural gas, which is mainly methane, produces water and CO2, so CO2 emissions per unit of energy are lower compared to coal. Oil, in terms of CO2 emission, is between gas and coal, since it is a mixture of various hydrocarbons. The amount of CO2 generated per unit of energy from coal, oil and gas is in the ratio 2:1, 5:1. that coal reserves are much larger.

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Natural landscape Damage to forests and soil Acid rain affects forests as well as lakes and rivers. In many parts of the world, trees are severely affected by acid rain. Many trees lose their leaves, their top becomes thinner. For some trees, this impact is so unfavorable that they die. Trees need healthy soil to grow and develop. Acid rain absorbed into the soil makes it virtually impossible for trees to live. As a result, trees become more susceptible to viruses, fungi and insect pests, become unable to fight them and therefore die. In the case of crops and some sensitive wild or cultivated species, exposure to ozone will damage the leaves, resulting in poor photosynthesis.

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Human health We eat food, drink water and breathe air that is affected by acid rain. Studies conducted by Canadian and American scientists show that there is a link between environmental pollution and respiratory diseases in the most sensitive part of the population, such as children and asthmatics. Exposure to ozone and other photochemical oxidants has also been reported to adversely affect human health. Elevated levels of ozone can cause premature aging of the lungs and other respiratory problems, such as damage to lung function or an increased susceptibility to bronchitis. There is an increase in the incidence of asthma attacks and respiratory diseases. Other photochemical oxidizers cause a range of acute symptoms including eye, nose and throat irritation, chest discomfort, cough and headache.

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Impacts of climate change The UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change suggests that air temperatures will increase by another 1-3.5 degrees Celsius and water levels could rise by another 1 meter over the next 100 years. These changes will affect many aspects of our lives. Here are some of them: The level of the world ocean will rise. Rising sea levels will destroy shores and coastal wetlands. Negative impact on harvest. A warmer climate will increase the number of certain insect pests. Tropical diseases will spread. Infectious diseases such as malaria, fever, encephalitis and cholera will spread as mosquitoes and other disease vectors common in warmer countries can migrate to new areas. This will lead to an increase in the number of epidemics, like the outbreaks of malaria in New Jersey and the fever in Texas.

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Conclusion During the study, we got acquainted: With various alternative energy sources. We showed their main advantages and disadvantages. We considered from the point of view of geography the processes associated with the extraction, processing and storage of resources. The hypothesis is confirmed: the irrational use of natural resources disrupts the geography of the whole world, negatively affects the standard of living of people, the state of nature, there is a real threat of pollution of the planet. Surprisingly, Russia is in no hurry to notice the upcoming global changes. While developed countries are trying to reach a fundamentally new level, characterized by maximum independence from hydrocarbon supplies, the Russian leadership is diligently rebuilding the country according to the scheme of an energy empire. Unfortunately for the "energy emperors" in the next 10-15 years, the transition of world leaders to the use of alternative energy sources will still take place. The global trend is that the era of "black gold" will come to an end and what will happen to the economies of countries dependent on oil (Russia) are left to guess.

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Literature used Energy resources of the world. Under the editorship of Neporozhny P.S., Popkov V.I. - M.: Lavrus V.S. "Sources of Energy" K .: 1997 Magazine "Energy Saving" No. 7 / 2007 The concept of the project of the Russian program for the development of renewable energy sources www.energoinform.org. Antropov P.Ya. Fuel and energy potential of the Earth. M., 1974

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Alternative energy sources Prepared by: teacher of biology DTPA Poplavskaya E.F.

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Alternative energy sources "A world that can be flown around in 90 minutes will never again be for people what it was for their ancestors."

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Problem questions What are the advantages and disadvantages of alternative energy sources? What are the types of power plants? Which of the following alternative energy sources will dominate?

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In connection with the problem of ecological catastrophe, an important place is given to the search for alternative energy sources. There are a great many different ways to get energy without emitting greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. The most famous of them are: Solar energy Wind energy Geothermal energy River energy World Ocean energy Tidal energy Hydrogen energy

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Advantage: Colossal amount of energy Disadvantage: Weak solar energy density

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Solar power plant The main disadvantage of solar power plants is their high cost and large footprint. Thus, to accommodate a solar power plant with a capacity of 100 MW, an area of ​​​​200 hectares is required, and for a nuclear power plant with a capacity of 1000 MW - only 50 hectares.

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Solar energy in Ukraine Significant pace of development of Ukrainian solar energy in 2011 proved to the whole world that Ukraine has an impressive potential in this area. Last year, equipment with a total capacity of 185.5 MW was put into operation in the country, while in 2010 the installed capacity of photovoltaic modules was only 2.5 MW. Mainly, such a powerful jump was a consequence of the approval of a high rate of "green" tariff - 46 euro cents per 1 kWh of electricity. Dunaiska is a 43 megawatt (MW) solar power plant located near the village of Dolinovka in the Odessa region of Ukraine. Consists of 182,380 modules. It occupies 80 hectares. Built by the Austrian company Activ Solar.

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Wind power Advantage: Wind energy potential is great Disadvantages: Wind farms are weather dependent. In addition, they are very noisy, so large installations even have to be turned off at night. In addition, wind farms interfere with air traffic, and even radio waves. Finally, their use requires huge areas than other types of power generators.

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Wind energy in Ukraine The most suitable for wind power plants (WPP) in Ukraine are the northern regions and the Crimea. At the beginning of 2008, the total capacity of the WPP in Ukraine was 89 MW. All Ukrainian wind farms were built as part of the implementation of the “Comprehensive program for the construction of wind power plants”, adopted by the government of Ukraine in 1997 and foreseeing the commissioning of 1990 MW of wind power capacities by 2010. Basically, these wind farms with a capacity of 107.5 kW, which are produced in Ukraine under the license of the American company Kenetic Windpower. Since June 2003, the commissioning of wind power plants of the Belgian company "Turbowinds" with a capacity of 600 kW began in Ukraine.

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Geothermal energy is based on the use of the Earth's heat. Disadvantage: Weak concentration Advantage: Inexhaustible reserves, harmless, economical The geyser contains a huge energy - you just need to be able to use it.

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Geothermal energy in Ukraine Ukraine has at its disposal significant resources of geothermal energy, the potential reserves of which are estimated at 1022 J. This is equivalent to fuel reserves of 3.4·1011 tce. According to various estimates, geothermal heat resources, taking into account proven reserves and the efficiency of geothermal energy conversion, will be able to ensure the operation of geothermal power plants with a total capacity of up to 200 - 250 million kW (with drilling depths of boreholes up to 7 km and periods of operation of stations up to 50 years) and geothermal heat supply systems with a total with a capacity of up to 1.2-1.5 billion kW (with drilling depths of boreholes up to 4 km and periods of operation of systems up to 50 years).

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Energy of rivers This direction is not new, in Ukraine there are already hydroelectric power plants on small rivers. There are even entire regions where the life of the population depends on the delivery of hydrocarbon fuel, and at the same time, small rivers with sufficient water supply are in place. Therefore, it is advisable to develop small-scale energy as an alternative source of energy. The Autonomous Republic of Crimea is truly unique due to its geographical location, since the development of the potential of small rivers and the use of free pressure in the existing water supply and sewerage systems of Crimean cities using small hydropower plants will help solve the problems of improving the power supply to many consumers and their environmental safety. The objects of small hydropower include mini-hydro power plants - with a capacity of up to 100 kW, micro-hydro power plants - up to 100 kW and own small hydro power plants - 15-25 MW. The total installed capacity of small hydroelectric power plants in the Crimea can be about 6900 kW. The operation of small HPPs in the Crimea makes it possible to additionally produce up to 5 million kW / h of electricity per year, which is equivalent to annual savings of up to 1.5 thousand tons of scarce organic fuel.

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Energy reserves in the oceans are colossal, because two-thirds of the earth's surface (361 million km) is occupied by seas and oceans. In addition to the treasures of sunken ships, innumerable treasures of energy are stored in the ocean. 2

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Tidal energy The use of tidal energy began already in the 19th century. for the operation of mills and sawmills on the shores of the White and North Seas. Until now, such structures serve the inhabitants of a number of coastal countries. Now research on the creation of tidal power plants (TPP) is being conducted in many countries of the world. Twice a day at the same time, the ocean level either rises or falls. It is the gravitational forces of the Moon and the Sun that attract masses of water towards them. Away from the coast, fluctuations in the water level do not exceed 1 m, but near the coast they can reach 13 m.

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Tidal power plants operate according to the following principle: a dam is built at the mouth of a river or bay, in the body of which hydroelectric units are installed. A tidal basin is created behind the dam, which is filled by the tidal current passing through the turbines. At low tide, the flow of water rushes from the pool to the sea, rotating the turbines in the opposite direction. It is considered economically feasible to build a TPP in areas with tidal fluctuations in sea level of at least 4 m. The design capacity of a TPP depends on the nature of the tide in the area of ​​the station construction, on the volume and area of ​​the tidal basin, and on the number of turbines installed in the body of the dam.

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Hydrogen - the energy of the future "I believe that hydrogen and oxygen in the form of water will be used as an inexhaustible source of heat and light" Jules Verne.

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Properties of Hydrogen Hydrogen is the simplest and most abundant chemical element in the universe. It is a colorless gas, odorless and tasteless, non-toxic. Each hydrogen molecule is made up of two hydrogen atoms. Hydrogen gas is 14 times lighter than air and has the highest energy per unit mass of any other fuel. Hydrogen is widely distributed on our planet, but is found only in combination with other elements. Combining with oxygen forms water, and combining with carbon forms hydrocarbons, such as gasoline, diesel fuel, natural gas, propane and many others. Hydrogen is the best energy carrier for fuel cell electric vehicles or existing internal combustion engine vehicles. Hydrogen in water

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Environmentally friendly fuel When hydrogen is burned, heat, ordinary water and a negligible amount of nitrogen oxides are released. Hydrogen fuel does not contain carbon, so its use does not increase the content of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. The combustion of hydrogen does not lead to the destruction of the ozone layer and the formation of acid rain. The transition to the use of hydrogen as an energy carrier can restore the ecology of the atmosphere, especially in large metropolitan areas. Hydrogen is the only truly environmentally friendly chemical fuel.

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sugar cane which is used to make ethanol. Ethanol is used as a fuel, as a solvent, and as a filler in alcohol thermometers.

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Hydrogen Production Any hydrogen containing material can be a potential source of fuel for fuel cells. Hydrocarbon fuels - methanol, ethanol, natural gas, refined petroleum products and liquefied propane - can give off hydrogen when refining petroleum products through additional processing. Hydrogen can be extracted from biogas or other carbon-free compounds. You can get hydrogen from water using electric current. This process is called electrolysis Sources of hydrogen:

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Hydrogen storage The problem of hydrogen storage is currently being successfully solved by researchers and car manufacturers. Hydrogen can be stored in much the same way as gasoline or propane, but high pressure cylinders are required. Another way to store hydrogen is in the form of hydrides (chemical compounds with other substances) under little or no pressure at all. Hydrogen can also be stored as a liquid, but it would need to be cooled to minus 183 degrees Celsius to do so. A lot of energy is required to liquefy hydrogen in this way, so the gaseous form is much more convenient.

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Hydrogen Safety Hydrogen has been produced commercially in the US for more than 50 years, and this experience has shown that it can be produced and transported safely. In the 20th century, hydrogen was used as household gas in the United States, and more than 500,000 households in Japan use it to this day. The US hydrogen industry has demonstrated exemplary levels of safety over the past 50 years, and safety requirements are constantly rising. Speaking of gasoline safety. A gasoline fire in 1986 killed 760 people in the United States. More than 140,000 gasoline-fuelled car fires occur each year. Hydrogen is much lighter than air and dissolves quickly, so in the event of a leak in the open air, it rises and is instantly diluted to a non-explosive concentration. When ignited, hydrogen burns at a lower temperature than gasoline vapor, thus greatly reducing the risk of surrounding objects catching fire. Finally, hydrogen does not pollute the soil, as well as water and air.

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Ford on a hydrogen engine accelerated to 331 km. per hour In the United States at Bonneville Salt Lake, Ford's Fusion Hydrogen 999 set a new world speed record for cars equipped with a hydrogen engine. Such a Ford, under the control of the famous racer Rick Burns, was able to accelerate to 207 miles per hour (331 kilometers per hour). The Ford Fusion Hydrogen 999 is the world's first off-the-shelf racing car with a 770 horsepower electric motor powered by a fuel cell hydrogen plant. According to representatives of the American company, this machine is the result of 10 years of research in the field of hydrogen technology, and it took more than a year to build it.

The presentation reflects the material of research activities on the topic "Alternative Energy Sources". The presentation shows all sources of alternative energy used by people in the modern world. The material can be used in the lessons of geography, physics, ecology, class hours.

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Presentation. "Alternative Energy Sources". Completed by: 8th grade students of MBOU Ilkinskaya secondary school. Nazarova Arina, Paranina Ekaterina. Head: Zashkalova S.I. 2013-2014 year. http://www.posternazakaz.ru/shop/makeframe/80662/573/82/

Alternative energy sources. Wind power Geothermal power Solar power Biopower Hydropower Hydrogen power

Wind power. Wind energy is a branch of energy that specializes in the use of wind energy - the kinetic energy of air masses in the atmosphere. http://www.energypicturesonline.com/watermark.php?i=2241 Windmill.

http://www.energypicturesonline.com/watermark.php?i=2272 Wind energy. Wind energy uses the force of the wind to drive the blades of wind turbines. The rotation of the turbine blades is converted into electrical current by an electrical generator. In an old mill, wind energy was used to turn mechanical machines to do physical work, such as crushing grain. Now, electric currents drawn by large-scale wind farms are used in national power grids, and small individual turbines are used to provide electricity to remote areas or an individual home.

http://www.energypicturesonline.com/watermark.php?i=2142 Pros. Wind energy does not produce any environmental pollution, as wind is a renewable energy source. Wind farms can be built offshore. Minuses. Wind power is intermittent. If the wind speed decreases, the movement of the turbine slows down and less energy is generated. Large wind farms can have a negative effect on scenery.

Solar energy. Solar energy is the energy of the sun, it is an almost endless source as long as our star shines. Thousands of joules of heat rush in our direction. http://pics.posternazakaz.ru/pnz/product/med/2d2c5c1e1088bb3241178b7421d0754b.jpg

Energy of sun. Solar energy is commonly used for heating, cooking, power generation, and even seawater desalination. The sun's rays are captured by solar installations and the sunlight is converted into electricity, heat. http://20c.com.ua/images/sun_batery.jpg

Pros. Solar energy is a renewable resource. As long as the sun exists, its energy will reach the Earth. Solar energy does not pollute either water or air, because there is no chemical reaction resulting from burning fuel. Solar energy can be used very efficiently for practical applications such as heating and lighting. Cons Solar energy does not produce energy if the Sun is not shining. Night and cloudy days will severely limit the amount of energy produced. Solar power plants can be very expensive. http://www.ecogroup.com.ua/sites/ecogroup.com.ua/files/u1/1307883633_solar-panels.jpg

Hydropower. Hydropower - the energy of falling water, and how to convert it into electricity. http://ukrelektrik.com/_pu/7/25618938.jpg

Water energy. The generation of electricity from moving water is one of the cleanest and most affordable renewable energy sources. This is a good viable option if you live on a river with a reasonably steady flow. http://myrt.ru/news/uploads/posts/2008-12/1230382583_gidroelektrostancia.jpg

Geothermal energy. Geothermal energy is a direction of energy based on the production of electrical and thermal energy at the expense of thermal energy contained in the bowels of the earth at geothermal stations. Considered renewable energy. http://www.google.ru/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg/300px-NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://ru. wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D0%25BD %25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D1%258D%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0&wh=200 =300&sz=24&tbnid=Jy6JxE56uKNZMM:&tbnh=90&tbnw=135&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25%D0%25BC 25B0%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F%2B%25D1%258D%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B5%25D1% 2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0.%2B%2B%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8 %26tbm%3Disch%26tbo%3Du&zoom=1&q=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1% 8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA% D0%B 0.++%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8&docid=phieHb0jE2WXQM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=uJlsT62YAYrR4QS96pTAAg&ved=0CCUQ9QEwAA&dur=72

Earth energy. Pros. When done correctly, geothermal energy does not emit harmful by-products. Geothermal power plants are usually small and have little impact on the natural landscape. Cons If done incorrectly, geothermal energy can lead to pollutants. Incorrect drilling in the ground contributes to the release of hazardous minerals and gases. http://www.google.ru/imgres?imgurl=http://www.inverter-china.com/ru-blog/upload/geothermal-energy.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.inverter-china.com/ ru-blog/articles/Geothermal-power/about-Geothermal-power.html&h=295&w=336&sz=20&tbnid=wO9cqTlo3jF6HM:&tbnh=90&tbnw=103&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BE %25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F%2B%25D1%258D%25D0%25BD %25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0.%2B%2B%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580% 25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8%26tbm%3Disch%26tbo%3Du&zoom=1&q=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5 %D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0 %B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0.++%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD% D0%BA%D0%B8&docid=U4m-XpSiQew5mM&hl=ru&sa=X&ei=uJlsT62YAYrR4QS96pTAAg&ved=0CCsQ9QEwAg&dur=394

Bioenergetics. Bioenergy is a branch of the electric power industry based on the use of biofuels from various organic substances, mainly organic waste. http://www.google.ru/imgres?q=%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D1%8D %D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1 %81%D1%8B&hl=ru&newwindow=1&sa=X&biw=1567&bih=778&tbm=isch&prmd=imvns&tbnid=heAWuowfcoRswM:&imgrefurl=http://info-site.my1.ru/publ/11-1-0-329&docid=bB0G7Xw634vIQM&imgurl=http : //www.buzzle.com/img/articleImages/325208-14112-35.jpg&w=350&h=223&ei=mpxsT9isKaGg4gTCyJTAAg&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=456&sig=107568240252406074391&page=2&tbnh=139&tbnw=197&start=30&ndsp=36&ved=1t: 429, r :33,s:30&tx=108&ty=75

Biomass Organic materials from plants or animals can be used to create energy that can be converted into electricity. Obviously, the combustion process is all bad for the environment, but organic matter burns much cleaner than fossil fuels. http://www.google.ru/imgres?q=%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D1%8D %D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1 %81%D1%8B&start=66&hl=en&newwindow=1&sa=X&biw=1567&bih=778&tbm=isch&prmd=imvns&tbnid=QWPJkZuBF7cFxM:&imgrefurl=http://aenergy.ru/1724&docid=jgjAC40VNl70SM&imgurl=http://aenergy.ru/wpenergy.ru/wpenergy.ru /uploads/2009/08/article-18-08-09-2.JPG&w=586&h=279&ei=sJxsT7mXJrDQ4QTeo6nAAg&zoom=1

Hydrogen energy. Hydrogen energy is an actively developing type of energy, the production and consumption of energy is based on the use of hydrogen, which in turn is formed during the decomposition of water. http://www.google.ru/imgres?imgurl=http://energokeeper.com/assets/images/0100/0015.jpg&imgrefurl=http://energokeeper.com/vodorodnaya-energetika.html&h=225&w=300&sz= 23&tbnid=k3YgRbJbF24XBM:&tbnh=93&tbnw=124&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BA%25D02% %25D0%2592%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F%2B%25D1%258D%25D0%25BD %25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0.%26tbm%3Disch%26tbo%3Du&zoom=1&q=%D0%BA%D0 %B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE %D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0 %BA%D0%B0.&docid=Mmh6ufKHBJO_xM&hl=ru&sa=X&ei=U7hsT8GRO8K2hQfqrKCkBw&ved=0CCsQ9QEwAg&dur=141

Conclusion. Alternative energy sources such as solar and wind can help reduce energy costs. Read about existing alternative energy technologies and how future energy sources will help you run your home efficiently. Alternative or renewable energy sources show significant promise in reducing the amount of toxins that are by-products of energy use. Not only do they protect against harmful by-products, but the use of alternative energy sources conserves many of the natural resources that we currently use as energy sources.

Resources Alternative energy. 2 . -Renewable-Energy-Systems.htm&usg=ALkJrhg7W0B9ajHdq0T7ZDs1-HFcNJ2zqA Renewable energy.

During the existence of our civilization many times there has been a change of traditional energy sources to new, more advanced ones. And not because the old source has been exhausted. The sun always shone and warmed man: nevertheless, one day people tamed fire and began to burn wood. Then wood gave way to coal. Stocks of wood seemed limitless, but steam engines demanded more high-calorie "feed". But that was only a stage. Coal soon loses its lead in the energy market to oil. And here is a new round: in our days, oil and gas remain the leading types of fuel. But for each new cubic meter of gas or a ton of oil, you need to go further north or east, dig deeper into the ground. No wonder that oil and gas will cost us more and more every year. Replacement? We need a new energy leader. They will undoubtedly be nuclear sources. The reserves of uranium, if, say, to compare them with the reserves of coal, do not seem to be so great. But on the other hand, per unit weight, it contains millions of times more energy than coal. Thorny, difficult, indirect energy path of mankind. But we believe that we are on the way to the Era of Energetic Abundance and that all obstacles, barriers and difficulties will be overcome. The story of energy is endless, the alternative forms of its use are innumerable, provided that we must develop effective and economical methods for this. It is not so important what is your opinion about the needs of energy, about energy sources, its quality, and cost. We, apparently, should only agree with what the learned sage, whose name remains unknown, said: "There are no easy decisions, there are only reasonable choices."

Wind energy. Wind energy uses the force of the wind to drive the blades of wind turbines. The rotation of the turbine blades is converted into electrical current by an electrical generator. In an old mill, wind energy was used to turn mechanical machines to do physical work, such as crushing grain. Now, electric currents drawn by large-scale wind farms are used in national power grids, and small individual turbines are used to provide electricity to remote areas or an individual home.

Pros. Wind energy does not produce any environmental pollution, as wind is a renewable energy source. Wind farms can be built offshore. Minuses. Wind power is intermittent. If the wind speed decreases, the movement of the turbine slows down and less energy is generated. Large wind farms can have a negative effect on scenery.

Energy of sun. Solar energy is commonly used for heating, cooking, power generation, and even seawater desalination. The sun's rays are captured by solar installations and the sunlight is converted into electricity, heat.

Pros. Solar energy is a renewable resource. As long as the sun exists, its energy will reach the Earth. Solar energy does not pollute either water or air, because there is no chemical reaction resulting from burning fuel. Solar energy can be used very efficiently for practical applications such as heating and lighting. Cons Solar energy does not produce energy if the Sun is not shining. Night and cloudy days will severely limit the amount of energy produced. Solar power plants can be very expensive.

Geothermal energy. Geothermal energy is a direction of energy based on the production of electrical and thermal energy at the expense of thermal energy contained in the bowels of the earth at geothermal stations. Considered renewable energy.

Earth energy. Pros. When done correctly, geothermal energy does not emit harmful by-products. Geothermal power plants are usually small and have little impact on the natural landscape. Cons If done incorrectly, geothermal energy can lead to pollutants. Incorrect drilling in the ground contributes to the release of hazardous minerals and gases.

Biomass Organic materials from plants or animals can be used to create energy that can be converted into electricity. Obviously, the combustion process is all bad for the environment, but organic matter burns much cleaner than fossil fuels.

Conclusion. Alternative energy sources such as solar and wind can help reduce energy costs. Read about existing alternative energy technologies and how future energy sources will help you run your home efficiently. Alternative or renewable energy sources show significant promise in reducing the amount of toxins that are by-products of energy use. Not only do they protect against harmful by-products, but the use of alternative energy sources conserves many of the natural resources that we currently use as energy sources.

Resources Alternative energy. 1. //saveenergy.about.com/od/alternativeenergysources/a/altenergysource.htm&usg=ALkJrhgt0WEAMR14gV7RNqd 1FrqDtz4DKQ com/translate_c?hl=en&langpair=en%7Cru&rurl=translate.google.ru&u= Energy-Systems.htm&usg=ALkJrhg7W0B9ajHdq0T7ZDs1-HFcNJ2zqA Renewable energy.