Literary monuments of ancient Russia presentation. Presentation - Old Russian literature. The Beginning of Russian Literature

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ChroniclerNestor

He lived in the second half of the 11th century - the beginning of the 12th century. CHRONICLE Description of the events of Russian history by years (years) What happened this year What the descendants of NESTOR - a monk (monk) of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery should know and remember, CHRONICLE

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The Beginning of Russian Literature

Baptism of Russia In 988, Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich of Kiev decided to be baptized by the Church of Constantinople. After that, during the reign of the Emperors Basil II and Constantine VIII Porphyrogenic, the clergy baptized the people of Kiev in the waters of the Dnieper and Pochaina. According to the tradition of the Russian Church, this happened on August 1, although there is no reliable information about it. According to the Russian chronicle The Tale of Bygone Years, the prince offered the following prayer during the baptism of his people: Prince Vladimir the Red Sun

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The adoption of Christianity by Prince Vladimir largely determined the spiritual and political development of Russia for many centuries to come, contributed to the spread of writing, the development of architecture and painting in its medieval forms, and the penetration of Byzantine culture. K. Lebedev "The Baptism of the people of Kiev" Great God, who created heaven and earth! Take a look at this new people and give them, Lord, take you away, the true God, as if taking you away the Christian countries, and establish faith in them right and not corrupt, and help me, Lord, on the opposite enemy, but relying on You and Your power, I will overcome his tricks!

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"The Tale of Bygone Years"

“Behold the tales of temporary years, where did the Russian land come from, who in Kiev began first before the princes ...” is a literary history of the Russian land from ancient times to the events of the beginning of the 12th century “The Miracle of George about the Serpent” Oleg prophetic Prince Igor and Princess Olga Prince Svyatoslav "The Tale of Belgorod Kissel" "The Tale of Nikita Kozhemyak" Author - monk Nestor Compiled around 1113

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Think and answer:

How did books spread in Ancient Russia? What is a list? Manuscript? Do all works of ancient Russian literature have the names of authors? What do ancient Russian writers value most in a person? What is the humanism of ancient Russian literature?

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Old Russian literature
Literature lessons in grade 9

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D.S. Likhachev
“Ancient Russian literature fills us with pride for our distant predecessors, teaches us to respect their work, struggle, their concern for the good of the Motherland”

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Perun
Christians and pagans
The overthrow of the idol of Perun

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In 988 Russia accepts Christianity

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Origin history:
Old Russian literature arose around the 11th century. and developed over seven centuries. The birth of literature was facilitated by the emergence of writing. Writing existed long before the adoption of Christianity in Russia (until 988). After the baptism of Russia, the development of writing, and hence literature, went much faster.

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Old Russian literature has gone through a centuries-old path of development. Its origins date back to the end of the 10th century and the first years of the 11th century. Old Russian literature existed and developed for seven centuries. There are six periods of development of Old Russian literature.

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Six periods of development of ancient Russian literature.
1. XI century - the first third of the XII century. 2. The second third of the XII - the first third of the XIII century. 3. The second third of the XIII - the end of the XIV century. 4. The end of the XIV - XV century. 5. The end of the XV - XVI century. 6. XVII century.

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Old Russian literature of the XI - the first third of the XII century
"The Tale of Bygone Years" Creation of the Slavic alphabet. Death of Oleg. Igor's death and Olga's revenge. The legend of the Belgorod kissel. The Tale of Kozhemyak.
"Instruction" by Vladimir Monomakh. "A word about the destruction of the Russian land". "The Word of Law and Grace"

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Old Russian literature of the second third of the XII - the first third of the XIII century
"The Tale of Igor's Campaign" Kiev-Pechersk Paterik "The Lay" by Cyril of Turov "Prayer" by Daniil Zatochnik

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Old Russian literature of the second third of the 13th - the end of the 14th century
The third period is associated with the Mongol-Tatar invasion and the fight against it. The heroic theme and belief in national revival dominate. "The Tale of the Devastation of Ryazan by Batu" "Zadonshchina"
Batu Khan's invasion of Russia.

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Old Russian literature of the late XIV - XV centuries
The fourth period is the time of the rise of national self-consciousness, the formation of a moral ideal. This was reflected in the lives of the saints written by Epiphanius the Wise. "The Life of Sergius of Radonezh"

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Old Russian literature of the late 15th - early 16th centuries
The fifth period is the era of the Moscow centralized state. There is a merger of regional literatures into the all-Russian one. "The Tale of Peter and Fevronia of Murom" "Journey Beyond the Three Seas" "Domostroy"

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Literature of the 17th century.
Time of collision of old and new principles of writing. "The Tale of Shemyakin's Court" "The Tale of Woe - Misfortune" "The Life of Archpriest Avvakum"
Autograph of the "Life of Habakkuk" with the postscript of the elder Epiphanius.

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Distinctive features:
The book was handwritten. The author was absent in most of the works. Literature was divided into 1) church and secular 2) translated and original

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Psalter
This is what the first books looked like.
Birch bark

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Cyril and Methodius - the creators of the Slavic alphabet
Cyrillic

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OLD RUSSIAN BOOKS

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Human deeds are preserved in stone, in wood, in paints. And all of them become the object of close attention of a historian who studies culture, and in it - art, crafts, literature, books ...

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The book as such came to Russia along with Christianity. Russian writing was adopted from neighboring Bulgaria - a country that was baptized more than a hundred years earlier than Russia. In Bulgaria there were already Slavic church books. At that time, the Old Bulgarian and Old Russian languages ​​were so close that there was no need to translate Bulgarian into Russian.
Kupriyanov or Novgorod leaflets. Gospel Aprakos X-XI century. (?). Middle Bulgarian version (?). Fragment

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Before the invention of the printing press, all books were handwritten. At that time they were written on parchment, and sometimes on birch bark, in a charter or half charter with bird feathers.
Samples of the Cyrillic semi-ustav (Gospel "Ananyino", late 16th - early 17th century) and Glagolitic (Zograph Gospel, 11th century)

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The beginning of each chapter in the book - its title and the first lines of the text - were written out in cinnabar - red paint, and sometimes gilded, decorated with multi-colored initials. Since then, the concept of “red line” has remained in our language.
Page written by charter. Ostromir Gospel, 11th century

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The book was carefully bound. The covers were wooden, covered with leather. You will read the book from beginning to end and you will understand where the expression "read the book from board to board" came from.
Gennadiev Bible

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Chronicles testify that in Russia in churches “the cages are filled with books”, in the cells of monasteries “nothing is visible except icons and books”, and in every boyar’s chamber there is a “cross chamber”, and in it under the icons-images - books.
Cross Chamber - Moscow Kremlin

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Old Russian handwritten books are distinguished by a high culture of artistic design, original calligraphy. All handwritten books are indispensable witnesses of the epoch, the main and reliable source for studying the national culture.
The gospel aprakos is complete. 1362 Novgorod. Scribe Mikula

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Ostromir Gospel
The Ostromir Gospel is the oldest accurately dated book written in Cyrillic.

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It was written in 1056-1057. on parchment, contains 294 sheets of a beautiful charter letter in two columns, 3 colorful miniatures, bright headpieces and numerous various initials.
Ostromir Gospel of 1057, sheet 245b

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Information about the origin of the Ostromir Gospel is contained in this book itself and is confirmed by historical sources: its copyist was deacon Grigory, and the customer was the Novgorod posadnik Ostromir. Hence the name of the Gospel - Ostromirovo.
Ostromir Gospel of 1057, sheet 271 b

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Izbornik Svyatoslav
The second most ancient (after the Ostromir Gospel) dated manuscript that has come down to us (1073) is the Izbornik, which belonged to the Kiev prince Svyatoslav Izyaslavich.

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This is a Russian list from a Bulgarian manuscript of the 10th century. The collection is encyclopedic in nature. It contains excerpts from the Holy Scriptures and the works of the Holy Fathers of the Church, philosophical and natural science texts. The manuscript is written in a charter on parchment, and two scribes worked on it.
Collection of Svyatoslav. Frontispiece depicting the world-encompassing temple

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Title page from Izbornik 1073
Collection of Svyatoslav. Drawings in the fields

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Gennadiev Bible
For every nation, the creation of a complete Bible code in their native language is an important milestone in the history of culture. For Russia, this milestone was 1499. It was in that year that a huge work was successfully completed in Veliky Novgorod to compile the first in Russia complete handwritten collection of all biblical texts in the Slavic language, that is, the first complete Slavic Bible.

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This work was carried out on the initiative of Gennady, Archbishop of Novgorod. Therefore, in science, the book was called the Gennadiev Bible.

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The Gennadievskaya Bible is the highest example of book art of its time. It is written on high-quality paper, has 1002 sheets, the size of which is 33 by 23.5 cm.

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1) transferable;
2) original (from the 11th century).
Genres of Old Russian literature

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Genres of ancient Russian literature.
Chronicle - a story about events of historical importance, arranged "by years", that is, in chronological order. Teaching - a heartfelt conversation about spiritual values. The story - tells about the most important historical events. Walking - tells about long journeys. Life - a description of the exploits and good deeds of the saints. The word is an example of solemn eloquence.

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Our Lady
Walking - a genre in which all kinds of travel to other lands or adventures were described
"Walk of the Virgin through the torments"
Walking

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Life - a description of the life of a saint
Archpriest Avvakum
Peter and Fevronia of Murom
Sergius of Radonezh
life

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life
Life was an indispensable attribute when a person was canonized, i.e. were considered saints. Life was created by people who directly communicated with a person or could reliably testify to his life. Life was always created after the death of a person. It performed a huge educational function, because the life of the saint was perceived as an example of a righteous life, which must be imitated. In addition, life deprived a person of the fear of death, preaching the idea of ​​the immortality of the human soul. Life was built according to certain canons, from which they did not depart until the 15th-16th centuries. One of the first works of the hagiographical genre in ancient Russian literature was the life of the holy princes Boris and Gleb.

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According to legend, a few years before the reign, Peter fell ill with leprosy, from which no one could cure him. Tradition says that in a dream it was revealed to the prince that he could be healed by the daughter of a “tree climber” of a beekeeper who extracted wild honey, Fevronia, a peasant woman of the village of Laskova in the Ryazan land. Fevronia, as a payment for treatment, wished that the prince would marry her after the healing. Fevronia healed the prince, but he did not keep his word, since Fevronia was a commoner. The disease resumed, Fevronia again cured the prince, and he married her.

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Considering the burial in one coffin incompatible with the monastic rank, their bodies were laid in different monasteries, but the next day they were together.
In their advanced years, having taken monastic vows in different monasteries with the names David and Euphrosyne, they prayed to God that they die on the same day, and bequeathed to put their bodies in one coffin, having prepared in advance a tomb of one stone, with a thin partition. They died on the same day and hour - June 25, 1228.

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Buried were St. spouses in the cathedral church of the city of Murom in honor of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos, erected over their relics by vow by Ivan the Terrible in 1553. After the revolution, in 1921, the relics were taken to the local museum. Since 1992, the relics have openly rested in the cathedral church of the Holy Trinity Monastery in Murom. In memory of the holy spouses, the day of Peter and Fevronia is established.

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The story was written in the 16th century by Yermolai - Erasmus (Yermolai the Sinful). The story belongs to the genre of "life". "Life" is a genre of ancient Russian literature that describes the life of a saint. Composition of life: Birth of a saint. The life of a saint in the parental home. The decision to serve God. Leaving parental home. A lonely life in the forest, serving the Lord, the arrival of other hermits and the founding of a monastery. Lifetime miracles. Death of a saint. Posthumous miracles.

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Chronicles - weather (by "years" by "years") records. In the annals, learned monks reported on the events that took place in a given year.
"The Tale of Bygone Years"
chronicle

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Chronicle writing began in Russia in the 11th century.

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What is chronicle.
"Deeds of bygone days, legends of antiquity deep." A.S. Pushkin
The chronicle is a historical genre of ancient Russian literature of the 11th - 17th centuries. The chronicle is a record of events, brought in year after year, as they occur.

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How were chronicles created?
Ancient chroniclers wrote their stories on parchment.
Each monastery had its own chronicler. On the basis of the primary annals, annalistic codes were compiled.

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"The Tale of Bygone Years"
Nestor is the first Russian chronicler.
The Tale of Bygone Years is the first Russian chronicle of the beginning of the 12th century.

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"The Tale of Bygone Years"
Monk Nestor

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In 1073, the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery Nikon the Great, using the "Ancient Kiev Code", compiled the "First Kiev-Pechersk Code". annals of the Lavrentiev and Ipatiev Chronicles

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“Behold the tales of temporary years, where did the Russian land come from, who in Kiev began first before the princes, and where did the Russian land come from ...”

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"TALE OF TIME YEARS" is an ancient Russian chronicle created in the 1110s. Chronicles are historical works in which events are described according to the so-called yearly principle, combined according to annual, or “weather” articles (they are also called weather records). “Annual articles”, which combined information about events that occurred within one year, begin with the words “In the summer such and such ...” (“summer” in Old Russian means “year”).

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The earliest extant copy of the Tale of Bygone Years dates back to the 14th century. It was called the Laurentian Chronicle after the name of the scribe, the monk Laurentius, and was compiled in 1377.
Another oldest list of the Tale of Bygone Years has been preserved in the so-called Ipatiev Chronicle (mid-15th century).

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Laurentian Chronicler

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Laurentian Chronicle
Unfortunately, the manuscript of The Tale of Bygone Years - the oldest chronicle - inscribed by the hand of Nestor the chronicler himself, unfortunately, has not been preserved. Only 118 sheets have been preserved in the Novgorod Chronicle of the 13th century. Subsequently, Nestor's chronicle was repeatedly rewritten and distributed to other cities of Russia. Finally, in 1377, by order of the Grand Duke of Suzdal, Dimitri, a monk named Lavrenty rewrote the 1305 chronicle. It is this chronicle that has survived to this day.
The first page of the Laurentian Chronicle of 1377

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Pages from the Tale of Bygone Years

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The main events in the Tale of Bygone Years are wars (external and internecine), the foundation of churches and monasteries, the death of princes and metropolitans - the heads of the Russian church.
Traditions are also included in the Tale of Bygone Years. For example - a story about the origin of the name of the city of Kiev on behalf of Prince Kyi; legends about the Prophetic Oleg, who defeated the Greeks and died from the bite of a snake hiding in the skull of the deceased prince's horse; about Princess Olga, cunningly and cruelly taking revenge on the Drevlyane tribe for the murder of her husband.

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Yaroslav the Wise

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The largest annalistic work of medieval Russia (XVI century). 10 volumes of the code have come down to us. The first three volumes are devoted to world history. Seven subsequent volumes set out Russian history, starting from 1114 to 1567. The volume containing the initial Russian history has not been preserved.
Front Chronicle
Miniature of the Obverse Chronicle, 70s. 16th century

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The front chronicle was created by order of Tsar Ivan IV (the Terrible) in the period from 1568 to 1576. A whole staff of royal scribes and artists worked on its creation.

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The book miniatures of the collection are also valuable historical sources that have conveyed to our time information about the nature, material production, culture and life of Ancient Russia and neighboring peoples.

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Teaching is a genre that sets out the rules of life that the author wanted to convey to the reader: he taught him.
Vladimir Monomakh 1053-1125
teaching

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teaching
Teaching is a kind of genre of ancient Russian eloquence. Teaching is a genre in which ancient Russian chroniclers tried to present a model of behavior for any ancient Russian person: both for a prince and for a commoner. The most striking example of this genre is the Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh included in The Tale of Bygone Years. In The Tale of Bygone Years, the Teaching of Vladimir Monomakh dates back to 1096. At this time, the strife between the princes in the battle for the throne reached its climax. In his teaching, Vladimir Monomakh gives advice on how to organize your life. He says that there is no need to seek the salvation of the soul in seclusion. It is necessary to serve God by helping those in need. Going to war, you should pray - God will definitely help. Monomakh confirms these words with an example from his life: he took part in many battles - and God kept him. Monomakh says that one should look at how the natural world works and try to arrange social relations along the lines of a harmonious world order. The teaching of Vladimir Monomakh is addressed to posterity.

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The word is a kind of genre of ancient Russian eloquence. An example of the political variety of ancient Russian eloquence is the "Tale of Igor's Campaign". Another example of political eloquence is the "Word about the destruction of the Russian land", which was created immediately after the Mongol-Tatars came to Russia. The author glorifies the bright past and mourns the present. An example of a solemn variety of ancient Russian eloquence is Metropolitan Hilarion's "Sermon on Law and Grace", which was created in the first third of the 11th century.
Word

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The story is a text of an epic nature, telling about princes, about military exploits, about princely crimes. Examples of military stories are "The Tale of the Battle on the Kalka River", "The Tale of the Devastation of Ryazan by Batu Khan", "The Tale of the Life of Alexander Nevsky".
Tale

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Uniting genres
The primary genres acted as part of the unifying genres, such as the chronicle, the chronograph, the chapel-menaia, and the patericon. A chronicle is a narrative of historical events. This is the most ancient genre of ancient Russian literature. In Ancient Russia, the chronicle played a very important role, because. not only reported on the historical events of the past, but was also a political and legal document, testified to how to act in certain situations. Chronographs are texts containing the description of time. Cheti-Minei (literally “reading by months”) is a collection of works about holy people. Patericon - a description of the life of the holy fathers. Separately, it should be said about the genre of apocrypha. Apocrypha - literally translated from ancient Greek as "hidden, secret"

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The message was usually used for journalistic purposes, that is, it was devoted to some topical issues.
The first message of Andrei Kurbsky to Ivan the Terrible
Message

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Kiev-Pechersk Patericon
Paterik - a collection of short stories about monks and lay people
patericon