SPELLING GUIDE,

PRONUNCIATION, LITERARY EDITING

In memory of Tatyana Grigoryevna Vinokur -

philologist-enthusiast, colleague, person…

FOREWORD

This edition is based on the materials of D. E. Rozental’s Handbook of Spelling and Literary Editing, which went through 5 editions. In this guide, not only have the Spelling and Punctuation sections been revised and updated, but a completely new section, Russian Literary Pronunciation, has been included. The section "Literary text editing" was also replenished with new chapters: "Complex syntactic whole", "Shapes", "Text editing technique", and the chapter "Choice of a word, stable combination" was completely redesigned.

The guide is intended for media workers, publishers, authors, translators, for those who are engaged in referent, advertising, information, public activities that require universal skills in the design of various genres of messages and public speaking to an audience. The handbook is also of interest to a wide range of readers interested in the culture of Russian written and spoken language.

The sections "Spelling" and "Punctuation", covering the entire system of spelling and punctuation, are based on the normative and still valid "Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation (1956)". The main attention is paid to the so-called "difficult cases", which traditionally raise questions from writers. This is, first of all, the use of uppercase and lowercase letters, which is largely due to socio-historical changes that affect the choice of one form or another (in particular, the spelling of names associated with religion, which is becoming increasingly important in society); this is the spelling of complex words, adverbs, continuous or separate spelling of a particle not , one or two n , etc. In the field of punctuation - punctuation marks with isolated, clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of a sentence, introductory words, between parts of an asyndetic complex sentence. The conditions of use and the expediency of variable punctuation marks are considered in detail.

The section "Literary text editing" is devoted to such important issues of style as an adequate choice of words and phraseological units, the normative use of grammatical forms, synonymy of parts of speech and syntactic constructions. Particular attention is paid to the forms and means of expressing the author's position in the text using various speech and textual means, as well as the methods of working with the text, its construction, design, editing.

In the new section devoted to the basics of Russian literary pronunciation, along with the basic rules necessary for mastering the culture of oral speech, methodological recommendations are also given for speaking to an audience, for pausing the sounding text, intonation, and logical stress. It is assumed that the skills of competent literary pronunciation will help to improve the culture of speech, the level of which has recently been of concern.

The Directory includes as an appendix a list of basic dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books that can be recommended to the reader for a more in-depth acquaintance with the issues of interest to him, to check difficult cases of using language units.

The illustrative material is presented with examples from Russian classical and modern literature, as well as from the most recent works, from newspaper and magazine publications of the 80-90s, translations from foreign languages ​​into Russian.

Nowadays, when the literary language is strongly influenced by colloquial (and even slang) vocabulary, often invading the language under the slogan of emancipation and "democratization", the proposed. The reference book will help the speaker and writer to correctly select the language means, it is expedient to build the statement and the text as a whole, and most accurately and fully convey its content to the listener and reader.

The authors thank the researchers of the Institute of the Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, teachers of the Department of the Russian Language of the Moscow Linguistic University, employees of the Moscow Synodal Library of the St. Danilov Monastery, who made a number of valuable comments that were taken into account in the preparation of this publication.

SPELLING

The spelling of words in Russian is subject to the rules set out in this section. In those cases where spelling is not based on rules, one should refer to normative dictionaries (see appendix at the end of the book).

I. ROOT SPELLING

§ 1. Checked unstressed vowels

Unstressed vowels of the root are checked by stress, i.e. the same vowel is written in the unstressed syllable as in the corresponding stressed syllable of the single-root word, for example: forests(Forest), Fox(l and sy), try on(m e rit) costume - reconcile(peace) neighbors; fluttering(v e yat) flag - evolving(un and tie) industry; refrigerator(X O lod, hol O bottom).

Wed different spelling of unstressed root vowels in similar-sounding words; climb up(in pocket) - lick(wounds) boil(potato) - open(Door), caress(cat) - rinse(mouth), clip-on(collar) - clip-on(about a horse) thin out(shoots) - discharge(gun), belittle(meaning) - beg(about mercy), etc.

Note 1. In some roots there is an alternation of vowels. The number of such roots is limited (see § 3 about this).

Note 2. vowel O in unstressed roots of perfective verbs cannot be checked by imperfective forms for -yvat (- ive ), For example: to be late (late, although be late), cut (cut, although cut out).

Note 3. In some words of foreign origin with a suffix distinguished only etymologically, the spelling of an unstressed vowel cannot be checked with a single-root word if the checked and check vowels are part of suffixes of different origin, for example: subscription (-ment goes back to the French suffix), although subscribe (-ing goes back to the German suffix); accompaniment, although accompany; engagement, although engage. Wed also a similar phenomenon in the composition of a foreign root apperceive, although apperception; disinfect, although disinfection. The root vowel is preserved in words injection - to inject, projection - to project and bake. others

§ 2. Unverifiable unstressed vowels

The spelling of unstressed vowels that cannot be checked by stress is determined from a spelling dictionary, for example: badminton, concrete, twine, can, bodyaga, briolin, validol, cheesecake, ventilation, vestibule, ham, vinaigrette, dysentery, jerking off, intelligentsia, kalamyanka, kalach, closet, loaf, cuttlefish, holster, layout, burner, head of cabbage, koschey, amulet, magarych, madapolam, obsession, front garden, pantopon, ferry, periphery, gudgeon, pigalitsa, plasticine, privilege, rump steak, rotaprint, bullfinch, smelt, scholarship, brake, thorny, elixir, overpass and many others. etc. (as the examples show, this includes words regardless of their origin).

§ 3. Alternating vowels

alternation a and O

1. Fundamentally gar- - mountains written under stress a, no accent - O; zag a r, ug a r - zag O real, ug O ret.

Exceptions: profit a rki, izg a r, prig a p(special and dialect words).

2. Fundamentally salary - zor- a vowel is written under stress in accordance with pronunciation, without stress - a: s a revo, s O rka - s a rnitsa, oz a rip.

An exception: wake up.

3. Fundamentally cus- - braid(n) - spelled O if followed by a consonant n, in other cases - a: To a sit down, to a satelnaya - to O sleep, prick O dreaming.

Academic codes of spelling and punctuation

(arranged in reverse chronological order)

Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation. Complete academic reference book: approved by the Spelling Commission of the Russian Academy of Sciences / [ed. N. S. Valgina, N. A. Eskova, O. E. Ivanova, S. M. Kuzmina, V. V. Lopatin, L. K. Cheltsova; resp. ed. V. V. Lopatin]; Ros. acad. Sciences, Dep. historical and philological. Sciences, Institute of Rus. lang. them. V. V. Vinogradova. - Moscow: Eksmo, 2006. - 478, p. – The reference book is an updated edition of the current “Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation” of 1956. – Editions after 2006 erased.

Code of rules of Russian spelling. Spelling and punctuation: project / [ed. B. Z. Bukchina, N. A. Eskova, O. E. Ivanova, S. M. Kuzmina, V. V. Lopatin, L. K. Cheltsova (spelling), N. S. Valgina (punctuation); scientific ed. N. A. Eskova, S. M. Kuzmina, V. V. Lopatin (spelling), E. N. Shiryaev (punctuation); ed. O. E. Ivanova]; Ros. acad. Sciences, Dep. lit. and lang., Spelling Commission and Institute of Rus. lang. them. V. V. Vinogradova. - Moscow: Azbukovnik, 2000. - 396, p. - The project was not approved.

Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation: approved. Acad. Sciences of the USSR, M-vom higher. arr. USSR and Ministry of Education. RSFSR / [the largest account. in comp. hosted by S. G. Barkhudarov, K. I. Bylinskiy, V. V. Vinogradov, I. S. Istrina, I. A. Kairov, E. I. Korenevsky, S. E. Kryuchkov, S. P. Obnorskiy, D N. Ushakov, A. B. Shapiro, L. V. Shcherba]. – Ed. 2nd, sr. - Moscow: State. educational-ped. publishing house M-va. enlightenment RSFSR, 1962. - 175, p. - Auth. indicated in approx. US. 4. - Ed. 1st - 1956 - The rules are posted on the portal in the Help section.

Handbooks on Spelling and Literary Editing by D. E. Rosenthal

Rosenthal D. E. Handbook of the Russian language: spelling, pronunciation, literary editing / D. E. Rozental, E. V. Dzhandzhakova, N. P. Kabanova. – 7th ed. - Moscow: Iris-press, 2010. - 491 p. - The text is printed in a new edition according to the edition: A Handbook of Spelling, Pronunciation and Literary Editing / D. E. Rozental, E. V. Dzhandzhakova, N. P. Kabanova. 4th ed., rev. Moscow: CheRo, 2001.

Rosenthal D. E. Handbook of spelling and literary editing / D. E. Rosenthal; [ed. I. B. Golub]. – Ed. 2nd, rev. - Moscow: Rolf, 1999. - 361, p.

Rosenthal D. E. Handbook of spelling and literary editing: for press workers / D. E. Rosenthal. – Ed. 3rd, rev. and additional - Moscow: Book, 1978. - 334 p.

Rosenthal D. E. Handbook of spelling and literary editing: for press workers / D. E. Rosenthal. - Moscow: Book, 1967. - 407, p.

A guide to punctuation by D. E. Rosenthal

(editions are in reverse chronological order)

Rosenthal D. E. Reference book on the Russian language. Punctuation / D. E. Rosenthal. - Moscow: ONYX 21st century: 2004. - 263 p.

Rosenthal D. E. A guide to punctuation: for press workers / D. E. Rosenthal; [Reviewer Dr. Philol. sciences, prof. V. F. Ivanova]. - Moscow: Book, 1984. - 272 p.

Reference books on spelling and punctuation by K. I. Bylinsky and N. N. Nikolsky

(editions are in reverse chronological order)

Bylinskiy K.I. A guide to spelling and punctuation for press workers / K. I. Bylinsky, N. N. Nikolsky. – Ed. 4th, revised. and additional - Moscow: Publishing House of Moscow. un-ta, 1970. - 343, p. - Previous ed.: A Spelling and Punctuation Guide for Press Workers / K. I. Bylinskiy and N. N. Nikolsky. 3rd ed., revised. Moscow: Art, 1957. 336 p.

Bylinskiy K.I. A guide to spelling and punctuation for the press / prof. K. I. Bylinsky and N. N. Nikolsky. – Ed. 2nd, revised. - Moscow: Art, 1952. - 311, p. - Previous ed.: A Spelling and Punctuation Guide for Press Workers / K. I. Bylinskiy and N. N. Nikolsky. Moscow; Leningrad: Gizlegprom, 1947. 116 p.

Spelling, Punctuation, Speech and Editing Guides

Belchikov Yu. A. Practical stylistics of the modern Russian language: norms for the use of words, phraseological expressions, grammatical forms and syntactic constructions / Yu. A. Belchikov; Ros. acad. Sciences. - 2nd. ed., rev. and additional - Moscow: AST-PRESS, 2012. - 422 p. - (Reference books of the Russian language).

Bylinskiy K.I. Difficult cases of punctuation / K. I. Bylinskiy, D. E. Rosenthal; [ed. A. E. Milchin]. - Moscow: Art, 1961. - 231 p.

Grot J.K. Russian spelling: a guide compiled on behalf of the second branch of the Imperial Academy of Sciences / Ya. Grot. – Ed. 21st. - St. Petersburg: Printing house. Moscow Ways of Communication, 1914. - XII, 120, XLIV p.

Mamonov V. A. Practical stylistics of the modern Russian language / V. A. Mamonov, D. E. Rozental. - Moscow: Art, 1957. - 175, p.

Milchin A. E. Directory of the publisher and author: editorial and publishing design of the publication / Arkady Milchin, Lyudmila Cheltsova. - 4th ed. - Moscow: Art. Lebedev Studio Publishing House, 2014. - 1006 p. - This edition repeats the previous one, 3rd, rev. and additional ed. 2009

Ostroumova O. A. Difficulties of Russian punctuation. Dictionary of introductory words, combinations and sentences: [experience of a reference dictionary] / O. A. Ostroumova, O. D. Frampol. - Moscow: Publishing House of SGU, 2009. - 501 p.

Pakhomov V. M. Difficult cases of Russian punctuation: a reference dictionary / V. M. Pakhomov, V. V. Svintsov, I. V. Filatova. - Moscow: Eksmo, 2012. - 569, p. – (Library of EKSMO dictionaries). - The author's electronic version of the dictionary is posted on the portal in the "Help" section.

Editorial and publishing design of church printed publications: a guide for the author and publisher / Ed. Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, Synodal Library named after His Holiness Patriarch Alexy II, Publishing House of the Moscow Patriarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church; ch. ed. Publishing House of the Moscow Patriarchate Archpriest Vladimir Siloviev. - Moscow: Publishing House of the Moscow Patriarchy of the Russian Orthodox Church, 2015. - 205 p.

Sluzhivov L.I. A proofreader's guide: a practical guide for a proofreader, compositor, editor and author / L. I. Sluzhivov. - Moscow: State. light industry publishing house, 1932. - 256 p.

Unstressed vowels of the root are checked by stress, i.e. the same vowel is written in the unstressed syllable as in the corresponding stressed syllable of the single-root word, for example: try on(measure) costume - reconcile(peace) neighbors; fluttering(weave) flag - evolving(development) industry.

Wed different spelling of unstressed vowels of the root in words similar in sound: climb up(in pocket) - lick(wounds) boil(potato) - open(Door), caress(cat) - rinse(mouth), clip-on(collar) - clip-on(about a horse) thin out(shoots) - discharge(gun), belittle(meaning) - beg(about mercy), etc.

Note 1. Vowels O – a in unstressed roots of perfective verbs cannot be checked by imperfective forms for -yvat (- ive ), For example: be late (late, although be late), cut (cut, although cut out).

Note 2. In some words of foreign origin with a suffix distinguished only etymologically, the spelling of an unstressed vowel cannot be checked with a single-root word if the checked and check vowels are part of suffixes of different origin, for example: subscription (-ment goes back to the French suffix), although subscribe (-ing goes back to the German suffix); accompaniment, although accompany; engagement, although engage. Wed also a similar phenomenon in the composition of a foreign root: apperceive, although apperception; disinfect, although disinfection. The root vowel is preserved in words injection - inject, projection - project and some others.

§ 2. Unverifiable unstressed vowels

The spelling of unstressed vowels that cannot be checked by stress is determined from a spelling dictionary, for example: badminton, concrete, twine, can, bodyaga, briolin, validol, cheesecake, ventilation, vestibule, ham, vinaigrette, dysentery, jerking off, intelligentsia, kalamyanka, kalach, closet, loaf, cuttlefish, holster, layout, burner, head of cabbage, koschey, amulet, magarych, madapolam, obsession, front garden, pantopon, ferry, periphery, gudgeon, pigalitsa, plasticine, privilege, rump steak, rotaprint, bullfinch, smelt, scholarship, brake, thorny, elixir, overpass and many others.

§ 3. Alternating vowels

1. Fundamentally gar- - mountains- written under stress a , without stress - O : zag á r - zag O rély, ug O tret.

Exceptions:benefits a rki, uzg a r, prug a p(special and dialect words).

2. Fundamentally zar- - zor- a :h á revo, s ó rka - h a rnutsa, oz a ryat.

Exceptions:h O ryanka, s O roar.

3. Fundamentally kas- – kos- spelled O n , in other cases - a : To a sit down, to a satelnaya - to O sleep, prick O drifting.

4. Fundamentally clan- – clone- a vowel is written under stress in accordance with pronunciation, without stress - O :class á snuggle, snuggle ó n - pokl O snuggle, swear O ignorance.

5. In an unstressed root lag- - lie- front G spelled a , front well – O :offer a gat, adj a gatele - suggestion O horror, region O marriage.

An exception:gender O G lag- - lie- ).

6. Root poppy- found in verbs meaning "immerse in liquid": m a roll crackers into tea, obm a to stick the pen into the ink. Root mok- contained in verbs with the meaning "to pass liquid": you m O whip in the rain, prom O whip what is written. The rule applies to derivative words: m a canoeing, prom O rolling paper, non-industrial O cloak.

7. Fundamentally floating a vowel sound can be stressed and unstressed: pl á wat, pl a take into account, popl a wok. Root pilaf- contained in words pl O vets and pl O sneeze; root swim- - in a word pl s woons.

8. Root equal- available in words with the meaning "equal, identical, on a par": ur a opinion, cf. a understand, then a join(get even). Root even- - in words with the meaning "smooth, straight, smooth": zar O take in, r O vesnik, cf. O heed, ur O vein. Wed: sub a heed(make equal) - sub O heed(make it even) exp a external(made equal) - exp O external(made even).

9. Fundamentally ras- – ros- spelled a if followed by a consonant T (also before SCH ); in other cases it is written O : R a sti, nar a schenie - expression O sshiy, zar O sl, por O sl.

Exceptions:neg a sl, r O stock, vyr O stock, r O janitor, R O stov and etc.

10. In an unstressed root skak- - skoch- front To spelled a , front h – O : podsk a kat - prompt O a little.

Exceptions:sk a chock, sk a chy.

11. Fundamentally creature- - creative- a vowel is written under stress in accordance with pronunciation, without stress - O :tv á r, tv ó rchestvo - tv O rit, tv O rec.

An exception:utv a p(semantically no longer associated with the root creature- - creative- ).

12. in the roots ber- - bir-, der- - dir-, mer- - world-, per- - fir-, ter- - tir-, glitter- - blist-, zheg- - zhig-, stel- - stil-, even- - chit- spelled and -a- : sob and army, ass and army, deputy and army, zap and army, st and army, bl and become, szh and go, calculus and tat, dist and lat; in other cases it is written e : b e ru, d e ru, mind e ret, zap e ret, st e tret, bl e stet, survive e shitty, vych e t, dist e pour.

Exceptions:Op. e tat, op e dancing.

13. In roots with alternation a (i) - them, a (i) - in are written them and in , if followed by a suffix -a- : szh a t - szh and mother, adj a t - press and mother, different I am t - different and mother, sub I am t - lower and mother, sub I am t - under and nat, please a t - please and mother, pon I am t - mon and mother, beginning a t - beginning and nat. Wed: ext and motherly, close and remind, remind and nat, prim and nat and others. In derivative forms, the them , even if the suffix does not follow -a- , For example: sn and mu, sn and mi, sub and mu, podn and mi etc.

1. Names, patronymics, surnames, nicknames, pseudonyms are written with a capital letter: Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, Guy Julius Caesar, Emile Zola, Peter the Great (Peter I), Vsevolod the Big Nest, Catherine the Great, Timur the Iron Heel, Fedka Wash Yourself with Mud, Sinbad the Sailor, Demian Poor, False Nero, Knight of the Sad Image(about Don Quixote), etc.

Note. The nickname is never enclosed in quotation marks: Vladimir the Red Sun, Richard the Lionheart, Vanka Cain, Maid nicknamed the Great Mogul.

Remember:

August Strong

Alexander the Great

Anna of Austria

Boleslav the Brave

Vasily the Third Dark

Wilgelm the conqueror

Vladimir Red Sun

Vladimir Monomakh

Heinrich Birder

Heraclitus of Ephesus

David of Sasun

Diogenes of Sinop

Elena the beautiful

Ivan groznyj

Ivan Kalita

John Landless

John of Damascus

John Chrysostom

John the Baptist

Joseph the Beautiful

Charlemagne

Karl the Bald

Karl the Bold

Cato the Elder

Cato Utica

Kirill Turovsky

Louis the Pious

Saint Louis

Mary the Catholic

Mary the Bloody

Paskevich Erivansky

Nicholas the Wonderworker

Peter of Amiens

Pyotr Hermit

Pepin Short

Potemkin Tauride

Richard the Lionheart

Robin the Hood

Suvorov Rymniksky

Tarquinius the Proud

Tarquinius the Ancient

Ferdinand the Catholic

Philip Handsome

Friedrich Barbarossa

Edward the Confessor

Julian the Apostate

Yury Dolgoruky

Yaroslav the Wise

2. Proper names that have become common nouns are written with a lowercase letter: Alphonse, Dzhimorda, Don Juan, Womanizer, mentor, philanthropist, vanka(‘cabman in pre-revolutionary Russia’), vanka-vstanka (‘toy’).

If the surname used in a common noun does not go into the category of common nouns, the spelling is retained with a capital letter: We ... were firmly convinced that we had our own Byrons, Shakespeares, Schillers, Walter Scotts(Bel.).

But if the individual name of a person is used in a contemptuous sense, as a generic designation, then it is written with a lowercase letter: despicable socks and sheidemanns(‘traitors social democrats’), quislings (‘collaborators’).

3. The names of objects, units of physical quantity, plant species, etc., formed from the names of persons, are written with a lowercase letter: riding breeches, mac, revolver, remington, jacket, ampere, volt, pendant, ohm, x-ray, ivan-da-marya. Also: "Katyusha" (the colloquial name for the Guards mortar).

4. Individual names related to mythology and religion are capitalized: Zeus, Pallas Athena, Mars, Pegasus, Isis, Brahma, Buddha, Jesus Christ, Allah, Mohammed.

Generic names of mythological creatures are written with a lowercase letter: valkyrie, witch, devil, nymph, satyr, siren.

Note. The names of mythological creatures, used in a common or figurative sense, are written with a lowercase letter: Hercules ('croup'), Atlant ('column'), peruns ('lightning').

5. In complex surnames written with a hyphen, each part is capitalized: Saltykov-Shchedrin, Mamin-Sibiryak, Novikov-Priboy, Rimsky-Korsakov, Nemirovich-Danchenko, Svyatopolk-Mirsky, Ovchina-Telepnev-Obolensky, Betman-Golweg, Georgiou-Dej.

6. In double (triple, etc.) non-Russian names, regardless of their separate or hyphenated spelling, all parts are capitalized:

1) ancient Roman: Gaius Julius Caesar, Mark Tullius Cicero;

2) English (including Australian, Canadian, North American): George Noel Gordon Byron, Robert Louis Stevenson, John Boynton Priestley, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Charles Spencer Chaplin, Katharina Susanna Pritchard;

3) German: Johann Wolfgang Goethe, Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann, Erich Maria Remarque, Johann Sebastian Bach;

4) Scandinavian: Hans Christian Andersen, Svante August Arrhenius, Olof Reed Olsen;

5) French: Jean Jacques Rousseau, Pierre Henri Simon, Antoine Francois Prevost.

If there are only initials of names, a hyphen is placed between them: I.-S. Bach, V.-A. Mozart;

6) Italian: Giovanni Giacomo Casanova, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Maria Bianca Lugyurin;

7) Spanish (including Latin American): José Raul Capablanca, David Alfaro Siqueiros, Maria Teresa Peon;

8) Portuguese (including Brazilian, Angolese): Luis Carlos Martinez Pena, Maria Dlen Raposo, Agostinho Neto;

9) Flemish: Peter Paul Rubens;

10) Hungarian: Mihai Vitez Chokonai;

11) Romanian: Iona Stefan Radovic;

12) Polish: Bronislaw Wojciech Linke.

Note. In the names of the literary characters Don Quixote and Don Juan, both parts are capitalized and combined with a hyphen, forming a single proper name. But if the word don is used in the sense of ‘master’, it is written separately and with a lowercase letter: Don Basilio, Don Andrea. Common nouns donquixote, don juan are written in lower case.

7. After the initial components viga-, quasi-, pan-, pseudo- and other proper names (names of persons and geographical names) are written with a capital letter: anti-France, quasi-Pushkin, pan-Europe, pseudo-Raphael, false Voltaire(but: False Dmitry II), cinema-Anna (‘the actress who played the role of Anna in the cinema’).

8. Articles, prepositions and particles ( af, van, yes, de la, della, del, der, di, dos, du, du, la, las, le, background) in Western European proper names are written with a lowercase letter:Gustav af Geijerstam, Ludwig van Beethoven, Leonardo da Vinci, Antoine de Saint-Exupery, d "Alembert, Garcilaso de la Vega, Luca della Robbia, Andrea del Sorta, Max von der Grun, Hoffmann von Fallersleben, Cola di Rienzo, Fernando- di No Ronha, Delmonte y Aponte, Lara y Sanchas de Castro, Enrique dos Santos, Journal do Brasil, Roger Martin du Gard, Casa de las Americas, le Chapelier.

Service words are written with a capital letter:

1) if they have merged with the surname or name into one word (written together or with a hyphen): Vanloo, Descartes, Du-Belle, Dubois, Lamartine, Laplace, Las Vegas, Los Angeles;

2) if the surname is not used without a function word: Charles De Coster, De Leon, Dos Passos, Le Tellier;

3) if they are capitalized in the source language: Edmondo De Amicis, Di Vitshorio.

9. Particles O ' (Irish, attached with an apostrophe), Mac- (Scottish, attached with a hyphen), San-, Saint-, Saint- (Italian and French, attached with a hyphen) in front of the surname are written with a capital letter: O 'Henry, O ' Connor, McGregor, McDowell, San Marino, San Martin, Saint-Just, Saint-Saens, Sainte-Beuve.

10. In Arabic, Turkic, Persian personal names, components denoting social status, family relations, etc., as well as function words ( yeah, al, al, as, ash, bey, bek, ben, zade, zul, kyzy, ogly, ol, pasha, ul, khan, shah, ed, el etc., which, as a rule, are attached with a hyphen) are written with a lowercase letter: Kerim-aga, Zein al-Abadein, Sabah al-Salem, Omar ash-Sharif, Ishmael-bey, Bekir-bek, Yu "suf bin-Hedda, Tursun-zade, Salah-zul-Fikar, Marzaaga kyzy Suleymanova, Mammad- ogly(in Azerbaijani surnames, the word oglu is written separately: Aliyev Arif Saradt oghlu, but: Koroglu) , Hakim ol-Molk, Suleiman Pasha, Saif ul-Islam, Mirza Khan, Nadir Shah, Ahmad ed-Din, Mohammed el-Kuni, es-Zayat, Ahmed ibn al-Farid, Abu-l-Faraji, Ayvaz Oshar-ogly, Fakhrad-din-Razi, Jalal-ad-Din, Mustafa-Zarif Pasha, ibn Abd Robbihi, ibn al-Asir.

However, some of the named components of personal names, names of settlements and press organs are written with a capital letter: Al-Walid, "Al-Akhbar", Ben Yusuf, Ibn-Rushd, Ibn-Sina, Ibn-Saud, Oglu Bekir-bek, Zulfiqar Ali Khan, Zahir Shah, El-Alamein, Abu Ali, Haji Giray(the element of haji is the honorary title of a Muslim who has made a pilgrimage to Mecca).

11. In two-part Chinese personal names, both parts are capitalized: Sun Yat-sen, An Qi, Lee Woo.

12. In Korean, Vietnamese, Burmese, Indonesian, Ceylon, Japanese personal names, all parts are written separately and with a capital letter: Pak Su Yong, Ho Shi Ming, Fom Van Done, Le Duan, Wu Not Vin, Mang Reng Soi, Kurahara Korehito.

In Japanese proper names, the suffix -san ('master', 'lady'), which expresses respect for a person, is written with a lowercase letter and is joined by a hyphen: Cio-Cio-san, Suzuki-san, Toyama-san.

13. The names of characters in some works of fiction (fables, fairy tales, plays, etc.) are written with a capital letter: The naughty Monkey, Donkey, Goat and clubfoot Mishka started to play a quartet(Cr.); Santa Claus, Serpent Gorynych, Little Red Riding Hood, Gray Wolf, Bluebeard(heroes of fairy tales); Cat, Dog, Milk, Sugar, Bread(characters of M. Maeterlinck's play "The Blue Bird"); "Song of the Petrel"(M. G.); Someone in gray (Andr.).

14. Animal names are capitalized: the dog Zhuchka, the cat Vaska, the cat Murka, the horse Sivka, the cow Pestrushka, the elephant Sambo.

If an individual name is used as the name of an animal species or in a figurative sense, then it is written with a lowercase letter: bears in Shishkin's painting; Teddy bear; vaskas and murks rushed around the village; the yard was guarded by an ordinary bug(‘yard dog’ - by a common nickname).

Handbook of Spelling and Literary Editing. Rosenthal D.E.

16th ed. - M.: 2012 - 368s. 5th ed., rev. M.: 1989. - 320s.

The first two sections of the handbook contain basic rules for spelling and punctuation, with an emphasis on difficult cases. The third section provides information and recommendations of a normative nature related to literary editing. The reference book is intended for publishing workers, primarily editors, as well as for anyone who seeks to improve their literacy and culture of speech.

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Foreword ............................................. 3

Spelling 5

I. Spelling of vowels in the root 5

§ 1. Checked unstressed vowels ............................................... 5

§ 2. Unverifiable unstressed vowels...................................... 5

§ 3. Alternating vowels .............................................. ................. 6

§ 4. Vowels after hissing .............................................. ................... 7

§ 5. Vowels after c ............................................................................ ............ 8

§ 6. Letters 9 - e .................................................................................. ............ 8

§ 7. Letter th ......................................................................................... ............ 9

II. Spelling of consonants in the root 9

§ 8. Voiced and voiceless consonants .............................................. ............ ............ 9

§ 9. Double consonants at the root and at the junction of the prefix and the root 10

§ 10. Silent consonants...................................................... 11

III. Use of capital letters 12

§ 11. Capital letters at the beginning of the text .......................................... . 12

§ 12. Capital letters after punctuation marks .............................. 12

§ 13. Proper names of persons .............................................. ................. .......... 13

§ 14. Nicknames of animals, names of plant species, wine varieties .................. 15

§ 15. Names of characters in fables, fairy tales, plays ............... 16
§ 16. Adjectives and adverbs formed from individual names 16

§ 17. Geographical and administrative-territorial names ............... 17

§ 18. Astronomical names............................................... ........... 19

§ 19. Names of historical epochs and events, geological periods ....................... 20

§ 20. Names of revolutionary holidays, popular movements,significant dates. 20

§ 21. Names associated with religion ........................................................ ..... 21

§ 22. Names of organizations, institutions, enterprises, foreign firms ..... 21

§ 23. Names of documents, ancient monuments, works of art.......... ....... 24

§ 24. Names of positions and titles .......................................... .......... 24

§ 25. Names of orders, medals, insignia .............................. .......... 25

§ 26. Names of literary works and press organs 26

§ 27. Compound words and abbreviations .............................. ......... 26

§ 28. Conditional proper names .............................................. ........ ......... 27

IV. Dividing b and b 28

§ 29 Use b........................................................................... 28

§ 30. Use of b .............................................. ............................... ......... 28

v. Spelling prefixes 28

§ 31. Prefixes on z-...................................... ........................................ 28

§ 32. Prefix with-....................................... ........................................... 29

§ 33. Prefixes pre- and at- ............................................................... ........ 29

§ 34. Vowels s and and after prefixes .................................................. . 29

VI. Vowels after hissing and c in suffixes and endings 30

§ 35. Vowels owe after hissing ..................................................... 30

§ 36. Vowels after c ......................................................................... 31

VII. Spelling of nouns 31

§ 37. Endings of nouns .............................................. 31

1. Endings of the dative and prepositional cases of nouns with a stem on and (31). 2. The end of the prepositional case of neuter nouns in ye- (31). 3. Endings of the genitive case of plural nouns on ye- and bya- (31). 4. The ending of the genitive case of the plural of nouns on - "ya" (31). 5. Endings th and -ohm in the instrumental case of proper names (32). 6. Noun endings with suffixes -search, -ushk, -yushk, -ishk (32). 7. Noun endings with the suffix -l- (32)

§ 38. Suffixes of nouns ....................................................... 32

1. Suffixes -ik and -ek (32). 2. Suffixes -ets- and -its-(33). 3. Suffixes -IC- and -echk- (33). 4. Combinations -ink- and -enk- (33). 5. Suffixes -onk- and -enk- (33). 6. Suffixes -chik and -schik (33). 7. Suffixes -tion and -ne (34). 8. Words with rare suffixes (34)

VIII. Spelling of adjectives 34

§ 39. Endings of adjectives .............................................. . ........ 34

§ 40. Suffixes of adjectives .............................................. 34

1. Suffixes -iv, -liv-, -chiv- (34). 2. Suffixes -oh-, -ovat-, -ovit-, -ev-, -evat-, -evit- (34). 3. Adjectives on -whose- (35). 4. Suffixes -at-, -chat- (35). 5. Ultimate c stems before suffix -chat- (35). 6. Adjectives on -d-sky, -t-sky, ch-sky, -its-cue (35). 7. Adjectives with suffixcatfish -sk-(35). 8. Adjectives from stems to -"6 and -r (36). 9. Adjectives and nouns with combinations ch and sh at the junction of the root and suffix (36). 10. Suffixes -"-, -enn-, -onn-, -in-, -an-, (-yan-)(36) 11. Adjectives in -inskiy and -ensky (37)

IX. Spelling compound words 37

§ 41. Connecting vowels O and e .................................................. 37

§ 42. Compound words without a connecting vowel .............................. ........ 38

§ 43. Spelling of compound nouns .................................... 39

1. Words with elements -auto-, aero-, bicycle-, fierce-, agro-, bio-, zoo-, film-, radio-, tele-, photo-, macro-, micro-, neo-, meteo-, stereo-, hydro-, electro- and others (39). 2. Words like wryneck (39). 3. Compound words (39). 4. Words like vacuum apparatus, dynamo, chair-bed(40). 5. Words like gram atom(40). 6. Words like anarcho-syndicalism(40). 7. Names of intermediates

countries of the world (40). 8. Words with elements vice-, life-, chief-, non-commissioned, headquarters, ex- (40). 9. Words like love-not-love (40). 10. Words like boy-woman(40). 11. Words like alpha particle(40). 12. Words like Alma-Ata(40). 13. Words like part- and trade union organizations(41)

§ 44. Spelling of compound adjectives .................................. 41

1. Compound adjectives expressing subordinating relationships (41). 2. Continuous spelling of complex adjectives used as terms (42). 3. Compound adjectives, one of the parts of which is not used independently (43). 4. Adjectives formed from complex nouns with hyphens (43). 5. Adjectives formed from a combination of a given name and a surname, a given name and a patronymic, or two surnames (43). 6. Southern adjectives expressing compositional relations (44). 7. Compound adjectives, parts of which indicate heterogeneous features (44). 8. Compound adjectives denoting quality with an additional connotation (45). 9. Compound adjectives denoting shades of colors (45). 10. Hyphenated spelling of complex adjectives used as terms (45). 11. Compound adjectives in geographical or administrative names (46). 12. Compound type adjectives literary and artistic(47). 13. Phrases consisting of an adverb and an adjective or participle (47)

x. Spelling of numerals 48

§ 45. Numbers quantitative, ordinal, fractional... 48

§ 46. Numerals floor- ...................................................................... ......... 49

XI. Pronoun spelling 50

§ 47. Negative pronouns................................................... 50

XII. Spelling of verbs 51

§ 48. Personal endings of verbs .............................................. .......... 51

§ 49. The use of the letter b in verbal forms .......................... 52

§ 50. Suffixes of verbs................................................................ 52

XIII. Spelling participles 53

§ 51. Vowels in participle suffixes .............................................. .... 53

§ 52. Spelling "" and "in participles and verbal appendages
................................................................. ............................................... 53

XIV. Spelling of adverbs 56

§ 53. Vowels at the end of adverbs .............................................. ............... ........ 56

§ 54. Adverbs for hissing. . .................................................. ........ 56

§ 55. Negative adverbs ............................................... .............. ......... 56

§ 56. Continuous spelling of adverbs.................................................... 57

1. Adverbs of type utterly, forever(57). 2. Adverbs of type twice, two by two(57). 3. Adverbs of type for a long time, a lot(57). 4. Adverbs of type back to back(57). 5. Adverbs of type on the alert, alert(57). 6. Adverbs of type on time, on time, on time, in installments(58). 7. Adverbs of type up, forever, forever (59)

§ 57. Hyphenated spelling of adverbs .............................................. ......... 59

1. Adverbs of type apparently friendly, wolfish(59).

2. Adverbs of type Firstly(59). 3. Adverbs of type after all
(60). 4. Adverbs of type barely, little by little, not today-
tomorrow, from the bay-floundering(60). 5. Technical term on the-
mountain(60)

§ 58. Separate spelling of adverbial combinations .............................. 60

1. Type combinations side by side(60). 2. Type combinations honor honor (60). 3. Type combinations without knowing, in the old days, before refusal, on the fly, to match, with a running start, the other day (60). 4. Type combinations abroad, in memory, under the arm, in the hearts(61). 5. Combinations of a preposition with its noun starting with a vowel (61)

XV. Spelling of prepositions 61

§ 59. Compound prepositions ............................................... ......................... 61

§ 60. Continuous and separate spelling of prepositions and prepositional combinations 61

XVI. Spelling unions 62

§ 61. Continuous spelling of unions ................................................. ........... 62

1. Union to (62). 2. Unions too and also(62). 3. Unions and and besides(62). 4. Union but, adverbs why, then, why, why, why, therefore, therefore, why, how much(63). 5. Union so(64)

§ 62. Separate spelling of unions .................................................. ...... 64

XVII. Particle Spelling 64

§ 63. Separate spelling of particles .............................................. ........ ......... 64

§ 64. Hyphen spelling of particles .............................................. ......... 64

Spelling neither 65

§ 65. Spelling not with nouns ....................... 65

1. Words like ignoramus(65). 2. Words like enemy(65). 3. Words like layman(65). 4. Particle not when contrasted (66). 5. Particle not with a noun in an interrogative sentence (66)

§ 66. Spelling not with adjectives.......................... 66

1. Words like careless(66). 2. Words like small(66). 3. Particle not when contrasted (66). 4. Particle not with relative adjectives (66). 5. Writing a particle not in opposition expressed by the union a or but(67). 6. Writing not with adjectives carrying explanatory words (67). 7. Writing not with short adjectives (68). 8. Writing not with words ready, must, happy etc. (68). 9. Denial not with the comparative degree of adjectives (69). 10. Type adjectives incomparable(69). I. Particle not with an adjective in an interrogative sentence (70)

§ 67. Spelling not with nouns .............................................. 70

§ 68. Spelling not with pronouns ............................................... ......... 70

§ 69. Spelling not with verbs .................................................. .... ......... 70

§ 70. Spelling not with participles ............................................... 72

§ 71. Spelling not with adverbs .............................................. ........ 73

§ 72. Spelling neither ...................................................................... 75

XVIII. Spelling of interjections and onomatopoeic words 77

§ 73. Hyphen spelling of interjections and onomatopoeia. . 77

XIX. Spelling of foreign words 77

§ 74. Transcription of foreign words .............................................. ........ 77

XX. Punctuation at the end of a sentence and at a break in speech

§ 75. Point ............................................... ...............................................

§ 76. Question mark ............................................... ......................

§ 77. Exclamation point .............................................. ...................

§ 78. Ellipsis ............................................... ...................................

XXI. Dash between members of a sentence

§ 79. Dash between subject and predicate ..............................................

1. Subject and predicate - a noun in the nominative case (81). 2. Subject and predicate indefinite form of the verb (or noun and indefinite form of the verb) (82). 3. Dash before words this, that means and others (82). 4. Predicate - numeral (82). 5. Predicate - predicative adverb on O(83). 6. The predicate is an idiomatic turnover (83). 7. Subject-word it(83). 8. Subject - personal pronoun (83). 9. Predicate - interrogative pronoun (83). 10. Predicate - adjective, pronominal adjective, prepositional-safe combination (83). 11. Dash in footnotes (83)

§ 80. Dash in an incomplete sentence .............................................. ........ 84

1-2. Dash in elliptical sentences (84). 3. A dash in an incomplete sentence forming part of a complex sentence (84). 4. Dash in similarly constructed parts of a complex sentence (84)

§ 81. Intonation dash ............................................... ....................... 85

§ 82. Connecting dash .............................................. ...................... 85

1. A dash to indicate the limits of spatial, temporal, quantitative (85) 2. A dash between proper names that form the names of teachings, scientific institutions, etc. (85)
XXII. Punctuation marks in sentences with homogeneous members 85

§ 83. Homogeneous members, not connected by unions ..............................

1. Comma between homogeneous members (85). 2. Dot behind the fifth between homogeneous terms (86). 3. Dash between homogeneous members (86)

§ 84. Homogeneous and non-homogeneous definitions .................................. ........ 87

§ 85. Homogeneous and non-homogeneous applications .................................................. .........

§ 86. Homogeneous members connected by non-repeating unions ............................................................ ...............................................

1-3. Homogeneous members connected by single connecting and separating unions (90). 4. Homogeneous members connected by opposing unions (90) § 87. Homogeneous members,

United by repeated unions § 88. Homogeneous members connected by paired unions. . .

§ 89. Generalizing words with homogeneous terms ..............................................

1. Homogeneous terms with a preceding generalizing word (93). 2. Homogeneous terms followed by a generalization of the yush.im word (94). 3. Homogeneous terms after a generalizing word that do not end the sentence (95). 4. Generalizing word and homogeneous members in the middle of a sentence (95). 5. Semicolon between homogeneous members in the presence of a generalizing word (95)

XXIII. Punctuation marks for repeated words

§ 90. Comma with repeated words .............................................. .

§ 91. Hyphen spelling of repeated words ..................................

XXIV. Punctuation marks in sentences with separate members

§ 92. Separate definitions ............................................... ............

1. A common definition after the noun being defined (98). 2. Definition in combination with an indefinite pronoun (99). 3. Definitive, demonstrative and possessive pronouns in combination with participle turnover (99). 4. Two single definitions (99). 5. Single determination (100). 6. Definition with a circumstantial shade of meaning (100). 7. Definition in isolation from the noun being defined (100). 8. Definition with a personal pronoun (101). 9. Inconsistent definitions expressed by indirect cases of nouns (101). 10. Inconsistent definitions expressed by the comparative degree of adjectives (102). 11. Inconsistent definitions expressed in the indefinite form of the verb (102).

§ 93. Separate applications ............................................... ............

1. A common application with a common noun (103). 2. Single (non-spread) application (103). 3. Application with its own name (105). 4. Proper names of persons or the name of an animal as an application (105). 5. Applications attached by unions (106). 6. Application with a personal pronoun (106). 7. Application related to the missing defined word (106). 8. The use of a dash in a separate application (106)

§ 94. Separate circumstances .................................................... .......

1. Participle turnover (108). 2. Two single gerunds (PO). 3. Single gerund (111). 4. Circumstances expressed by nouns (111). 5. Circumstances expressed by adverbs (112)

§ 95. Separate additions .......................................................... ............

XXV. Punctuation marks in sentences with clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of the sentence

§ 96. Clarifying members of the sentence .............................................. ....

1. Clarifying circumstances (114). 2. Clarifying definitions (114). 3. Definitions specifying the meaning of pronouns this one, that one(114). 4. Words rather, rather, rather as introductory words (115)

§ 97. Explanatory members of the sentence ..........................................

1. Constructions with words namely, that is(115). 2. Constructions with an explanatory union or (116)

§ 98. Attaching members of the sentence ........................................

1. Constructions with words even, especially, for example, in particular, including and others (116). 2. Unionless connecting structures (117). 3. Signs for connecting structure (117)

XXVI. Punctuation marks for words not grammatically related to sentence members

§ 99. Introductory words and phrases .............................................. ......

1. Discharges of introductory words by value (117). 2. The distinction between introductory words and sentence members (119). 3. Punctuation with words finally, in the end, however, of course, means, in general, mainly, in any case(121). 4. Comma at the meeting of two introductory words (123). 5. Introductory words as part of isolated phrases (123). 6. Introductorywords after a coordinating conjunction (124). 7. Introductory words after the joining union (124)

§ 100

§ 101. Appeal ............................................... ................................. 126

§ 102. Interjection ............................................... ................................. 127

§ 103. Affirmative, negative and interrogative-exclamatory words. 129

XXVII. Punctuation marks in a compound sentence 130

§ 104. A comma in a compound sentence .............................. 130

§ 105. Semicolon in a compound sentence ... 132

§ 106. Dash in a compound sentence .................................. 132

XXVIII. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence 133

§ 107. Comma between main and subordinate clause 133

§ 108. A comma with complex subordinating conjunctions ....................... ...... 134

§ 109. Punctuation in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses..135

§ 110. A comma at the junction of two unions .................................................. ....... ...... 136

§ 111. Dash in a complex sentence .............................................. ...... 137

§ 112. Colon in a complex sentence .................................. 138

§ 113. Comma and dash in a complex sentence and in

period ................................................................................ 138

XXIX. Punctuation for phrases that are not subordinate clauses 139

§ 114. Expressions that are integral in meaning .............................................. .. 139

1. Turnarounds type make as it should, spend the night where you have to, go wherever your eyes look etc. (139). 2. Combinations not that, not thatn etc. (139). 3. Combinations (not) more than, (not) earlier thanand etc. (140). 4. Combinations no one knows who no matter where, no matter what etc. (140). 5. Combinations anyone, anywhere etc. (140). 6. Turnover type I have something to do, I'll find a place to turn etc. (140). 7. Combination only and... that (141)

§ 115. Comparative turnover .............................................. ............. 141

1. Turnovers with unions as if, exactly, as if and others (141).

2. Turnovers with the union how(142). 3. Absence of a comma in revolutions with a union how(143)

XXX. Punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence 145

§ 116. Comma and semicolon in non-union complex sentence 145

§ 117. Colon in a non-union complex sentence.... 146

§ 118. Dash in a non-union complex sentence ............................ ...... 148

XXXI. Punctuation marks in direct speech 151

§ 119. Direct speech after the author's words .............................................. ...... 151

§ 123. Punctuation marks in dialogue .............................................. ..... ...... 155

XXXII. Quote punctuation marks 156

§ 124. Quotation marks when quoting .............................................. ................... 156

§ 125. Ellipsis in quotations .............................................. .............. 157

§ 126. Uppercase and lowercase letters in quotations .................................. 157

XXXIII. Use of quotation marks 158

§ 128. Words used in an unusual, conditional, ironic meaning ... 158

§ 129. Names of literary works, press organs, enterprises, etc.. 159

§ 130. Names of orders and medals .............................................. ......... 160

§ 131. Names of brand names of machines, manufactured products, etc... 160

§ 132. Names of plant varieties .............................................. ........... 161

XXXIV. Combinations of punctuation marks 161

§ 133. Busy and dash .............................................. ............................... 161

§ 134. Question and exclamation marks .............................. ...... 162

§ 135. Quotation marks and other signs .............................................. ............... ...... 162

§ 136. Parentheses and other signs .............................................. ................. 163

§ 137. Ellipsis and other signs .............................................. .......... 164

§ 138. The sequence of characters in a footnote ................................. ...... 164

Literary editing

XXXV. Word choice 165

§ 139. Semantic and stylistic selection of lexical means 165

§ 140. Elimination of clericalism and stamps .............................................. 170

§ 141. Pleonasm and tautology .............................................. ................ ...... 173

§ 142. Sympathy of speech .................................................. ......................... 174

§ 143. Use of phraseological means .................................. ..... 175

XXXVI. Noun forms 178

§ 144. Fluctuations in the gender of nouns .............................................. 178

1. Words that have parallel masculine and feminine forms (178). 2. Words used in the masculine form (180). 3. Words used in the feminine form (181). 4. Words used in the form of the middle gender (181). 5. Words formed with suffixes (182)

§ 145. Differentiation of meanings depending on generic endings .............................. 182

§ 146. Gender of names of female persons by profession, position, etc. .................................................. 183

1. Words without paired formations (183). 2. Pair formations adopted in neutral speech styles (184). 3. Paired formations used in colloquial speech (184)

§ 147. The gender of indeclinable nouns .................................... 185

1. Words denoting inanimate objects (185).

2. Substantivized words (186). 3. Words denoting persons (186). 4. Words for animals, birds, etc. (186). 5. Geographical names (187). 6. Names of press organs (187). 7. Abbreviations (187)

§ 148. Features of the declension of some words and phrases 188 1. Words of the type house(188). 2. Words like house(188).

3. Compound words tina half an hour(188). 4. Compound words like raincoat tent, dining car(188). 5. Combination Moscow river(188). 6. Complex geographical
type names Orekhovo-Zuevo, Gus-Khrustalny(189). 7. Type combinations fifth of March(189)

§ 149. Declension of some names and surnames .................................. 189

1. Type names Levko, Gavrilo(189). 2. Type combinations

Jules Verne (189). 3. Names and surnames of the type Karel Chapek.(189). 4. Surnames ending in a consonant (189). 5. Indeclinable surnames on -ago, th and others (190). 6. Non-Russian surnames ending in a vowel (190). 7. Ukrainian surnames on -ko (191). 8. Korean, Vietnamese, Burmese surnames (191). 9. Double surnames (191). 10. Non-Russian surnames referring to two persons (191). 11. Type combinations two Petrovs(192). 12. Female patronymics (192)

§ 150. Endings of the genitive case of the singular -and I)----- u(-u) ..192

§ 151. Forms of the accusative case of animate and inanimate nouns .............................................................. ........ 193

§ 152. Endings of the prepositional case of the singular of masculine nouns -e----- at............. 195

§ 153. Endings of the nominative pluralmasculine nouns -s(s)----- and I).... 196

§ J 54. Genitive plural endings 199

§ 155. Endings of the instrumental plural-ami ----- (b)mi ....................................................... 200

§ 156. The use of the singular in the meaning of the plural .................................................... .............................. 201

§ 157. The use of abstract, material and proper nouns in the plural ........ 201

§ 158. Variants of suffixes of nouns .............................. 202

1. Words like sparrows- sparrows(202). 2. Words like birch forest- birch(202). 3. Words like senselessness- nonsense(202)

XXXVII. Forms of adjectives 203

§ 159. Full and short form of qualitative adjectives 203

§ 160. Variant forms of short adjectives .............................. 205

1. Mold type related, characteristic(205). 2. Mold type determined, outspoken(205). 3. Mold type bright, swarthy(206)
§ 161. Forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives .... 206
§ 162. The use of possessive adjectives .... 207
1. Type adjectives fathers, uncles(207). 2. Type adjectives paternal, maternal(208). 3. Type adjectives elephant, snake(208). 4. Type adjectives fox(208).
§ 163

XXXVIII. Forms of nouns 210

§ 164. Combinations of numerals with nouns ....................... 210

1. Shapes eight- eight, fifty- five- syat, with three hundred rubles - with three hundred rubles, thousand - thousand(210). 2. Forms of compound numbers (211). 3. Type combinations 22 days(211). 4. Shapes of wallpaper: - both(212). 5. Counting word pair(212). 6. Type combinations two or more(212). 7. Combinations of the preposition po with numerals (212). 8. Type combinations 33.5 percent(213). 9. Numerals one and a half n a hundred and fifty(213)

§ 165. The use of collective numbers .......................... 213

§ 166. Numerals in compound words .................................................... 214

1. Words with an element two- and two-(214). 2. Numerals floor-(215). 3. Compound words tina 2500th anniversary(215)

XXXIX. The use of pronouns 216

§ 167. Personal pronouns ............................................... ................. 216

1. Pronoun and context (216). 2. Omission of the pronoun-subject with the verb-predicate (216). 3. Pleonastic repetition of a personal pronoun as a subject (217). 4. Shapes she has - she has(217). 5. Initial "for 3rd person pronouns (217)

§ 168. Reflexive and possessive pronouns .......................... 218

1. Pronoun myself(218). 2. Pronoun mine(218)

§ 169. Defining pronouns ............................................... .. 219

1. Any- each- any(219). 2. Myself- most(220)

§ 170. Indefinite pronouns ............................................... .220

XL. Use of verb forms 221

§ 171. Formation of certain personal forms .................................... 221

1. Insufficient type verbs win(221). 2. Personal forms of verbs like get well(222). 3. Verbs to build, to sway, to spread, to honor(222) ^. Abundant type verbs rinse, move(222). 5. Some Forms of the Imperative (223)

§ 172. Variants of specific forms .............................................. .......... 224

1. Type verbs manage- manage(224). 2. Verbs type condition- condition(224). 3. Type verbs popularize- popularize(225). 4. Verbs to disdain, to see, to smoke, to climb, to measure, to torture, to raise, to read, to whistle, to hear, to grow old(225). 5. Verbs of motion (226). 6. The combination of verbs of motion with the names of modes of transport (227). 7. Mold type mok- got wet (227)

§ 173. Returnable and non-returnable forms .............................................. 227

1. Type verbs turn white- turn white(227). 2. Type verbsthreaten - threaten(227). 3. Verbs circle- cru live, splash - splash n others (227). 4. The ambiguity of constructions with verbs in -sya (228)

§ 174. Forms of participles ............................................... ......................... 228

§ 175. Forms of gerunds ............................................... ................. 229

XLI. The structure of a simple sentence 229

§ 176. Types of sentence .......................................... ................... 229

1. Type i constructions I propose- I propose(229). 2. Type constructs please don't smoke- no smoking(229). 3. Constructions of type i want- I would like to(230). 4. Turnovers real, passive and impersonal (230). 5. Offers with a "shifted" construction (230)

§ 177. Forms of the predicate ............................................... ................... 230

1. Colloquial forms of the predicate (230). 2. "Splitting" of the predicate (231). 3. Nominative and instrumental case in a compound predicate (231)

XLII. Order of words in a sentence 232

§ 178. Place of the subject and predicate .................................................. 233

§ 179. Place of definition in a sentence .............................................. 234

1. Agreed definition (234). 2. Several agreed definitions (235). 3. Inconsistent definition (236)

§ 180. Place of addition in the sentence .......................................... 236

1. Direct and reverse word order (236). 2. Location of several additions (237). 3. Design typemother loves daughter(237)

§ 181. Place of the circumstance in the sentence .................................... 237

§ 182. Location of introductory words, addresses, particles, prepositions .............................................. ................... 239

XLIII. Agreement of the predicate with the subject 240

§ 183. Predicate with a subject that has a collective noun in its composition ............ 240

1. Type designs the majority voted(240). 2. Type designs the majority of the population voted(241). 3. Conditions for setting the predicate in the plural (241)

§ 184

1. Significance of joint and separate action (242).

2. The meaning of the undivided and divided whole (242).

3. The designation of the measure of weight, space, etc. (243). 4. Combination with words years, months etc. (243). 5. Combinations with numbers two three four(243). 6. Compound numbers ending in one(243). 7. Predicates with words thousand, million, billion(244). 8. Combinations with words all, these, only and others (244). 9. Subject - numeral without noun (244). 10. The value of the approximate amount (244). 11. Word combinations several(245). 12. Combinations with words a lot, a little etc. (245). 13. Combinations with words like troika(246). 14. Combinations with words like mass, lot(246). 15. Words like half an hour(246).

§ 185. Coordination of the predicate with the subject, which has an application with it ............................................ ................ 246

1. Grammatical agreement and agreement in meaning (246). 2. Combination of generic and specific concepts (246).

3. Combination of common noun and proper name (246).

4. Coordination with the subject in the presence of clarifying words, connecting structures, etc. (247). 5. Predicate with words like cafe-dining room (247).

§ 186. Predicate with a subject of type brother and sister.... 248 § 187. The predicate with the subject is an interrogative, relative, indefinite, negative pronoun. . 249 In the subject: 1. Interrogative pronoun (249) ^. Relative pronoun who(250); 3. Relative pronoun what(250); 4. Indefinite pronoun (250) § 188. Predicate with a subject - an indeclinable noun, a complex abbreviated word, an inseparable group of words ........................................... ................................................. .............. 251

In the subject: 1. Substantiated word (251); 2. Borrowed indeclinable word (251); 3. Russian abbreviation (251); 4. Foreign language abbreviation (252); 5. Conditional name (252); 6. Inseparable group of words (252); 7. Nickname of a person (253) § 189. Coordination of the link with the nominal part of the predicate. . . 253 § 190. Coordination of the predicate with homogeneous subjects 254 1. Influence of the order of the main members of the sentence (254). 2. The role of unions (254). 3. Semantic proximity of homogeneous subjects (256). 4. Arrangement of subjects in order of gradation (256). 5. Influence of the lexical meaning of the predicate (256). 6. Personal pronouns in the composition of subjects (257)

XLIV. Harmonization of definitions and applications 257

§ 191. Definition with a noun of general gender .... 257

§ 192. Definition with a noun that has an application ............................................................ ... 258

§ 193. Definition with a noun depending on numerals two three four ............................ 259

§ 194. Two definitions with one noun ....................... 261

§ 195. Definition with nouns - homogeneous members 263 1. Definition in the singular form (263). 2. Plural definition (264). 3. Definition of nouns with a repeated preposition (264). 4. Definition with plural nouns (264). 5. Definition when combining type brother and sister(264)

§ 196. Approval of applications .............................................. .......... 265

1. Nicknames and conditional names (265). 2. Type combinationsbooster (265). 3. Type combinations by name, known ny as, whether it be, words-inserts (265). 4. Type combinations showcase-stand (265)

§ 197. Applications - geographical names .............................. 265

XLV. Control 268

§ 198

1. Variants of non-prepositional and prepositional constructions (268). 2. Constructions with weak control (269). 3. Turnovers with words except, instead of and others (269).

§ 199. Choice of preposition ............................... :...................... ...................... 270

1. Combinations in the address- by address, with- with help cabbage soup, with the aim- in order to etc. (270). 2. Prepositions with explanatorymeaning (oh, about, about etc.) (272). 3. Prepositions with spatial meaning (at, at, about, etc.) (272). 4. Prepositions with temporary meaning (274). 5. Prepositions with causal meaning (because of, because of, due to and others) (275). 6. Prepositions on- o with verbs denoting spiritual experience (276). 7. Denominative prepositions in a relationship- in relation to and others (276). 8. New prepositions in the case, in the area, in part, at the expense of, along the line(276). 9. Type combinations in the introduction- in the introduction(277)

§ 200. Choice of case form .............................................. ............. 277

1. Stylistic variants of case forms (277). 2. Combinations absent, in the 20s and others (278). 3. Prepositionsexcept, between, according to (278). 4. Designs with double dependency (279)

§ 201. Complementary case for negative transitive verbs 279 1. Genitive case (279).2. Accusative case (280). 3. Optional use of both cases (282). 4. Complement with a verb with a prefix under- (282). 5. Denial not not with a verb-predicate (282). 6. Case of the complement in sentences with a shifted n-n construction (282)

§ 202. Management with synonymous words .................................... 282

§ 203. Various prepositional-case forms with one control word .............................................................. ................................. 283

1. Complements with verbs give up, donate, donate live, observeand others (283). 2. Type designs drink up water - drink some water(288). 3. Type designs look for a place- look for places(288). 4. Genitive temporaryuse (288). 5. Tina designs owe something to someone(288). b. Tina designs traitor- traitor homeland (288). 7. Type designs close to what-close to what(289)

§ 204. Stringing the same forms .............................................. 290

I. Stringing genitive cases (290). 2. Threading other hopes (290). 3. Confluence of case forms with the same prepositions (290). 4. Confluence of infinitives (290). 5. Genitive subject and genitive object (290)

§ 205. Management with homogeneous members of the proposal. . . 291

XLV1. Offers With homogeneous members 291

§ 206. Unions with homogeneous members ....................................................... ... 291

§ 207. Prepositions with homogeneous members .............................................. 292

§ 208. Errors in combinations of homogeneous members .............................. 293

1. Incompatibility of concepts (293). 2. Lexical incompatibility (294). 3. Incompatibility of specific and generic concepts (294). 4. Intersecting concepts (294).

5. Unclearness with different series of homogeneous terms (294).

6. Wrong pairwise connection of homogeneous members (294). 7. Morphological incompatibility (294). 8. Errors in the use of comparative conjunctions (295). 9. Violation of the connection between homogeneous members and a generalizing word (295). 10. Heterogeneous syntactic constructions (296)

XLVII. Difficult sentence 296

§ 209. Unions and allied words .............................................. .............. 296

1. Stylistic coloring of unions (296). 2. Unions bye anduntil(297). 3. Allied words which the and which(297)

§ 210. Mistakes in complex sentences .................................................. 298

1. Diversity of parts of a complex sentence (298). 2. Structural displacement (298). 3. Incorrect use of unions and allied words (299). 4. Wrong word order (300). 5. Mixing direct speech and indirect (300)

XLV1II. Parallel syntactic constructions 301

§ 211. Participle turnovers .............................................. ................. 301

1. The absence of participle forms of the future tense and the subjunctive mood (301). 2. Participle turnover isolated and non-isolated (301). 3. The meaning of tense, type and voice of participles (301). 4. Agreement of participles (302). 5. The order of words in participial circulation (303). 6. Explanatory words at the sacrament (303). 7. Replacing the attributive clause with participial phrase (303)

§ 212. Participle turns ............................................................... ............. 304

1. Normative use of adverbial phrases (304). 2. Place of adverbial turnover in the sentence (305). 3. Synonyms of adverbial turnover and other constructions (305)

§ 213. Constructions with verbal nouns. . . 306 1. The scope of the use of verbal nouns (306). 2. Disadvantages of constructions with verbal nouns (306). 3. Editing techniques (307)