Stylistically neutral greeting formulas are. Speech etiquette. Euphemisms. It's good that you came

Igoshkin Stepan

The paper shows the study of Russian and English forms of greetings.

Download:

Preview:

page

1. Introduction.…………………………………………………………………………….……………..2

2. The main part.

2.1. Theoretical part…………………….……………………………………………......…3-5

2.2. Practical part……………………………………………………….……………..…..6-8

3. Conclusion. ………………………………………………………………………………..….9

Bibliography. ………..…………………………………………………………….……..10

Appendix

1. Introduction

Relevance. We say greetings several times a day. Every conversation begins with a greeting. The first impression of a person is the most memorable. In society, the forms of greeting are unusually diverse. Greeting is one of the most important signs of speech etiquette. It defines relationships between people. Therefore, not owning the greeting formulas means not being able to communicate. Welcome formulas are an obligatory section of bilingual phrasebooks that are published for tourists, athletes and everyone who travels to foreign countries. A polite person should not only respond to a greeting, but also use an etiquette formula that is special for each case.

It is with the greeting formulas that the study and description of the language often begin. Russians, British, Americans shake hands as a greeting gesture; the French kiss each other on the cheek; English and American schoolchildren greet each other with an exclamation of "Hey!". Problem: I was wondering what etiquette formulas exist in Russian? Studying English from the second grade, comparing it with Russian, I wanted to compare the etiquette formulas of greetings. How and when to apply them correctly? Why do people treat each other differently? Set a goal: To study etiquette means in Russian and English. Based on the goal, the following tasks were defined: 1. To study literary sources, to give a stylistic description of words - greetings. 2. Analyze what verbal and non-verbal greetings are used by fourth grade students, children, adults. 3. Consider the etymology of etiquette speech forms of greetings and draw a conclusion. 4. Develop recommendations for the use of etiquette formulas in Russian and English.

Object of study: the speech of students of school No. 7 of the city of Nizhnevartovsk

Subject of study: greeting words in the speech of schoolchildren, teachers, TV presenters.

Methods: empirical: observation, experiment. Theoretical: search (study of literary sources, search for information on the Internet), questioning, analysis of the speech of TV presenters, generalization.

Hypothesis: If you draw the attention of others to the choice of the correct greeting etiquette formulas, then you can teach people to communicate correctly.

2. The main part.

2.1 Theoretical part. Speech and etiquette. Greeting formulas.

Etiquette is a set of rules of conduct and behavior adopted in certain social circles; a tool for creating strong habits of doing what is required - respectfully, kindly, with trust in people.

The rules of etiquette are very reasonable and were elaborated in detail, required strict observance. There were, and still are, an infinite number of such rules. It takes years for children to learn these rules!

Friends, just in case, here are some poems about a schoolboy for you.

His name is ... but, by the way, we better not call him here.

He is often too lazy to say at a meeting: “Good afternoon!”

It would seem a simple word, but he is shy, silent.

And at best, "great", he says instead of "hello". (Agniya Barto)

Greeting is the word with which any communication begins. Morkovkin V.V. in the "Big Universal Dictionary of the Russian Language" gives the concept of this word as "... words, gesture, action, expressing greetings at a meeting", in Ozhegov's "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" it says that "a greeting is a speech with an expression of good wishes, an arrangement" , a similar definition of the concept is given by V.I.Dal in his “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language”.

Many rules of etiquette were not specially composed or invented by anyone. They arose in ancient times as very convenient and reasonable forms of communication. For example, one of the most common ways of greeting in the world - a handshake, has come down to us from the mysterious distance of millennia. Then it was a reasonable precaution - mutual palpation of hands to make sure that the oncoming person did not have bad intentions and weapons. This greeting is common in England, Britain, and Russia. butthe British shake hands quickly, without holding someone else's hand in their own.

The words of greeting must be pronounced clearly and distinctly, while looking at the one to whom they are addressed. It is considered indecent, when greeting, to look away, to examine the room and other guests. Greetings are usually accompanied by a smile. Excessively loud greetings, hot hugs and kisses should be avoided. It is impolite to stand sideways, and even more so with your back to the one who greets you. You need to turn to the person and smile. Only an ill-mannered person greets another by holding a cigarette in his mouth or chewing.

“A good start is half the battle,” the proverb says. Hello!”, “Good afternoon” or “Good morning”, “Hi” and “Greetings” - we pronounce these magical words of greeting several times a day, without really thinking about the meaning of these words. It seems to you that there is no special meaning in them, let alone magic?! Wrong! The word "hello!" as a form of greeting appeared in Russian only towards the end of the 17th century. Until that time, our ancestors greeted each other like this: “Goy!” The word "goy" means "to live", "thou" is "to eat". It turns out: “I am and will live!” Linguists have found the roots of the word "hello" in the Proto-Slavic language, the parent of all Slavic languages. Thus, when the Russians began to use the word “hello”, they meant not so much the wish for physical health and well-being as the statement: “I live! I have a healthy spirit, endurance, stamina"

There are many ways to say hello in English. Not a single foreign language has preserved at least something similar to our “Hello”, which has such a deep meaning! Greetings "Good morning!", "Good afternoon!", "Good evening!" came to us already from European etiquette, but they could not displace our kind, wise old Russian “Hello!”. If you are addressing several people at once, you should say: “Hello, everyone!” Saying "Hello everyone" is wrong. In England and Britain too, at a reception or party it is considered polite to say hello to many people. After you say hello to your hosts and friends, get to know those you don't know. Introduce yourself and strike up a conversation.

Spheres of the use of words - greetings.

Greetings are very diverse, unlike one another. In England, for example, a woman greets a man first. In Russia, girls, unlike boys, need to more closely monitor possible forms of greeting and responses to them. For example, with a man or a boy who is not introduced to her, the girl, the girl does not greet. A man, a boy always greets a girl, a girl standing. In European countries, including Russia, they usually adhere to the following greeting rules: a woman is greeted by a man; older in age - younger. In Europe, a handshake is accepted as a symbol, the meaning of which is that the right hands shaking each other show: there are no weapons in them, our intentions are pure. Now the handshake has become an integral part of our lives.

Greetings are part of personal relationships, and you should not advertise them by shouting to the whole street: “Great!”, Or: “Hello, I haven’t seen you for a hundred years! Where did you disappear to? etc.

The British value personal space and also do not like public displays of affection. However, close friends may well hug when they meet, especially if they haven't seen each other for a long time. If you are in a public place (for example, in a cafe), then it is enough to greet acquaintances passing by or sitting at the next table with a nod of the head. It is also necessary to greet those to whom you are not represented, but whom you meet almost daily, for example, a librarian, a janitor, neighbors. You should not forget about the greeting, under any circumstances, even if the meeting was random, even if you are in a hurry or met on the street.

Classification of etiquette greeting formulas

Various greetings are known and used, differing in stylistic coloring and degree of prevalence.

Hello! Hello! Good day! Good morning! Good evening!(stylistically neutral, appropriate in any setting and with a different nature of the relationship between the communicants). There is no greeting word in English: “Hello (-those)!”

The greeting “hello” is an imperative form of the verb, which was formed by the end of the 17th century from descriptive turns, such as “I command you to be well”, “I wish you good health”, etc. I picked up the same root words: hello - healthy - health-e - healthy-at. All these words have one common root - healthy - /-health-. / Then I found out the exact meaning of the word “hello” in the Berezovich dictionary: “Hello (hello)” is a word that is used at a meeting as a greeting phrase in Russian. However, the actual meaning of the word is a wish for health. Just like “I wish you well”, it has been customary since ancient times and was considered a gesture of respect when greeting. The expression comes from the word "hello" - to be healthy, to exist safely.

Greetings!(somewhat archaic, with a touch of solemnity, appropriate in an official setting);

Hey! Firework! (colloquial, familiar, appropriate in an informal setting).The word "hello" consists of two parts: "at" + "wet". The first is found in the words "caress", "bend" and means closeness, approaching something or someone. The second is in the words "advice", "answer", "message" ... Saying "hello", we show closeness (and indeed, we only address close people in this way) and, as it were, convey good news to another.

Hi! (colloquial colloquial, ironically joking, possible only in an informal setting, between speakers who are on friendly terms);

Hai! hello (borrowed from English, belonging to youth jargon, appropriate in an informal setting in the presence of informal relations between those who communicate).

Following Western films, it has become fashionable in Russia when meeting, as a greeting, to hug and press each other's cheeks, stretching out your lips and imitating a kiss.

2.2. Practical part.

Experimental study of the use of words - greetings.

Schoolchildren from the city of Nizhnevartovsk, from MBOU "Secondary School No. 7", 105 students of the fourth grade took part in my study. To the question "Do I need to say hello at a meeting?" 100% of students answered "yes". It turns out that the tone of etiquette greeting phrases also matters, 72% of respondents confirmed this. I noticed that people greet each other differently when they meet, schoolchildren use the same words of greeting in their speech, teachers - others, adults on the street - can also say hello differently. And in the questionnaire, the students had to choose the greeting phrases that they use in their speech, and since all students study English, they additionally had to choose phrases in English. Basically, these were the phrases: “Hello!”, “Welcome!”, “Hello!”, “Hi!”, “Hello!”, “Great!” in Russian, and in English - “Good afternoon!”, “Hello!”, “Hi! I was also pleased that students are able to choose from speech formulas of politeness: greeting phrases, farewell phrases, gratitude phrases. But the students could not answer the question about non-verbal ways of greetings, only a third of the students (out of 105 people) offered to greet with a handshake (9 people), a wave of the hand (9 people), a nod of the head (11 people). Also, the students had to solve an etiquette problem, which the students did not cope with, unfortunately. Only 3 people out of 105 suggested the correct solution to this problem, all the rest had the wrong solution.

Based on the results of the questionnaire, we can conclude that all students consider themselves polite, well-mannered and friendly people. But not all students understand how and with whom to properly greet.

At the beginning of my research, when I began to listen more attentively to the speech of others (and, above all, classmates), I paid attention to how they greet each other when they meet: “Hi”, “Hello”, “Hello”, “Salute” , "Great". Teenagers in England use the word« Hiya!" is a very informal greeting. A combination of hi (hello) and you (you). It translates as "Hi, how are you?". And schoolchildren in England say “Hi!”, “Hello!” to each other, which means “Hi”. You can greet each other in non-verbal ways, for example, a pat on the shoulder, back. Here in England, patting on the shoulders or back and other similar gestures are considered tactless.

When we came to the English lesson, it was in the afternoon, we said hello to the teacher "Good afternoon!" , becausein England there are greetings depending on the time of day: “Good morning!” (we speak until noon), “Good afternoon!” (from noon to 17.00-18.00) and “Good evening!” (after 18.00).

I also decided to conduct another experiment and observed how adults and teachers in our school greet each other when they meet. Some say "Hello", "Hello!", "Hello!", "Good morning!", "Good afternoon!". I concluded that the chosen greeting depends on the degree of their communication, on the age and position of the interlocutor.

I analyzed the welcome slogans that I noticed in some public places. In 2011, my family participated in a city sports event dedicated to Family Day. I was then 6 years old, and I could not read yet, but it turns out that there was a slogan on the wall to greet all the teams “Hello to the participants of the competition!”. (Appendix II, Figure 1) And when I went to the kindergarten that my younger sister attends, I noticed the slogans that are located immediately at the entrance to the building (the slogan "Hello!", With an arrow straight ahead) and in the nursery - a group (the slogan “Welcome!”. (Appendix IV, Figure 1,2,3,4) Also, while walking with my mother around the city of Nizhnevartovsk, I saw a welcome sign “Welcome!”, Which was right in front of the entrance to the cafe “At Taisiya ", next to the sports and entertainment center "Jump". (Appendix V, Figure 4) I understood that visitors are always welcome in this cafe and cafe employees, thus, invite everyone to come to them.

My mother works in the city of Megion as a foreign language teacher at a school. And so I noticed a welcome slogan in this school, inside the school, near the locker rooms. Greeting words were written on it in many languages ​​of the world. I recognized among them greetings in Russian, in English and in German. The biggest greeting was the word "Hello" written in bright colors. I understood that children, parents and all adults are always welcome at this school (Appendix V, Figure 1). And in another educational institution city ​​of Megion, my mother and I noticed another welcome slogan at the entrance to the school, it said "Welcome!" It is impossible to pass by such a slogan, in my opinion. (Annex V, figure 2.3)

An interesting fact was when we came to visit and saw a rug in the hallway of our friends, on which there was an inscription in English "WELCOME". I immediately recognized this inscription and translated it. “Welcome”, I realized that guests are always welcome in this house and that the owners of this house are kind, hospitable, friendly people. (Annex VI, Figure 1,2,3)

And I also recently encountered such a speech situation: I called a friend on his home phone, his dad picked up the phone, I naturally greeted him, and here a surprise awaited me:

Hello! I said and heard the answer: Yes". Or so I called another friend of mine: “ good evening !" I said, and in response I heard: Kind!" But this is wrong! Because these phrases do not correspond to either syntactic or stylistic norms, and also violate the rules of speech etiquette. After all, the replica Yes ' functions as an answer to a question. But I didn’t ask any questions, and, naturally, I expected only a greeting to my greeting, but it didn’t follow. My greeting was not heard! Thus, speech etiquette was violated, so I experienced an emotional discomfort similar to what a person can experience when he extends his hand for a shake, when this hand, voluntarily or involuntarily, was not noticed. So combinations:Good day! Good morning! and good evening!are stable and indecomposable and act as a greeting only in full force. As for England,If you are talking to your friends or other people you know well, you can shorten these expressions to their informal counterparts: "Morning!" (“Morning!” Instead of “Good morning!”) and “Evening!” (“Evening!” instead of “Good evening!”).

Reading books, I noticed that in fairy tales and epics, heroes very often greet the field, river, forest, clouds. I think this is right too!

I decided to watch interesting people working on television. I analyzed the speech of TV presenters and correspondents of morning, afternoon and night programs, as well as the speech of ordinary people who were interviewed. In the morning, TV presenters say “Good morning!”, In the afternoon - “Good afternoon!”. The televised greeting: "Good night!" Its emergence is associated with the emergence of a new reality - night television. TV presenters began to use this greeting under the influence of the decomposition of etiquette formulas:Good morning! Good day! Good evening!,it was later picked up by viewers asking questions live on the air at night. As for British television, there is no such phrase in the language of journalists and TV presenters. Night TV shows begin with the greeting "Good evening" (good evening, translated). In European languages, a similar formula is used specifically for parting, and not for greeting: in English, “Good night” (good night, in translation), that is, it corresponds to the standard Russian: “Good night!”

The "television greeting" that exists in Russia contradicts the established etiquette rules in various languages, and it itself is a kind of incident, a dubious linguistic innovation, nevertheless, already functioning in a certain area of ​​communication. Thus, the greeting becomes like a farewell or a wish.

It turns out that not only in oral speech people use words - greetings, but also in writing and in everyday life. Here, for example, in correspondence on a network city, some parents turn to my mother, a teacher, “Good day!”, Because they don’t know when the teacher will read their letter.

3. Conclusion

Among the rules of etiquette there are those whose meaning and origin now, in our time, is already difficult to understand. Why do people give their first name when they meet? Why do men (young men, boys) take off their hats when meeting and greeting? This rule is explained in different ways. Most often, for different “why” we get one answer: it’s accepted! An educated person must know the customs, respect the wisdom of the ancestors contained in these customs, and follow the traditional norms of behavior.Arriving in a new country, for example, you should always familiarize yourself with the rules and regulations of etiquette in advance.

The 18th-century English writer Oliver Goldsmith, in The Citizen of the World, or Letters from a Chinese Philosopher, wrote that although each country has its own ceremonies, true courtesy is the same everywhere, and it is born of common sense and kindness. According to the creator of Gulliver - Jonathan Swift, "the one who embarrasses the least number of people has good manners."

In any case, it should be remembered that the greeting characterizes the degree of your politeness and courtesy towards others and, accordingly, allows others to treat you in the same way as you treat them.

After studying the theoretical materials, analyzing the speech of classmates, teachers, adults, I came to the following conclusion: The word is an amazing phenomenon. If a person greets you and at the same time smiles, do you, in response to a smile and a pleasant tone of voice, not smile back and keep silent? Unlikely!

Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the etiquette formulas of greetings are diverse. The results of the study and my observations showed that not all students have etiquette speech formulas. The overwhelming majority in their speech does not notice them, and not everyone understands the need for them. right choice. Thus, the hypothesis that we put forward at the beginning of our work can be considered proven. The tasks have been completed. I understood the topic of my research: one should strive to be a polite person and not just respond to a greeting, but use a special etiquette formula for each case in the answer. Therefore, not owning the greeting formulas means being a stranger to everyone, not being able to communicate.

List of used literature

1. Basko N.V. Phrasebook. Why do we say so? (grades 1-4) - M .: AST - PRESS BOOK, 2015.-184s.: ill.
2. Berezovich E.L., Galinova N.V. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language. - M.: AST-PRESS BOOK, 2011.- 304 p.
3. Zotova S.V. Universal Dictionary. How to write and speak correctly?

(grades 1-4) - M .: AST-PRESS BOOK, 2015.-208s.: ill.

1. Ivanova V.V. Etiquette and anti-etiquette: a book for stylish youth. - M.: Labyrinth-K, 1999, 384s.
2. Morkovkin V.V., Bogacheva G.F., Lutskaya N.M. Large universal dictionary of the Russian language / State. in-t rus. lang.im. A.S., Pushkin.- M.: AST-PRESS BOOK; 2016.-1456s
3. Morozova O.V., Rein N.V. I know the world: Etiquette, customs, way of life: Encyclopedia. - M .: AST Publishing House LLC: Astrel Publishing House LLC, 2002. - 464 pp.: ill.
4. Nesypova N.M. Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language”: a guide for students / Ed. T.G. Ramzaeva. - M.-Enlightenment. - 1989. - 79c.
5. Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language / ed. Ushakova D.N., 14th ed. M, 1999
6. Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language: 80,000 words and phraseological expressions / Russian Academy of Sciences. Institute of the Russian Language. V.V. Vinogradova. -4th ed., supplemented. - M.: LLC "A TEMP", 2013.- 874s.
7. Pankeev I. A. Encyclopedia of etiquette for children. 2nd ed., rev. and additional - M.: OLMA-PRESS, 2002. - 382 p.
8. Popova T.V., Zaikova E.S. Morphemic-word-building dictionary of the Russian language - M., AST - PRESS BOOK, 2014.-72s.
9. Chudakova N.V. Etiquette from A to Z-M .: LLC Firm Publishing House AST, 1998.
10. Shalaeva G.P., Zhuravleva O.M. "The Big Book of Rules of Conduct for Well-Brought-Up Children". - Moscow: AST: SLOVO, 2013.- 496s.: ill.

REFERENCES

1. Internet resources.

Annex I

There is also a special world holiday dedicated to greetings. Since 1973, it has been celebrated annually on November 21st. The holiday was invented by American brothers Michael and Brian McCormack. It is enough to say hello to 10 strangers on this day - and you marked it. In Russia, not everyone knows about this holiday.

Appendix II

Picture 1

Participation of my family in the city event dedicated to Family Day

Appendix III

All well-bred dogs, - the dachshund said sternly, - should greet each other when they meet. Saying hello means saying "hello", "hello" or "good afternoon" - and wagging your tail! (A. Usachev)

I'm really grateful to you,-

The alien will say.-

And a friendly hello

Sending an immediate reply! (A.Usachev)

Appendix IV

Figure 1 Figure 2

Kindergarten "Swallow" city of Megion (at the entrance).

My younger sister Victoria visits this garden.

Figure 3

Figure 4

Before entering the nursery, my younger sister's group.

Appendix V

Picture 1

Welcome slogan in MAOU "Secondary School No. 9" of the city of Megion (1st floor)

(here I studied grades 1 and 2, and my mother also works as a teacher)

Figure 2

And we found such a greeting at the entrance to the MBOU "Secondary School No. 2" of the city of Megion. Students, parents and teachers are always welcome here! Fig.3

Figure 4

Snack bar Snack bar "At Taisiya" - hospitable

An institution whose employees are always

Visitors are welcome!

And the expression "Welcome"

Everyone is welcome to the cafe.

Appendix VI

Picture 1

Rugs with the inscription "Welcome" in English for the hallway under the door (common in Russia) serve as a sign of hospitality.

Almost everyone understands what is written on the rug.

Figure 2 Figure 3

Appendix VII

Appendix VIII

Solving the etiquette problem in the questionnaire for 4th grade students.

On the day off, Petya met his teacher, who was walking and talking about something with a woman unknown to Petya.

Hello Elena Leonidovna! Petya shouted.

The teacher answered Petya's greeting, but at the same time looked sternly at him.

Why do you guys think?

Is it necessary to say hello to strangers?

Answer. The teacher, with her stern look, made it clear to Petya that he should greet both women, and not just his teacher.

1. Greetings are part of personal relationships, and you should not advertise them by shouting to the whole street: “Great!”, Or: “Hello, I haven’t seen you for a hundred years! Where did you disappear to? etc. The British value personal space and also do not like public displays of affection.
2. It is also necessary to greet those to whom you are not represented, but whom you meet almost daily, for example, a librarian, a janitor, neighbors.
3. Hello! Hello! Good day! Good morning! Good evening! (stylistically neutral, appropriate in any setting and with a different nature of the relationship between the communicants). There is no greeting word in English: “Hello (-those)!”
4. In Russia, girls, unlike boys, need to more closely monitor possible forms of greeting and responses to them. For example, with a man or a boy who is not introduced to her, the girl, the girl does not greet. A man, a boy always greets a girl, a girl standing
5. In European countries, including Russia, they usually adhere to the following greeting rules: a woman is greeted by a man; older in age - younger.
6. In Europe, a handshake is accepted as a symbol, the meaning of which is that the right hands shaking each other show: there are no weapons in them, our intentions are pure. Now the handshake has become an integral part of our lives.
7. If you are in a public place (for example, in a cafe), then it is enough to greet acquaintances passing by or sitting at the next table with a nod of the head.
8. The words of greeting must be pronounced clearly and distinctly, while looking at the one to whom they are addressed. Greetings are usually accompanied by a smile.
9. Excessively loud greetings, hot hugs and kisses should be avoided.
10. It is impolite to stand sideways, and even more so with your back to the one who greets you. You need to turn to the person and smile.
11. Only an ill-mannered person greets another person by holding a cigarette in his mouth or chewing.

O.A. KRYLOVA

Doctor of Philology,

Professor of the Department of General and Russian Linguistics

Faculty of Philology

Peoples' Friendship University of Russia,

I will share with you some observations on the speech phenomenon that has spread recently, which requires understanding and evaluation in terms of syntax, pragmatics and culture of speech.

It is well known that language develops and in the process of language development language norms gradually change. However, it is equally well known that the norms literary language are conservative in nature. If everything new that arises in speech were immediately and recklessly recognized as normative, we would not have a literary language in general, since literary language is the result of a careful and lengthy selection of linguistic means. The linguistic ideal, according to the apt expression of A.M. Peshkovsky, is the only one of all the ideals that lies behind, i.e., mastering the literary language, we strive to speak as the best writers, our teachers, parents - in a word, representatives of the older generation spoke.

From these positions, we will consider that fragment of Russian speech etiquette, which is associated with the speech act of greeting. Various greetings are known and used among native speakers of the Russian language, differing in stylistic coloring, degree of prevalence and areas of functioning, but at the same time being exactly greetings:

Hello! Hello! Good day! Good morning! Good evening! (stylistically neutral, appropriate in any setting and with a different nature of the relationship between the communicants);

Greetings! (somewhat archaic, with a touch of solemnity, appropriate in an official setting);

Hey! Firework! (colloquial, familiar, appropriate in an informal setting, in the presence of informal relations between speakers);

Hi! (colloquial, reduced, ironically-joking, possible only in an informal setting, between speakers who are on friendly terms);

Hello! Hai! (borrowed from English, belonging to youth jargon, appropriate in an informal setting in the presence of informal relations between those who communicate).

From the point of view of syntax, all these greetings are not sentences in the grammatical sense, since they are deprived of the grammatical meaning of predicativity (correlation with the modal-temporal plan); but they certainly are communicative units (communicates). Such communications (sometimes called relatives) do not serve to convey any information to the interlocutor, not to encourage someone to act and not to request information, like ordinary declarative, motivating and interrogative sentences, but are a reaction to the situation or words of the interlocutor. Russian speech etiquette requires that the greeting is also answered with a greeting. Not to answer the interlocutor to his greeting, to ignore it means to show disrespect to the interlocutor, which is a violation not only of speech etiquette, but also of ethical norms accepted in a cultural society.

The fact that all the above relatives are exactly greetings is proved, in particular, by their interchangeability (of course, under the condition of their stylistic homogeneity or stylistic neutrality); For example:

1) - Greetings!

- Hello!

2) - Hello / those!

- Good day!

3) - Hello!

4) - Good morning!

- Hey!

5) - Hello!

- Hey! - etc.

Recently, a speech situation similar to the following has become quite frequent: you call a friend, his son (or daughter) picks up the phone, and you, before asking to call your friend, naturally greet those who answered the phone. And here a surprise awaits you:

- Hello! - you say and hear in response:

- Good evening! - you say, and the answer is:

- Kind!

The natural reaction is a state of mild shock that makes you freeze for a moment. Depending on your mood (and character), you either repeat the greeting with pressure, seeking a return Hello! or Good evening!, or just ask to call the name to the phone.

Why do responses such as “Yes” and “Kind!” in a speech act of greeting shock the caller? Because they do not correspond to either the syntactic or stylistic norm, and also violate the rules of speech etiquette. How can this be proven?

Normally, the relative phrase "Yes" functions as an answer to a question. But after all, the caller did not ask any question, and, naturally, he expects only a greeting to his greeting, but it did not follow. The expression "Good!" - this is no longer a relative, but a sentence that is normally or also an answer to a question (but incomplete, as in the case, for example: Is Ivan Kuzmich a good person? - Kind!, Or a message confirming the previous one, as in a dialogue: Ivan Kuzmich, in my opinion, a kind person. - Kind!). But there was no question, no message that needed an answer or confirmation, and, as in the first case, the caller in response to his greeting did not hear the expected greeting. In both cases, what happened in pragmatics is called a communication failure.

The speaker's greeting was actually ignored: in response, he did not hear a greeting, which means that speech etiquette was violated, so the speaker experienced emotional discomfort, similar to what a person who stretched out his hand for a shake can experience when this hand was voluntarily or involuntarily not noticed.

What replicas Yes and Kind! cannot be interpreted as greetings in any way, it can also be confirmed by the fact that they are not characterized by the interchangeability that was discussed above; Thus, it is impossible to imagine such an exchange of "greetings" as, for example:

1) - Kind!

- Hello!

- Kind!

3) - Hello!

- Kind!

Or finally:

4) - Kind!

- Kind!

In addition, combinations Good afternoon! (Good morning! and Good evening!) are stable and indecomposable and act as a greeting only in their entire composition. You can try to explain the use of only the first as a greeting

part of these combinations by the effect of the law of economy of pronunciation efforts, but even in this case it turns out that the interlocutor violated and language norm, destroying a stable combination unnecessarily, and at the same time saved on a greeting (!), By which, voluntarily or involuntarily, he showed, if not his disrespect for the interlocutor, then a clear inattention to him.

Therefore, the use of Yes and Good! as a greeting leads to a violation of linguistic (syntactic and stylistic) norms, to a communicative failure and a violation of the rules of speech etiquette. The consequence of these violations is the feeling that the greeting was ignored, and this in an educated person with a good linguistic instinct cannot but cause a state of emotional discomfort.

Of course, the rules are subject to change, as mentioned above. But this change must be communicatively justified; unnecessarily, only out of love for everything new or out of blind imitation of fashion, one should not violate the norms. In connection with the above, we can recall the article by Academician V.I. Abaev “Linguistic modernism and dehumanization of the science of language”, published back in 1963 (in the journal “Problems of Linguistics” No. 3), where the scientist wrote: “When a society enters a period of spiritual crisis, it begins to convulsively grab onto everything new. But since this is done in conditions of ideological emptiness and impoverishment, the search for the new proceeds primarily along the line of form, formal means, formal contrivances, formal tricks. The content, if it exists at all, remains extremely poor and primitive” (p. 24). (Quoted from the book: Isaev M.I. Vasily Ivanovich Abaev. M .: Nauka, 2000. P. 104.)

The requirement of reasonable conservatism in the observance of norms means that the speakers of the literary language should not mindlessly follow the language fashion. This is not at all about the promotion of purism (from the Latin purus - “pure”) - the complete and categorical rejection of everything new in the language, regardless of whether this new one is expedient from a communicative point of view or not. I am talking about the need for a critical attitude to various speech innovations, about the need for their comprehensive analysis in order not to rush to declare them a new norm. It is a careful attitude to the language (and, therefore, to the established norms of the literary language) that is an indicator of high speech culture and the general culture of both individual native speakers and society as a whole.

NEW IN SPEECH ETIQUETTE

M.A. KRONGAUZ

We live in an era of great and, most importantly, rapid changes in language and speech. The most noticeable changes in vocabulary: numerous borrowings, the penetration of jargon into our speech, etc. This is what linguists first of all describe, this is what native speakers themselves notice.

Oddly enough, changes in speech etiquette are less noticeable. There are practically no new words in this area. Apparently, the older generation considers the change in speech etiquette as a simple and accidental violation of it, and the younger one - as the norm. Actually, the process of change remains unnoticed. However, changes in speech etiquette occur.

So, it is interesting to note the emergence of new variants of greeting and farewell, which arose primarily in the "television" speech. TV journalist Sergei Sholokhov, the host of various film programs, persistently uses the reduplicated bye-bye formula when saying goodbye. Many native speakers of the Russian language do not perceive this form as something new at all, since in Russian speech etiquette, in principle, it is possible to repeat the forms of greeting and farewell: Hello, hello!, Hello, hello!, Goodbye, goodbye!, Bye, bye! But a special intonation and a specifically fast pace of speech show that here we are rather dealing with a single reduplicated formula, used, apparently quite consciously, as a tracing paper of English bye-bye. However, this innovation did not have any effect on the real "non-television" etiquette and was implemented only in a very narrow circle of journalists.

Another televised greeting has become more widespread: Good night! Its emergence is associated with the emergence of a new reality compared to the Soviet era - night television. TV presenters began to use this greeting under the influence of the expansion of etiquette formulas Good morning!, Good afternoon! and Good evening!, it was later picked up by viewers asking questions live at night.

It is interesting to note that the use of this formula as a greeting is contrary to some linguistic laws or trends.

Firstly, in European languages, a similar formula is used precisely when saying goodbye, and not when greeting: Eng. good morning, good evening - good night, German. Guten Morgen, Guten Tag - Gute Nacht, fr. bon matin, bonjour - bonne nuit - that is, corresponds to the standard Russian Good night!

Secondly, in Russian Good night! as a farewell formula also exists, although it is used much less often than the Good Night! formula:

Good night, Bach, says God.

Good night, God, says Bach.

Good night!..

(A. Galich)

Thus, we should talk about the emergence of homonymy of the Good Night formula!

Thirdly, the Good Night formula! arose not only under the influence of greeting formulas Good morning!, Good afternoon! and Good evening!, but also under the influence of the already mentioned Good Night formula! Only this can explain the genitive case of a noun, which just distinguishes the new formula from the three already existing greeting formulas. But the genitive actually means that we are dealing with a wish: (I wish you) good night, and wishes are standardly used precisely as farewell formulas, the use of many of them is already fixed in the language: Have a good trip!, Good luck! etc.

It is still impossible to say how much the “television greeting” will take root in everyday speech. It should only be noted that its appearance contradicts the established etiquette rules in various languages, and it itself is a kind of incident, a dubious linguistic innovation, nevertheless already functioning in a certain area of ​​communication.

In addition to changing etiquette formulas (so far in a rather narrow area), we should also talk about changing addresses and, in general, changing the use of proper names. A more or less generally recognized fact is the gradual displacement of patronymics. Naturally, this is only a trend, and there is no reason to talk about the disappearance of patronymics in general. This trend operates in those areas of communication that are most susceptible to foreign influence. Basically, it takes place in the speech framework of the modern business community. The new speech etiquette in many business teams involves addressing only by name, including to the boss and to the business partner, that is, in situations where addressing by name and patronymic was previously neutral.

Such a seemingly point replacement leads to a significant restructuring of the personal name system. In Russian, personal names can be divided into two classes.

The first class consists of names for which, when used independently (that is, without patronymic and without surname), the most neutral option is the full name. This class includes such male names as Andrei, Anton, Maxim, Nikita, etc., and such female names as Vera, Larisa, Marina, Nina, etc. With some assumption, we can say that there are no diminutive names here at all, but there are only pragmatically marked variants (affectionate and similar).

The second class includes personal names, the full variants of which are practically not used on their own, at least in the function of address. When used independently, the corresponding diminutive names are used. This class includes such male names as Alexander (the corresponding diminutives are Sasha or Shura, possibly Alik), Vladimir (Volodya), Dmitry (Dima or Mitya), Evgeny (Zhenya), Mikhail (Misha), etc., and such female, like Anna (Anya), Ekaterina (Katya), Elena (Lena), Maria (Masha or obsolete Marusya), Nadezhda (Nadya). Using the full name as a stand-alone address has an additional pragmatic effect. It can be perceived as pretentious, prim, sometimes cutesy, and always characterizes the speaker or speech situation in a special way. It should also be noted marked (strict) parental usage: Vladimir, you still haven't done your homework!

The neutral use of these names in the function of address is possible only in combination with a patronymic (and in strictly defined situations - with a surname). Of course, the boundary between these two classes is not absolutely strict. For some names belonging to the second class, full names to a greater or lesser extent, they are still allowed to be used independently. It suffices to compare the almost non-used neutral Dmitry and, say, Alexei or Viktor. The latter, despite the presence of the diminutive names Alyosha and Vitya, nevertheless can serve as fairly neutral addresses. The first class is also partly blurred, as evidenced by the use of quasi-diminutive (that is, not really neutral) names like Max (for Maxim), Nick (for Nikita), or Lara (for Larisa). The use of personal names is generally very strongly lexicalized. Almost every common name has its own individual characteristics. Nevertheless, from a systemic point of view, such a division into two classes is quite justified and allows us to explain many general patterns in the use of personal names.

However, at present, the described system is actually at the stage of destruction. And this happens because of the displacement of appeals by name and patronymic. The very opposition of addresses by name and by name-patronymic is connected with the degree of officiality of the speech situation, the status of the speaker and the addressee, determined primarily by age and social status, and with equal and high statuses in an informal situation, also by the degree of acquaintance.

The replacement of patronymics should mean the extension of the standard rules for the use of names to the entire sphere of communication of familiar people, that is, the automatic replacement in appropriate situations of the address Andrei Andreevich (or Marina Ivanovna) with Andrei (or Marina), and Vladimir Vladimirovich (or Maria Ivanovna) with Volodya (or Masha). However, this does not happen (or at least it does not always happen). Diminutive names are still perceived as overly contact (intimate, familiar, etc.), and therefore are practically not used in an official situation or with differences in status. So, apparently, it is still undesirable for Masha and Volodya to address a significantly older interlocutor or to an interlocutor who is far ahead of the speaker in social status (with acceptable Marina and Andrey). It is in this case that the corresponding full variants can be used for a given class of personal names. Thus, full names such as Maria and Vladimir in the new emerging etiquette turn out to be acceptable in independent use. They are opposed to the diminutive names Masha and Volodya in the same pragmatic coordinate system in which patronymic names were opposed to diminutive names.

As already mentioned, these changes affected not only appeals. This applies, in particular, to the way in which the person present is introduced or named (naming only by surname is generally not used in this situation). An interesting mixture of the two systems takes place in a number of television programs. When a guest invited to the studio has a high social status, the host addresses him by his first name and patronymic. However, to represent and name him in a speech addressed to the audience, a name is used without a patronymic, however, together with a surname. Following an old tradition, for example, a politician should still be represented using a patronymic. Thus, a new public etiquette is emerging.

It is difficult to predict the further development of the system of speech etiquette, including the final sphere of use and the degree of use of Russian patronymics. It is likely that others, more big changes and will not follow. Nevertheless, in fact, a certain restructuring has already taken place. It affected not only patronymics, but the entire system of personal names. Of undoubted psychological interest is the fact that such rather significant and, most importantly, systemic changes are not recognized by all native speakers. In any case, as already mentioned at the beginning, reflection on this issue is much weaker than reflection on individual borrowings.

Marianna Balasanyan, Head of Department, PhD in Philology, Associate Professor

Samtskhe-Javakheti State University, Georgia

Championship participant: National championship in research analytics - "Georgia";

Open European-Asian championship in research analytics;

In the last few years, a substantial rise of interest for the communication etiquette of the Russian language can be observed not only among the philosophers, but also among sociologists and curturologists, which is due to the fact that etiquette in a social phenomenon by its nature. By means of communication etiquette occurs social interaction between the communicators, through which is spread social influence, typical for communication in general, but it is manifested more conspicuously through communication etiquette. Social differentiation among the native speakers, their constant status and variable social roles dictate predominantly individual selectivity, and, as a conquence, fixedness among the native speaking groups of labeled stylistic formulas.

keywords: communication etiquette of the Russian language, sociologists and curturologists, native speaking groups.

With the help of speech etiquette, social interaction communicants and their social impact on each other, which is characteristic of communication in general, and in speech etiquette it manifests itself especially clearly. The social differentiation of native speakers, their permanent social status and variable social roles dictate the predominant selectivity of units, and as a result, the assignment of stylistic marked formulas to groups of native speakers.

Consideration of speech etiquette in the stylistic aspect is relevant. A cursory glance at the synonymous rows in thematic groups is enough to notice interstyle synonymy - stylistic differences: Bye and Let deviate, hello and welcome you etc. Some units turn out to be stylistically lowered, others stylistically elevated (we prefer this term in comparison with “high”) relative to the corresponding neutral ones. It is important to determine what underlies the stylistic nature of the units of speech etiquette. It seems legitimate to look for the origins of this nature in a complex interweaving of causes and effects of both extra- and intralinguistic order.

When starting a sociostylistic classification of units of speech etiquette, it is necessary to keep in mind the following set of interacting and intertwining features that determine the characteristics of the unit:

• 1) a sociolinguistic characteristic of a generalized addresser, who is typically characterized by a unit of speech etiquette.
• 2) sociolinguistic characteristics of the generalized addressee.
• 3) the situation of communication in terms of formality - informality.
• 4) the nature of the relationship of the communicants (predetermining the tone of communication).
• 5) the contact position of the interlocutors.
• 6) written - oral form of the text.

For some units, all of the listed features are important, for others, the proportional influence of one or more features will be different.

Based on the goals of our study, let's turn to a specific synonymous series in the thematic group "Greetings".

In the semantic field of greetings, the most commonly used dominant in synonymous series is a unit Hello).

However, if we proceed from the above stylistic conditions-consequences that determine the nature of stylistic connotations, we have two units (and not two forms) that are significantly different from the standpoint of the characteristics of the addresser, the environment of communication, etc.

Hello combined with you-forms, applied either in relation to an unfamiliar person, or to a well-known person in an official setting of communication, or in strained relations.

hello to to an unfamiliar addressee, it can be sent by an unmarked addressee in an official setting, with the official and social role of the addressee known to the addressee.

Hello, combined with you-forms, has the opposite characteristics - a sign of greeting a friend, at the same time a close acquaintance, in an informal setting of communication, with equal social status of the addressee-addresser in a symmetrical situation or with a lower status of the addressee in an asymmetric situation: Mikola entered in a Boston suit: Hello, Kolya, sit down. (V. Shukshin).

Therefore, as if a neutral unit Hello(-te_, which has a second form, is actually firmly fixed for fundamentally different situations of speech etiquette, in particular, and situations of communication in general. However, we do not have the appropriate stylistic mark to distinguish between such phenomena, so we can only resort to a descriptive way of presenting stylistic characteristics of the units, including the features mentioned above.In this sense, greetings that do not have you-you-forms are much more neutral: Good afternoon, good evening, good morning, which are actively used due to the shades of the meaning of greeting at a certain time of the day.

Without canceling the actual stylistic characteristics of “neutral”, “increased”, “reduced”, including “colloquial”, “colloquial”, “slang”, sociolinguistic characteristics concretize communicants who choose their characteristic and therefore marked units, and the environment of communication, in which marked units are appropriate as signs related to units in the form of connotation. The continuity, interconnection and mutual influence of stylistic and sociolinguistic signs give rise to the introduction of complex, sociostylistic characteristics.

Among the numerous stylistic groups of Russian speech etiquette, our attention was paid to the group “Greetings” - “Farewells”, in which components are used indicating the time. These units use words with a temporary meaning. Let's consider the "Greetings" group. This group uses the following expressions: Good afternoon, good morning, good morning, good evening.

There are structures of interest to us in the thematic group of speech etiquette “Farewell” and “Wishing for farewell“.

In the “Farewells” group: Goodbye, goodbye (s), all the best! All the best! See you! See you soon! Till tomorrow! Until Sunday! Until the evening! Until the holiday! Until the summer! Up to three.

In Group " Farewell wishes. “- Good night, Good night, Good afternoon.

It is also necessary to highlight the use of the expression “Congratulations” and “Wishes” with a temporary meaning.

In Group Congratulations ": Congratulations! Happy New Year! Happy birthday! Please accept my congratulations + s + n. in creative pad.

In the group "Wish. “: Long life, Many years of life.

Thus, the shade of meaning in speech etiquette reveals additional semes along with those common to all units of the series (Until tomorrow, indicating the term of separation, Goodbye, parting for a long time or forever, etc.).

Addresser and addressee are permanent and variable social signs of communicants who predominantly and regularly choose formulas. In these cases, relevant: a) age, education, upbringing, residence in the city, village, gender, etc., b) boss-subordinate, teacher-student, parent-child, etc.

In relations between the addresser and the addressee, it is important to take into account the concept of symmetry - asymmetry of the situation of communication as equality - inequality of communicants. Violation of the accepted in behavior and the usual in speech leads to the opposite concept of etiquette, the destruction of polite communication, the creation of rudeness (intentional or unintentional), to the destruction of contact in general.

Formality-informality of the atmosphere of communication.

• · Officiality.
• a) the actual official situation in compliance with the rules of speech behavior, the intended business area (meeting, session, etc.): Dear comrades! Allow me on behalf of. . . etc.,
• b) officially-neutral everyday environment.
• The communicators are aware of the social roles of the addressee and the addressee: seller-buyer, hotel administrator-businessman, hairdresser-client, cashier-ticket buyer, etc. The predominance of everyday life leads to the inversion of the type Young woman, preponderance to officiality-to type appeal Comrade cashier.
• c) a solemn atmosphere (such as an anniversary) brings to life high units, solemnly-rhetorical-highly polite, exaggerated expressions of gratitude, congratulations, wishes, compliments, etc.

2. The informality of the communication environment leads to the non-binding of “protocol” rules of speech behavior, leads to the use, along with neutral, reduced units (environment of friendly and family communication).

You-You-communication and You-You forms. This component is connected both with the atmosphere of communication and with the tone of communication and concentrates in itself a whole gamut of relationships between the communicants.

Units that have the appropriate forms require consideration as separate, with independent sociolinguistic features (Hello-Hello).

The tonality of communication depends most of all on the nature of the relationship of the communicants and the environment of communication and is associated with the expressive-stylistic gradation of units.

• 1) unmarked tone, neutral, “zero” - in a neutral communication environment, with neutral relationships between communicants (Good afternoon, Thank you, Sorry, etc.)
• 2) tonality above neutral has positive (emphasized respectful, solemn, etc.) assessments as connotations inherent in linguistic units and negative assessments (“cold”, strained, etc.) as linguistic potentials of units that are more manifested in speech use: Allow me to thank, Allow me to take my leave, etc.,
• 3) the tone below neutral has both positive assessments (intimate-confiding, friendly, affectionate, etc.) and negative (familiarly rude, playfully ironic, etc.): Hello, All, Bye, Healthy and etc.

The peculiarity of the use of these speech formulas is their combination with non-verbal means (gesture, smile, etc.), expressing attention, goodwill, readiness for contact. Business communication is characterized by stylistically neutral greetings (hello, good afternoon) and farewell stereotypes (goodbye). It is possible to use stylistically elevated formulas:

- Greetings!

- Let me say goodbye...

When addressing an audience, even a small one:

- Lord! Let me (let me) greet you!

In interpersonal communication, etiquette features of non-verbal communication and the use of replicas that clarify and supplement the greeting or farewell formulas with questions that should emphasize the speaker's interest in the interlocutor can present some difficulty.

So, the first thing to say is a greeting:

- the person who entered the room (in relation to those present);

- younger in age (in relation to the older one);

- a man (in relation to a woman);

- subordinate (in relation to the boss).

A handshake, as an additional non-verbal form of greeting and farewell, is used depending on the degree of acquaintance of the interlocutors and on the situation of communication.

Etiquette prescription: a man cannot be the first to give a hand to a woman. Whether to use this form of greeting is up to the woman.

People who are quite familiar with each other at a meeting after a greeting usually ask questions about business, health, and the family of the interlocutor. How many questions are worth asking? How detailed can the answers be? In this case, the goal is to greet and express general signs of attention ("I care about your well-being", etc.).

Therefore, questions about well-being and affairs are essentially a tribute to etiquette and it is better to give short and neutral answers:

- How are you?

- I can't complain... (it's okay..., it seems to be nothing, etc.) - And, in turn, ask the interlocutor one or two similar questions.

An important tool that facilitates business communication are Business Cards.

In business communication at the first meeting and acquaintance, the exchange of business cards is widely used, which is one of the mandatory attributes of the image of a business person. The presence of a business card indicates the seriousness and solidity of a person. Business cards are used for absentee presentations, expressions of gratitude or condolences, flowers and gifts are sent with them.

The main purpose of business cards is to introduce business and officials to each other at the first meeting. In countries with developed market economies (both West and East), business cards play an important role in modern business etiquette and in most cases replace any document, incl. identification. Gradually, business cards are included in everyday business practice in our country.

congratulations, gratitude

The meaning of the words "congratulations", "thank you" is fixed by the stable form of the use of the verb and is defined as a simultaneous act of both speech and action. In this case, you can, for example, shake the interlocutor's hand, which will already be an additional shade of action.

In business communication, both the neutral form of speech units and the stylistically elevated form are used (especially in writing). The option that is most pleasant, preferred for the interlocutor is selected:

- Allow me to congratulate (convey congratulations on behalf of ...);

- Let me thank (express gratitude);

- Please accept our gratitude (our congratulations);

- I can't thank you enough for...

The same can be said about the response formulas of gratitude:

- I am grateful (grateful) for the attention ... (for congratulations; ... for the fact that ...)

- Please accept my gratitude (for what?) ...

Option to enhance the expressiveness of speech units:

- I am very, (deeply, extremely) grateful to you (thankful).

I don't have enough words to thank you...

An expression of gratitude enhanced by a compliment:

- Thank you. You are very attentive.

- Thank you. You're so kind.

However, in everyday business situations congratulations stylistically neutral:

- You can be congratulated on the completion of the work?

- Accept congratulations: our project is accepted.

Business communication etiquette gratitude(restrained-correct, not emotional) in response to a positive assessment of your performance:

- Thanks to. I am very pleased (I am glad) to hear such feedback about my work; to hear such words (about what?)

The most common form of gratitude is the usual and most traditional “thank you” for Russian etiquette, used in the most different situations:

- Thank you for your help (for advice, for warning).

- Thank you for your attention.

The use of the latter formula is primarily related to the situation of officially granting a participant in communication a word or the right to ask a question to a speaker or a person conducting a press conference.

At the end of the speech, the speaker thanks the audience for their attention:

- Thank you (thank you) for your attention.

When asking a question, the speaker thanks in advance for the answer, since he is given the floor only once (he will not be able to thank the answerer after the answer):

- What do you think... (wording of the question)? Thank you.

Compliment

A compliment is an element of speech etiquette, which contains some exaggeration of the positive qualities of a person. When listening to a compliment, the psychological phenomenon of suggestion also works, as a result of which a person tries to “grow up” to the qualities emphasized in the compliment.

Complimentary impact in business communication requires a certain art. There are special compliment requirements. The main ones are the following: to focus not on the external merits of the interlocutor, but on his internal, spiritual qualities; to highlight not the obvious, but the hidden merits of the interlocutor (the more hidden merits can be emphasized in the partner, the more sincere the words of the interlocutor will seem to him); be sincere when giving a compliment (or at least convincingly give the impression of sincerity); build a compliment on a factual basis, while using facts known to both partners in it; be brief when giving a compliment (a complimentary statement should contain one or two thoughts, no more, a simple construction will certainly be understood); do not include teachings in the compliment (the compliment should state the presence of a characteristic, and not contain recommendations for improving it); in a compliment there should not be ambiguous turns, ambiguity can cause completely different feelings and associations that the author of the compliment is counting on; one should only slightly exaggerate the positive quality reflected in the compliment (a big exaggeration can be perceived as a mockery); one should not compliment those qualities that a person would like to get rid of; one should use such an effective technique as a compliment against the background of an anti-compliment to oneself (the increased impact of this compliment is due to the fact that it satisfies two needs of the interlocutor at once: the need to improve some of one’s character traits and the need to satisfy one’s attitude towards criticism of a partner in business conversation) such a contrasting method encourages the interlocutor to reciprocate courtesy, and an exchange of courtesies is a good start to any conversation; be as specific as possible when giving compliments, specific and personalized compliments seem to people more sincere and frank; for this purpose, in particular, the words "because ..." should be used, followed by a description of obvious observations:

When making compliments, you should take into account the gender and age characteristics of the interlocutor.

So, for young people it is not indifferent how liberated they are, whether they have their own opinion, whether they study or studied at a prestigious educational institution, whether they are independent from their parents, how attractive they are, whether they have life experience.

For adults, social status, success in activity, availability of results of professional work, health, image and much more are significant, which can and should become the subject of sincere admiration.

In old age, value orientations objectively change in many ways, for example, for a grandmother or grandfather, they are very important: the success of their children, recognition of the accumulated experience by others, the desire to pass this experience on to their followers, etc.

For a man, his mental abilities, financial situation, career success, social status, determination, determination and a number of other qualities are especially significant, which ideally should make up the image of a successful man.

For a woman, appearance, beauty of the face and figure, femininity, education, financial situation (own or husband), career (for a business woman), inner charm and a lot more that you should skillfully pay attention to when a woman is the object of compliments are significant ).

Request, advice

The speech units of these thematic groups denote an impulse to action and require replies (first of all, agreement / disagreement).

It is necessary to immediately stipulate the distinction: an order and a request. An order is an official order from someone in authority. The verbal design of the order is accepted only in the field of business communication, but here a reservation should be made: this fully applies to written business orders. In oral speech, in everyday business communication, both language means and intonation of the order should be excluded: the negative impact of such an appeal to subordinates is obvious. An official order with sufficient reason can be called a request, the implementation of which is mandatory. This is reflected accordingly in speech forms:

- I ask you to write a reply to this letter.

- Please prepare a report...etc.

The generally accepted concept of "request" is an appeal to someone, calling to satisfy any needs, desires and encouraging action.

The main form of expressing a request (as well as advice) is the imperative mood of the verb (write about it; put a question, etc.). Words of politeness (please, be kind) are used in business speech much less often than in everyday conversation (“Please, redo it” - it can sound ironic in the mouth of a superior). In an appeal to a colleague of equal age, according to official position, the use of such constructions is natural:

- Kindly tell me...

- Please, call...

- Please, invite me to the phone ...

A fairly stable form of an official request - a combination of the verb "I ask" with an infinitive - is used primarily in situations of collective communication:

- I ask those who wish to speak.

- Please give me the floor.

- Please be quiet.

In these cases, it is possible to use the noun "request" + infinitive:

- Please follow the rules.

- Please do not delay the submission of reports.

I would like you to write about...

It would be nice if you did...

Such an expression of a request, as it were, means that the speaker anticipates possible objections and is ready to listen to them (such situations are also not uncommon, and a good leader should take this into account).

- Come tomorrow if it's convenient for you (if it suits you).

If you don't mind, I'll ask you...

- May I ask you...

Etiquette forms of non-categorical request and advice are relatively close in meaning and speech means. The difference is that when asking, the result of the speech action is directed in favor of the speaker asking:

- I ask you to do ... (I am interested in this);

and with advice, the result is directed in favor of the interlocutor:

- I advise you ... try to do so (it is in your interests).

It is worth turning to the interlocutor with advice when he expects advice, needs it. However, often people ask for advice only in order to establish themselves in an already decision. Therefore, before advising, it is necessary to better understand the situation. The advice should sound tactful, unobtrusive and convincing, the argument is important: why you should do it this way and not otherwise.

The answer requires no less tact: an expression of agreement (disagreement - even more so), gratitude for the advice.

Here, verbs in the form of the conditional mood prevail in speech constructions, conveying the impulse in a soft, emphatically non-categorical form:

- I would like to advise you...

Let me advise you...

- Why don't you go...

- How do you feel about...

How do you look at...

- Would you mind...

The politeness of a request or advice is also provided by interrogative constructions:

- Would you like to take part (in what?) ...?

- Could you answer this question?

consent, refusal

Consent, permission is formulated as follows:

- Now (immediately) will be done (done).

- Please (I allow, I do not mind).

- I agree to let you go.

- I agree, do (do) as you see fit.

If the request is to be refused, then it should sound friendly and calm. To do this, you need to pause a little before answering. Refusal will not be an instant reaction, in which irritation and hostility are involuntarily invested, but a balanced decision. After all, people are most often offended not so much by refusal (it is distressing, but leaves hope), but by the unjust undeserved hostility that accompanies it (there is no hope left here). Most interlocutors will understand that you have reasons for refusal, and will not ask unnecessary questions. By the way, you need to have a ready polite answer to these “extra questions”:

- Believe me, this is not my whim. I'd love to, but I can't.

In case of failure, the following expressions are used:

- (I) cannot (unable, unable) to fulfill your request.

- It is not possible at present.

- Understand, now is not the time to make such a request.

- I'm sorry, but we (I) cannot (can't) fulfill your request.

Apology

The degree of seriousness of the misconduct for which an apology should be made can be very different. In business communication, this may be being late for a pre-arranged meeting, untimely fulfillment of a promise, or simply ill-conceived words that caused trouble to another person. The reasons can also be different: both objective (illness, disruptions in transport, etc.), and subjective (just forgot). Of course, you need to be punctual, but ... it is almost impossible to avoid such situations - which means that you need to immediately try to smooth out the awkwardness, to prevent a conflict from arising. You need to apologize in the form that is most appropriate in this case. And if some doubts or delays are still possible in personal relationships, then timely correct apologies in the field of business relations are an axiom.

Language means of expressing speech etiquette depend both on the degree of misconduct and on the degree of officiality of the situation. For example, the most common formula for apologizing for a minor offense is:

- Sorry (sorry, please) (for what?) For being late, for disturbing ...

- Please excuse me (I apologize) - the formula is more accepted for referring to a group of people.

The shade of strengthening officiality is contained in speech formulas:

I offer my (deep) apologies.

- I must apologize to you (to apologize).

- I can't help but apologize to you.

- Allow me to apologize to you.

- Allow me to apologize for...

Finally, the most serious offenses (failure to given word, especially a breach of obligation) require an extended apology (possibly in writing) specifying the reasons due to which the promise was not fulfilled:

- Allow me to apologize about (what?) ...

- I sincerely ask you to excuse me: I could not fulfill my promise, because I had to urgently go on a business trip.

When indicating the reason, such prepositions, conjunctions, allied words are used: since, because, due to the fact that, etc.

In written speech, turns are used that are characteristic only for the official business style, which have investigative significance:

- I could not do this due to the fact that ... (due to the fact that) the meeting was unexpectedly postponed.

Naturally, apologies should not be postponed, and even better - to prevent situations in which something unforeseen for a partner can happen (to exclude a reason for subsequent apologies by doing this in advance). For example, if you do not have time to come to a meeting or think that you may be late - call the person with whom the meeting is scheduled:

- I beg your pardon: I won't be able to be with you at 12 o'clock. If it's possible (if it's convenient for you), can we reschedule the meeting half an hour later?

- It's possible. So let's meet at 12:30. Thank you for calling.

This is the way to respond to an apology-warning.

In most situations of small misdemeanors, a response to an apology in person is simply not required: a nod of the head or an approving look will tell the interlocutor that you do not doubt the unintentionality of what happened and that his apology is accepted. Most frequently used answers:

- You are welcome.

- No need to apologize.

The reaction to an apology by phone (especially to a written apology) should be heard, since the partner is waiting for this, but even here the answer should be correct and laconic:

- I accept your apology.

Communication is a complex activity for at least two partners. Therefore, taking into account not only the speaker's own interests, but also constant attention to the interlocutor, to his characteristics and needs is an important condition for true communication.

Language puts several synonymous forms at our disposal in every situation of verbal communication, and we are free to choose the most suitable one. Speech etiquette sets us the framework of speech rules within which communication should take place.

Questions:

1. What do we call speech etiquette?

2. What are "stable formulas of verbal communication"?

3. What cues should be used when meeting?

4. How it is preferable to address a stranger

man? Is the appeal a man,

woman neutral? Why?

5. What replicas are appropriate to end

business meeting?

6. What types of business cards are used in

business relationship?

do you know the cards?

8. What are the basic rules that determine

ethical standards when exchanging business cards.

9. What gratitude speech formulas can you

name?

10. What is the role of compliments in communication?

11. What are the basic rules for using

compliments you know? How often should you speak

compliments?

12. What is the peculiarity of hidden compliments?

13. What should be the execution of an order in the field

business communication?

14. What are the main forms of expressing a request

(council).

15. What speech formulas can be used

in case of refusal (with an apology)?

Control questions and tasks:

1. Define professional ethics. What is she studying?
2. Name the types and features of professional ethics. What is speech etiquette? Name the formulas of speech etiquette.

Task 1. Give etiquette formulas of acquaintance, greeting, farewell. Make up a dialogue. Compose an invitation and congratulations using speech etiquette for solemn situations.

Task 2. Play the situation "My first working day." Tune in to friendly, calm, trusting communication so that your first words sound in the right tone.

Task for SRSP. Prepare a presentation speech using the rules of etiquette .

Practical lesson 18. Rhetoric. Oral presentation. Compilation of written speech. Culture of business professional speech. Communicative qualities of speech. Features of speech behavior in a professional environment.

Pysina L. V., Zagitova R. F.

Using greeting formulas in conditions

polylingual space

Speech etiquette is a model of a pronounced standardized speech behavior. In the article by N.I. Formanovskaya, we come across the following definition: “Speech etiquette is a system of nationally specific, stereotyped, stable communication formulas adopted by society to establish contact between interlocutors, to maintain and interrupt it (in the chosen key)”. Consequently, speech etiquette includes words and expressions used by people to say goodbye, requests and apologies, forms of address adopted in various situations, and intonation features that characterize polite speech. “Each nation ... has its own customs, its own ideas about what is polite and what is impolite at the moment” [4, 129].

The subject of our study, we chose the formulas of speech greetings in the conditions of a multilingual (multilingual) space that has developed in the Republic of Bashkortostan. In our republic the status state language divided between the Russian and Bashkir languages. In addition, due to the development of technological progress, economic ties, English, the language of international communication, the language most common in schools, the language of business, official contacts and the language whose lexical elements are used in everyday speech of participants in various speech situations, has become widespread. We intend to consider the conditions for the use of words and expressions-greetings in Russian, Bashkir and English. In our opinion, there is a need to conduct a comparative analysis of the greeting formulas in Russian, Bashkir and English in order to clarify the conditions of use and the internal meaning of each of the formulas, the possibility of their use in speech.

Language etiquette is a sample of the most pronounced standardized behavior. Formal and informal meetings of acquaintances, and sometimes strangers, begin with a greeting.

Greeting formulas play a big role in our communication. Greeting acquaintances, we confirm our acquaintance and express our desire to continue it. On the contrary, we are worried when a good acquaintance, passing by, only slightly nods his head or does not notice us at all. After all, to stop saying hello means to interrupt good relations, to stop acquaintance! And vice versa: when we greet a person with whom we have not communicated before, we express a friendly attitude towards him and an intention to make contact. Thus, "Hello!" indicates readiness for communication and offers to make it friendly.

Greeting is one of the most important signs of verbal communication. Therefore, welcome formulas are an obligatory section of phrasebooks that are published for journalists, athletes and everyone who is interested in the language.

The norms of a speech greeting are contained in phrasebooks and reference books. In 1696, a Russian grammar was published at Oxford, compiled by Heinrich Wilhelm Ludolf, who had been in Russia. She was supposed to acquaint Western Europe with the language of Muscovite Russia. And the very first dialogue given was a greeting dialogue. And he was in the XVII century was like this: - Good afternoon!

Hello! Thank God!

I wish you a good day!

I wish you the same!

Have a good day today!

And don't be bad!

Over time, greetings, of course, change, but in the modern language the main idea that was laid down by fathers and grandfathers is preserved - this is a wish for good, well-being and health.

Modern phrase books are designed for those who are not only interested in the language, but also have difficulties in communication. They present a number of the most convenient and common offers. Sometimes there are dialogues supposed between the participants in the speech situation. In preparing this work, we used the Russian-Bashkir phrasebook, published in 1994 in Sterlitamak (compiled by Tikeev D.S. and Yusupov H.G.) In our opinion, the Bashkir-English-Russian phrasebook (author Zainullin L.M.) deserves attention. ), published in Ufa in 2000. These guides contain rich language material that helps to compare greeting formulas in three languages ​​at once. Here is an example from the last named phrasebook:

Bashkir language

English language

Russian language

Һаumyһyғыҙ!

Khayerle irt!

Khayerle kon!

Khayerle kiss!

kaums!

Hello! Hi!

good morning!

Good afternoon!

good evening!

Hello! Hi Cheerio

Hello!

Good morning!

Good day!

Good evening!

Hey!

It should be noted that in all phrasebooks, articles containing greeting formulas are at the very beginning, which indicates the importance of the ability to greet each other correctly.

In the etymological dictionary of the Russian language, we read: “Healthy - Borrowings. from st.-sl. St.-sl. Hello. Hello- formed in a morphological-syntastical way on the basis of the form of the 1st person singular. h. Hello instead of hello as a result of falling away unstressed at »; « Healthy- common Slavic. Formed with a prefix with from the noun dov ъ – tree. The original meaning is “like a tree (in height, strength)” [7;161].

Therefore, the words "hello" and "health" are the same root. In the 18th century, the formulas “I wish you good health!” and "I wish you good health!" any person could pronounce when entering a house or meeting a friend. Later, in the Russian language, this greeting was preserved only in the military environment. Once "Hello!" they spoke not only when meeting, but also if someone sneezed, i.e. in those cases in which they now say: "Be healthy!".

Greeting in BashkirҺаumyһyғыҙ! also contains a wish for health. The Bashkir-Russian dictionary[6;729] contains the following greeting formulas. We grouped according to the following features: 1) single-root words containing the rootha at , in which the wish of life and health:һ ay - healthy

һ ay bulyu - say hello, be healthy

2) at parting again a wish for health:

hay ҡ a lyu - stay alive

hay boules ғ s ҙ – goodbye, be healthy

3) the verb to say hello has the same root:

Һ villages ҡ һ orashyu - greet

Hello!

Hello!

Һаumyһyғыҙ!

Health

health

kaulyk

The table data allow us to draw the following conclusions: it is possible to assume that in all three languages ​​the greeting word contains a wish for health, because at the phonetic level, words have common roots with this.

In a formal setting the most frequent use of neutral greeting formulas in order to comply with the order of negotiation, between partners, compliance with the protocol situation.

Here are examples of stylistically neutral greeting formulas:

Situation

Russian language

Bashkir language

English

In any situation

Hello!

Һаumyһығыҙ!

Iҫәnmeһegeҙ!

Shаpmeһеgeҙ!

Hello!

greeting in the morning

Good morning!

Khayerle irt!

good morning!

afternoon greeting

Good day!

Khayerle kon!

Good afternoon!

Greeting in the evening

Good evening!

Khayerle kiss!

good evening!

Based on the previous paragraph, we can say that in three languages ​​that have completely different origins and belong to different language families, the greeting formula contains a wish for good and well-being.

Greetings used in different time days, in addition, they carry one more important semantic load: they do not contain an appeal to you and you, which is excluded in the English language by the grammatical system, and in Russian and Bashkir it is considered a necessary element of etiquette behavior.

Therefore, we willingly use formulas with the wordkind , Good , Һ aums , When in doubt how to contact this person, not daring to choose between the situation of appeal toyou or you.

In Russian, the appeal to You involves communication between unfamiliar people, an appeal to a senior in age and position, to a respected person. Appeal to you it is possible not only between peers, but also close relatives, despite the difference in age (grandson to grandmother), which is excluded in the Bashkir language.

The English language uses a large set of etiquette expressions that carry different semantic functions:

Russian language

Bashkir language

English language

Glad to see you

How are you doing?

How are you?

What's up?

How is your health?

How is your family?

Һеҙҙе үеүемә shatmyn!

Һеҙ nishek yәshәйһегэҙ!

Eshtaregeg nisek!

Khaldareger nisek!

Һеҙҙең һауLYғығыҙ nishek!

Ғailәgeҙ ni khәldә!

Nice to see you!

Glad to meet you!

How are you?

How are things?

How are you getting on?

How do you feel?

How is your family?

This table contains greetings-responses possible in different speech situations to the neutral " Hello! » However, in the Russian and Bashkir languages, a detailed answer is possible, the answer to the question posed in several sentences, it is possible that one of the subjects of the dialogue will share his impressions, talk about life and health. In English, such an answer in speech etiquette is considered impolite, because. these formulas in English are just greetings intended not only for already familiar people, but also for those who met for the first time and found themselves in a situation of acquaintance. This is due to the peculiarities of the national character, because. in English-speaking countries it is not customary to share personal problems. Therefore, we can note the proximity in the speech etiquette of the Russian and Bashkir peoples.

Informal, friendly communication suggests a freer environment, which makes it possible to widely use various derivatives of greeting formulas, suggests the synonymous replacement of some phrases.

We give examples in the following table indicating the conditions and situations for the use of informal greetings.

Use

Russian

language

English

language

Bashkir

language

Laid-back, friendly, used by well-known people, more often among young people.

Hey!

Firework!

Hello!

Hi!

WITH A la m!

kaums!

Sh ə pme!

In some cases, in speech situations, greeting words from one of the languages ​​can be used by a native speaker of another language.

For example, it has become fashionable to use the English greeting in communication between people of the same age (mostly young people).Hi ! The older generation often uses friendlyWITH ә l ә m!, addressing a person whose native language is the Bashkir language and vice versa. This indicates the expansion of the lexical space of languages, the possibility of their interaction, the equality and tolerance of cultures developing in a multilingual space.

It should be noted that in languages ​​there are often uses of truncated constructions of speech etiquette, for example:

Russian language

Bashkir language

English language

Good morning!

Kind!

kaums!

Iҫәnme!

W apme!

Morning!

Morning!

Here we can talk about the desire to save language resources, which has become a very common phenomenon. But it should also be noted that in the Russian version of the dialogue, the interlocutor violates the language norm, destroying the stable combination unnecessarily, and at the same time, saving on greetings, which, wittingly or unwittingly, showed his disrespect for the interlocutor and obvious inattention to him.

In English in colloquial speech instead of traditional Good morning ! can be heard Morning ! In this greeting, there is an indication of the time of day, and in Russian, on the sign of “kind”. And if in Russian “kind” is the answer to a question, then in English it is an equal greeting: - Morning! - Morning !

In the Bashkir language, an abbreviated version is possible only when communicating with well-known people. In an official setting and in communication with elders, the following expressions should be used:Һаumyһығыҙ!ANDҫәnmeһegeҙ! W ә pme һ ege ҙ! Khayerle irt!Khayerle kon!

Speech etiquette is a model of speech behavior. Greeting is one of the important signs of verbal communication, it indicates readiness for communication, suggests making it friendly.

The norms of greeting formulas are enshrined in phrasebooks and reference books, where they are given a special place, which confirms their importance in speech as words that help make the speech situation benevolent.

Meanings of words of greetings"Hello!", " hello !», « Һаumyһyғыҙ » are close, since each of them contains a wish for good and health and is etymologically connected with this word.

Words of greeting always contain a wish for good and well-being. The use of formulas indicating the time of day allows you to follow the rules of etiquette in special cases. Etiquette greetings-expressions can be used in various situations.

There is a need to comply with the norms of greeting in the Russian and Bashkir languages ​​when using short formulas. Thanks to interlingual interaction, in the speech of people of different nationalities and cultures, the use of borrowed expressions-greetings is often traced, which confirms close communication between native speakers, tolerance of cultures.

Literature and sources

Dal, V.I. Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language [Text] / V.I.Dal. - M .: Eksmo Publishing House, 2003.- 736s.

Zainullin, L.M. Salem, Bashkortostan! Hello, Bashkortostan! Hello Bashkortostan! Bashkir-English-Russian phrasebook [Text] / L. M. Zainullin - Ufa: "Kitap" - 2000. - 327p.

Ivashkina, O.V. New in Russian speech etiquette [Text] / O.V. Ivashkin. - Russian literature - 2003, - No. 5

Leontiev, A.A. Journey through the map of world languages ​​[Text] / A.A. Leontiev - M .: Education, 1980. - 231s.

Tikeev, D.S., Yusupov, H.G. Russian-Bashkir phrasebook [Text] / Compiled by D.S. Tikee in, H.G. Yusupov - Sterlitamak, 1994.

Uraksin, Z. Kh. Bashkir-Russian Dictionary [Text] / Z. Kh. Uraksin - M .: Russian language -1996. - 843s.

Shansky, N.M., Ivanov, V.V., Shanskaya, T.V. Brief etymological dictionary of the Russian language [Text] / N.M. Shansky, V.V. Ivanov, T.V. Shanskaya, - M.: Enlightenment, -1971. - 403s.