Academician p to Anokhin. Academician Anokhin Petr Kuzmich: biography, discoveries, achievements and interesting facts. The struggle for the purity of scientific series

Pyotr Kuzmich Anokhin January 1898, Tsaritsyn - March 5, 1974, Moscow) - Soviet physiologist, creator of the theory of functional systems, academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences and the USSR Academy of Sciences, laureate of the Lenin Prize.

Biography

In 1913 he graduated from the Higher Primary School. To help his family, he entered as a clerk at railway, and then passed the exams for the position of postal and telegraph official. In the same period, he passed the exams for six classes of a real school as an external student, and in the fall of 1915 he entered the Novocherkassk Surveying and Agronomic School.

Participated in civil war.

In the early years of Soviet power, he was the press commissar and editor-in-chief of the Krasny Don newspaper in Novocherkassk. A chance meeting with A. V. Lunacharsky, who traveled around this period with an agitation train of the troops Southern Front, and the conversation about the desire to study the brain in order to “understand the material mechanisms of the human soul” becomes a landmark in the fate of Anokhin.

By the autumn of 1921, he received a call to Petrograd and was sent to study at the State Institute of Medical Knowledge, which was led by V. M. Bekhterev. Already in the 1st year, under the guidance of V. M. Bekhterev, he carried out his first scientific work “The influence of major and minor vibrations of sounds on excitation and inhibition in the cerebral cortex”.

After listening to a number of lectures by IP Pavlov at the Military Medical Academy, he goes to work in his laboratory.

Upon graduation in 1926, the GIMZ was elected to the position of senior assistant at the Department of Physiology of the Leningrad Zootechnical Institute. Continuing to work in the laboratory of IP Pavlov, the scientist carried out a number of studies at the department of the institute on the study of the blood circulation of the brain and the effect of acetylcholine on the vascular and secretory functions of the salivary gland.

In 1930, P. K. Anokhin, recommended for the competition by I. P. Pavlov, was elected professor of the Department of Physiology of the Medical Faculty of the University of Nizhny Novgorod. After the separation of the faculty from the university and the formation of a medical institute on its basis, he simultaneously heads the department of physiology of the biological faculty of the University of Nizhny Novgorod.

During this period, he proposed fundamentally new methods for studying conditioned reflexes: the secretory-motor method, as well as an original method with a sudden substitution of unconditioned reinforcement, which allowed P. K. Anokhin to conclude that a special apparatus was formed in the central nervous system, which contains the parameters of future reinforcement . Later, this apparatus was called the "acceptor of the result of the action."

In 1935, P.K. Anokhin introduced the concept of "sanctioning afferentation", at the same time, in the preface to the collective monograph "Problems of the Center and Periphery in the Physiology of Nervous Activity", he gave the first definition of a functional system. “During this period of my life,” he later wrote in his autobiography, “when I was already a professor, and a concept was born that determined my research interests for life ... I managed to formulate the theory of a functional system, showing that the systems approach is the most progressive for solving physiological problems.

With the transfer in 1935 with part of the staff to Moscow, the All-Union Institute of Experimental Medicine organizes a department of neurophysiology here, a number of studies of which were carried out jointly with the department of micromorphology, led by B. I. Lavrentiev, and the clinic of neurology of M. B. Krol.

Since 1938, at the invitation of N. N. Burdenko, he has simultaneously been in charge of the psycho-neurological sector of the Central Neurosurgical Institute, where he is developing the theory of the nerve scar. By the same time, his joint work with the clinic of A. V. Vishnevsky on the issues of novocaine blockade belongs.

With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War in the fall of 1941, together with VIEM, he was evacuated to Tomsk, where he was appointed head of the neurosurgical department for injuries of the peripheral nervous system. Later, the results of pre-war theoretical studies and neurosurgical experience were summarized by P. K. Anokhin in the monograph “Plasty of nerves in military trauma of the peripheral nervous system”, and also formed the basis of the theory of the nerve scar he formulated.

In 1942 he returned to Moscow and was appointed head of the physiological laboratory at the Institute of Neurosurgery. Here, along with consultations and operations, together with N. N. Burdenko, he continues research on the surgical treatment of military trauma to the nervous system. The result of these works was their joint article "Structural features of lateral neuromas and their surgical treatment." At the same time, he was elected professor at the Department of Physiology of Moscow University.

In 1944, on the basis of the Department of Neurophysiology and Laboratories of VIEM, the Institute of Physiology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, established shortly before, was organized, where P.K. Anokhin was appointed head of the department of physiology of the nervous system and director of the institute).

In the autumn of 1950, at a well-known scientific session devoted to the problems of the physiological teachings of I.P. Pavlov, new scientific directions developed by the students of the great physiologist L.A. Orbeli, I.S. Beritashvili and A.D. Speransky and others were criticized. Acute rejection was caused by Anokhin's theory of functional systems.

Professor E. A. Asratyan: ... When certain anti-Pavlovian frivolities come forward ... Stern, Efimov, Bernstein and similar persons who do not know either the letter or the spirit of Pavlov's teaching, this is not as annoying as it is ridiculous. When such a knowledgeable and experienced physiologist as I. S. Beritashvili, who is not a student and follower of Pavlov, comes up with anti-Pavlovian concepts, this is already annoying. But when Pavlov's disciple Anokhin, under the guise of loyalty to his teacher, systematically and relentlessly strives to revise his teaching from the rotten positions of the pseudoscientific idealistic "theories" of reactionary bourgeois scientists, this is at least outrageous ...

As a result, P. K. Anokhin was removed from work at the Institute of Physiology and sent to Ryazan, where until 1952 he worked as a professor at the Department of Physiology of the Medical Institute.

From 1953 to 1955, he headed the Department of Physiology and Pathology of Higher Nervous Activity of the Central Institute for the Improvement of Doctors in Moscow.

In 1955, he was a professor at the Department of Normal Physiology at the 1st Moscow Medical Institute named after I.M. Sechenov. At this time, he formulated the theory of sleep and wakefulness, the biological theory of emotions, proposed the original theory of hunger and satiety, completed the theory of the functional system, gave a new interpretation of the mechanism of internal inhibition, reflected in the monograph "Internal inhibition as a problem of physiology".

P. K. Anokhin combined his scientific work with pedagogical activity, and also was the organizer and for a number of years the permanent head of the Gorky branch of the All-Union Society of Physiologists, Biochemists and Pharmacologists, a member of the board of the All-Union Physiological Society named after I. P. Pavlov, in the late 1960s years - the creator of the international seminar on the theory of functional systems, and in 1970-1974. - Chairman of the Moscow Physiological Society, founder and first editor-in-chief of the journal "Advances in Physiological Sciences", member of the editorial boards of a number of domestic and foreign journals, editor of the "Physiology" section of the second edition of the Great Medical Encyclopedia and a member of the editorial board of its third edition.

Grave of P.K. Anokhin at the Novodevichy Cemetery

Petr Kuzmich Anokhin - one of the prominent Russian scientists and researchers who created the theory of functional systems, and in a significant area contributed to the development of world medicine, had interesting story life full of hard events and accomplishments.

He was born in 1898 in Volgograd in an ordinary working-class family that did not have much wealth or wide connections. Already at the age of 15, after graduating from college, he got a job on the railway, and some time later, after passing the exams, he was able to get a job as a postal and telegraph official. Studying was given to the young Petr Anokhin very easily, and he was really drawn to knowledge. Therefore, in parallel with new job, he passed the exams externally and entered the Novocherkassk school.

Unfortunately, his full education was prevented by the civil war, in which he was directly involved and was a supporter of the overthrow of the current government. After the end of the war, Petr Anokhin was lucky enough to meet a prominent political figure Anatoly Lunacharsky, to whom he told about his passion for science and his desire to study the functioning of the human brain.

The start of serious learning

Lunacharsky himself did not forget about the meeting and took care that the young man be accepted to study at the Leningrad State Institute, where he very quickly gains the respect of teachers and becomes known as the most promising student. After a year of classes, he conducts his own scientific work on the effect of sounds of different tonality on excitation or inhibition in the cerebral cortex. Curated this study V.M. Bekhterev.

Upon graduation in 1926, in parallel with work in Pavlov's laboratory, Anokhin held the position of senior assistant in the department of physiology at the Leningrad Zootechnical Institute. There he conducted a number of important studies of the processes of blood circulation in the brain and investigated the functions of the salivary gland.

Theory of functional systems

Already by 1930, with the support of Pavlov, Anokhin became a professor at the Department of Physiology at the University of Nizhny Novgorod. Having received more time for research and scientific work, Anokhin soon forms his own author's method for studying unconditioned reflexes, and a little later talks about the existence of an acceptor of the result of an action. Also already in 1935, Petr Anokhin developed his own theory of functional systems, demonstrating the advantages of his new methodology. In his theory, he combined private mechanisms into a common system in which everything is subject to interaction.

In the same period of time, he begins to work at the All-Union Center for Experimental Medicine in Moscow, where he is engaged in his own research, as well as the study of neurophysiology with his colleagues.

A few years later, he begins to work together with such well-known medical researchers as Burdenko and Vishnevsky. In collaboration with the former, he experiments with the theory of the nerve scar, and with the latter he investigates the features and consequences of novocaine blockade.

War time

With the outbreak of war, Anokhin, like the entire research center, was evacuated to Tomsk, where he began to practice neurosurgery, working with disorders of the peripheral nervous system. This opportunity allowed him to test in practice the questions he had previously been interested in, and in the process he even wrote a monograph on nerve plastics.

Active and productive by nature, Anokhin returned to Moscow already in 1942 and used his experience while working as head of the physiological laboratory at the Institute of Neurosurgery. There he again collaborated with Burdenko and even wrote a joint paper with him on the structural features of the lateral neuromas.

Then, in 1944, Anokhin was appointed director of the Institute of Physiology, formed on the basis of the All-Union Center for Experimental Medicine. Here he works for a long time and conducts his research, until in 1950 he was fired and sent to Ryazan due to the fact that his scientific views differed from Pavlov’s, and the scientific community considered this not only unacceptable, but also offensive.

Moscow Medical Institute

However, Professor Anokhin remained true to his convictions and research results, and after 5 years he managed to return to the capital again, where he was able to get a job as a professor in the Department of Physiology at the Moscow Medical Institute, where he found himself for a long period of time and was able to combine teaching and research.

Over the years of his work in this position, he strengthened his position, and colleagues began to take his theory seriously, in connection with which, in 1960, he created a world-class seminar on the theory of functional systems, and for many years was its chairman. It brought together physiologists from all over the world, helped them interact and develop, reach new heights and conduct joint experiments. It was thanks to him that this area of medicine was able to get such a serious development and achieve current successes and results.

At the end of his life, he even managed to organize and publish the journal "Advances in the Physiological Sciences", in which he combined knowledge from all over the world, and at the same time he was writing scientific papers, various popular articles and books. He was able to make a contribution to the development of world medicine with his teaching activities, since many of his students became outstanding physiologists, and more than once they noticed that they were able to achieve such success precisely thanks to the help of Petr Anokhin.

, Russian empire

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Subtitles

Biography

Born into a working class family. In 1913 he graduated from the Higher Primary School. To help his family, he entered the railroad as a clerk, and then passed the exams for the position of a postal and telegraph official. In the same period, he passed the exams for six classes of a real school as an external student, and in the fall of 1915 he entered the Novocherkassk Surveying and Agronomic School. Participated in the Civil War. In the early years of Soviet power, he was the press commissar and editor-in-chief of the Krasny Don newspaper in Novocherkassk. A chance meeting with A. V. Lunacharsky, who traveled around the troops of the Southern Front with an agitation train during this period, and a conversation about the desire to study the brain in order to "understand the material mechanisms of the human soul" becomes a landmark in the fate of Anokhin.

By the fall of 1921, he received a call to Petrograd and a referral to study at (GIMZ), which was led by V. M. Bekhterev. Already in the 1st year, under his leadership, he conducted the first scientific work "The influence of major and minor vibrations of sounds on excitation and inhibition in the cerebral cortex."

As a result, P.K. Anokhin was removed from work at the Institute of Physiology and sent to Ryazan, where until 1952 he worked as a professor at the Department of Physiology of the Medical Institute.

Here is a description of K. K. Platonov (psychologist), who was personally acquainted with P. K. Anokhin:

Pyotr Kuzmich was one of those whose closeness convinced that a person's abilities, expressed to the level of talent, become his character. He was by nature and conviction a physiologist with a capital letter. His passion for science was so great that it reached the point of absurdity: he dropped out of the ranks of the party, ceasing to pay membership dues, sincerely believing that party work distracts him from science.

- Platonov K. K. My personal meetings on the great road of life. Memoirs of an old psychologist. - 2005. - IP RAS. - S. 244.

P. K. Anokhin combined his scientific work with pedagogical activity, and also was the organizer and for a number of years the permanent head of the Gorky branch of the All-Union Society of Physiologists, Biochemists and Pharmacologists, a member of the board of the All-Union Physiological Society named after I. P. Pavlov, in the late 1960s years - the creator of the international seminar on the theory of functional systems, and in 1970-1974. - Chairman of the Moscow Physiological Society, founder and first editor-in-chief of the journal "Advances in Physiological Sciences" (1970), member of the editorial boards of a number of domestic and foreign journals, editor of the "Physiology" section of the second edition of the Great Medical Encyclopedia and a member of the editorial board of its third edition.

Pyotr Kuzmich Anokhin

Date of Birth	January 14 (26)(1898-01-26 )
Place of Birth	Tsaritsyn, Saratov Governorate, Russian Empire
Date of death	5th of March(1974-03-05 ) (76 years old)
A place of death	Moscow, USSR
The country	Russian empire Russian empire , the USSR the USSR
Scientific sphere	physiology, biology, medicine
Place of work	Moscow State University
Alma mater
Academic degree	Doctor of Medical Sciences
Academic title	Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, Professor
scientific adviser	I. P. Pavlov
Known as	author of the theory of functional systems
Awards and prizes

Biography

As a result, P.K. Anokhin was removed from work at the Institute of Physiology and sent to Ryazan, where until 1952 he worked as a professor at the Department of Physiology of the Medical Institute.

Here is a description of K. K. Platonov (psychologist), who was personally acquainted with P. K. Anokhin:

Pyotr Kuzmich was one of those whose closeness convinced that a person's abilities, expressed to the level of talent, become his character. He was by nature and conviction a physiologist with a capital letter. His passion for science was so great that it reached the point of absurdity: he dropped out of the ranks of the party, ceasing to pay membership dues, sincerely believing that party work distracts him from science.

Anokhin Pyotr Kuzmich is a famous Soviet physiologist. One of his main achievements is the creation of the theory of functional systems. He was a member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, in 1972 he became a laureate of the Lenin Prize. His contribution to science is still being researched and evaluated by his followers.

Biography of a scientist

Anokhin Petr Kuzmich was born in Tsaritsyn, now it is Volgograd. He was born in 1898. He grew up in a working-class family, at the age of 15 he graduated from a higher primary school, already then showing a craving for science and knowledge.

But the family of Pyotr Kuzmich Anokhin was not rich, so instead of continuing his planned education, he was forced as a teenager to go to work on the railway as a clerk. Soon he passed the exams for a more prestigious and highly paid position - a postal and telegraph official.

Despite the fact that he had to work hard, the hero of our article decided not to abandon his studies. He externally passed the exams immediately for six classes of a real school, enrolling in a land surveying and agronomic school in Novocherkassk.

Anokhin Pyotr Kuzmich, like most people from the working class, supported the revolution. The future academician took part in the Civil War, and when Soviet power was established in the country, he became a press commissar, supervised the publication of the Krasny Don newspaper in Novocherkassk as editor-in-chief.

A great influence on the fate of Peter Kuzmich, whose biography is given in this article, was a meeting with Lunacharsky. The first people's commissar of education at that time traveled on an agitation train to the troops of the Southern Front. Anokhin Petr Kuzmich and Lunacharsky discussed the prospects for studying the brain, the hero of our article sought to understand the material mechanisms that move the human soul.

Already in 1921, he received an official invitation from Petrograd to enter the Institute of Medical Knowledge in Leningrad, at that time he was led by the legendary scientist Bekhterev. Anokhin stood out already in his first year, having defended his work on the influence of minor and major sounds on certain parts of the cerebral cortex.

Working with Pavlov

In 1922, he attends a series of lectures by Academician Pavlov, which he reads at the Military Medical Academy, decides to enter his laboratory.

In parallel, he continues his studies, and after that he works at the institute. In 1926, he received a position as a senior assistant at the Department of Physiology at the Zootechnical Institute of the Northern Capital, and two years later became an assistant professor.

In Pavlov's laboratory, he studies the circulation of the brain, as well as the effect that acetylcholine has on the functions of the salivary gland, in particular, on the secretory and vascular.

In 1930, Pavlov recommended Anokhin for the position of head of the department of physiology at the Medical University of Nizhny Novgorod. In the same year, the faculty separated from the university, forming a separate medical institute. Anokhin continues to work at the new university, and at the same time teaches at the Faculty of Biology of the University of Nizhny Novgorod.

Learning reflexes

It was during this period that the scientist Pyotr Anokhin began to conduct bold research. He basically creates new method studying conditioned reflexes. He proposed an original method, which made it possible to conclude that a special preparation is formed in the central nervous system, in which there are parameters of the so-called "prepared excitation". Over time, it was called the acceptor of the result of the action.

In 1935, the physiologist Petr Kuzmich Anokhin introduced the concept of sanctioning afferentation into scientific use. Then approximately gives the first definition of a functional system. This is the important contribution to the science of Anokhin Pyotr Kuzmich.

Later, when compiling his own autobiography, the hero of our article noted that during this period of his professional career, when he had already risen to the rank of professor, he had a concept that seriously influenced many of his research interests. He was one of the first in physiology who succeeded in formulating the theory of the functional system. Thus, Anokhin clearly demonstrated that the most effective and productive for solving physiological problems is precisely a systematic approach.

Moving to Moscow

The next stage in his career was moving to Moscow with some of his employees, which took place in 1935. Anokhin began working at the All-Union Institute of Experimental Medicine. Here he was instructed to form his own department of neurophysiology, as well as to conduct a number of important studies that were carried out jointly with the department of micromorphology under the leadership of Lavrentiev, as well as the neurological clinic of Krol.

In 1938, Nikolai Burdenko invited Anokhin to head the psycho-neurological sector on the basis of the Central Neurosurgical Institute, in which the hero of our article begins to develop another theory. This time he studies the nerve scar. The same period includes his fundamental research on the novocaine blockade, which he conducted jointly with the specialists of the Vishnevsky clinic.

The Great Patriotic War

When the war began, Anokhin, together with the Institute of Experimental Medicine, was urgently evacuated to Tomsk. In this Siberian city, he headed the department of neurosurgery, dealt with issues of the peripheral nervous system.

He managed to systematize the results of his pre-war theoretical research, as well as important and unique neurosurgical experience. He combined all these works into a monograph entitled "Nerve Plastics in Military Trauma of the Peripheral Nervous System", which was published in 1944. He also continued the study of the theory of the nerve scar, originally formulated earlier.

At the same time, Anokhin returned to Moscow already in 1942, having received an appointment as head of the physiological laboratory. His new place of work was the Institute of Neurosurgery. Here he continues to personally operate and consult other doctors, and, together with Burdenko, conducts research on the surgical treatment of military injuries of the nervous system, unique for that time.

The result of this activity was an article devoted to the peculiarities of nerves and their surgical treatment, which Anokhin wrote together with Burdenko. Then he was elected a professor at the Department of Physiology of Moscow University.

Institute of Physiology

An important contribution of Petr Anokhin to the development of science was his work in the Department of Physiology of the Nervous System, which was formed in 1944 on the basis of the newly established Institute of Physiology. The Academy of Medical Sciences played a key role in this. At the same time, he served as the director of the institute, and earlier as a deputy, who oversaw scientific work.

After the end of the war, many of Anokhin's works and studies were criticized. In 1950, a well-known resonant session took place, at which the problems of the physiological doctrine that Pavlov promoted were discussed. Many scientists were sharply criticized at it, including Beritashvili, Orbeli, Speransky and many others. In particular, many were dissatisfied with the theory of functional systems, the author of which was Anokhin.

For example, at this session, Professor Asratyan noted that it is understandable when Pavlov is criticized by Soviet researchers who have never worked with him and are not familiar with the very spirit of science. But the scientific community was especially indignant at the fact that Pavlov's achievements were criticized by one of his most famous students, Anokhin. The hero of our article was accused of pseudoscientific and idealistic views and theories, which, in their opinion, were formed under the influence of the bourgeois West.