The artistic style of its main features briefly. Artistic style of speech, its distinctive features and main properties

Style fiction

Art style- functional style of speech, which is used in fiction. In this style, it affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, is characterized by figurativeness, emotionality of speech.

In a work of art, the word not only carries certain information, but also serves to aesthetically influence the reader with the help of artistic images. The brighter and more truthful the image, the stronger it affects the reader.

In their works, writers use, when necessary, not only words and forms literary language, but also obsolete dialect and vernacular words.

The means of artistic expression are varied and numerous. These are tropes: comparisons, personifications, allegory, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, etc. And stylistic figures: epithet, hyperbole, litote, anaphora, epiphora, gradation, parallelism, rhetorical question, silence, etc.

Fiction is characterized by a concrete-figurative representation of life, in contrast to the abstract, objective, logical-conceptual reflection of reality in scientific speech. A work of art is characterized by perception through the senses and the re-creation of reality, the author seeks to convey, first of all, his personal experience, their understanding or comprehension of this or that phenomenon. But in a literary text, we see not only the world of the writer, but also the writer in this world: his preferences, condemnations, admiration, rejection, and the like. This is associated with emotionality and expressiveness, metaphorical, meaningful diversity of the artistic style of speech.

The basis of the artistic style of speech is the literary Russian language. The word in this functional style performs a nominative-figurative function. The words that form the basis of this style primarily include figurative means of the Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context. These are words with a wide range of uses. Highly specialized words are used to a small extent, only to create artistic authenticity in describing certain aspects of life.

In the artistic style of speech, the speech polysemy of the word is widely used, which opens up additional meanings and semantic shades in it, as well as synonymy at all language levels, which makes it possible to emphasize the subtlest shades of meanings. This is explained by the fact that the author strives to use all the richness of the language, to create his own unique language and style, to a bright, expressive, figurative text. The author uses not only the vocabulary of the codified literary language, but also a variety of figurative means from colloquial speech and vernacular.

The emotionality and expressiveness of the image comes to the fore in the artistic text. Many words that in scientific speech act as clearly defined abstract concepts, in newspaper and journalistic speech - as socially generalized concepts, in artistic speech carry concrete sensory representations. Thus, the styles functionally complement each other. For example, the adjective lead in scientific speech realizes its direct meaning (lead ore, lead bullet), and in artistic speech it forms an expressive metaphor (lead clouds, lead noz, lead waves). Therefore, in artistic speech, phrases play an important role, which create a certain figurative representation.

Artistic speech, especially poetic speech, is characterized by inversion, i.e. a change in the usual word order in a sentence in order to enhance the semantic significance of a word, or to give the whole phrase a special stylistic coloring. An example of inversion is the well-known line from A. Akhmatova's poem "Everything I see is hilly Pavlovsk ..." Variants of the author's word order are diverse, subject to a common plan. But all these deviations in the text serve the law of artistic necessity.

6. Aristotle on six qualities of "good speech"

The term "rhetoric" (Greek Retorike), "oratory" (Latin orator, orare - to speak), "vitia" (obsolete, Old Slavonic), "eloquence" (Russian) are synonymous.

Rhetoric - a special science of the laws of "invention, arrangement and expression of thoughts in speech." Its modern interpretation is the theory of persuasive communication.

Aristotle defined rhetoric as the ability to find possible beliefs about any given subject, as the art of persuasion, which uses the possible and probable in cases where real certainty is insufficient. The business of rhetoric is not to convince, but in each given case to find ways of persuasion.

Oratory is understood as a high degree of skill in public speaking, a qualitative characteristic of oratory, skillful use of the word.

Eloquence in the dictionary of the living Great Russian language by V. Dahl is defined as eloquence, science and the ability to speak and write beautifully, convincingly and captivatingly.

Corax, who in the fifth century BC. opened a school of eloquence in Syrocusa and wrote the first textbook of rhetoric, defined eloquence as follows: eloquence is the servant of persuasion. Comparing the above concepts “rhetoric”, “oratory”, “eloquence”, we find that they are united by the idea of persuasion.

Aesthetics and self-expression of the orator in oratory, the ability and ability to speak fascinatingly inherent in eloquence, as well as the scientific laws of rhetoric, all serve the same purpose - to convince. And these three concepts of “rhetoric”, “oratory” and “eloquence” differ in different accents that emphasize their content.

Oratory emphasizes aesthetics, self-expression of the author, eloquence emphasizes the ability and ability to speak in a fascinating way, and rhetoric emphasizes the scientific nature of principles and laws.

Rhetoric as a science and academic discipline has existed for thousands of years. V different time included different content. It was considered both as a special genre of literature, and as a mastery of any kind of speech (oral and written), and as a science and art of oral speech.

Rhetoric, as the art of speaking well, needed an aesthetic assimilation of the world, an idea of the elegant and the clumsy, the beautiful and the ugly, the beautiful and the ugly. The origins of rhetoric were an actor, a dancer, a singer who delighted and convinced people with their art.

At the same time, rhetoric was based on rational knowledge, on the difference between the real and the unreal, the real from the imaginary, the true from the false. A logician, a philosopher, a scientist participated in the creation of rhetoric. In the very formation of rhetoric, there was also a third principle; it united both types of knowledge: aesthetic and scientific. Ethics was such a beginning.

So the rhetoric was triune. It was the art of persuading with the word, the science of the art of persuading with the word, and the process of persuasion based on moral principles.

Even in antiquity, two main trends developed in rhetoric. The first, coming from Aristotle, connected rhetoric with logic and suggested that persuasive, effective speech be considered good speech. At the same time, efficiency also came down to persuasiveness, the ability of speech to win recognition (consent, sympathy, sympathy) of listeners, to make them act in a certain way. Aristotle defined rhetoric as "the ability to find possible ways beliefs about any given subject.

The second direction also arose in Dr. Greece. Among its founders are m Socrates and other rhetors. Its representatives were inclined to consider richly decorated, magnificent speech, built according to aesthetic canons, to be good. Persuasiveness continued to matter, but was not the only and not the main criterion for evaluating speech. Therefore, the direction in rhetoric, originating from Aristotle, can be called "logical", and from Socrates - literary.

The doctrine of the culture of speech originated in Ancient Greece within the framework of rhetoric as a doctrine of the merits and demerits of speech. In rhetorical treatises, prescriptions were given for what speech should be and what should be avoided in it. These papers provided guidance on how to correctness, purity, clarity, accuracy, consistency and expressiveness of speech, as well as advice on how to achieve this. In addition, even Aristotle urged not to forget about the addressee of the speech: "Speech consists of three elements: the speaker himself, the subject he speaks about, and the person to whom he refers and which is, in fact, the ultimate goal of everything." Thus, Aristotle and other rhetoricians drew the attention of readers to the fact that rhetorical heights, the art of speech can be achieved only on the basis of mastering the basics of speech skill.

It affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, is characterized by figurativeness, emotionality, and concreteness of speech.

The emotionality of the artistic style differs significantly from the emotionality of the colloquial and journalistic styles. The emotionality of artistic speech performs an aesthetic function. Artistic style involves a preliminary selection of language means; used to create images language tools.

The artistic style is realized in the form of drama, prose and poetry, which are divided into the corresponding genres (for example: tragedy, comedy, drama and other dramatic genres; novel, short story, short story and other prose genres; poem, fable, poem, romance and other poetic genres ).

A distinctive feature of the artistic style of speech is the use of special figures of speech, the so-called artistic tropes, which give color to the narrative, the power of depicting reality.

The artistic style is individually variable, which is why many philologists deny its existence. But it is impossible not to take into account that the individual-author's features of the speech of a particular writer arise against the background of common features artistic style.

In the artistic style, everything is subordinated to the goal of creating an image in the perception of the text by readers. This goal is served not only by the use by the writer of the most necessary, most accurate words, due to which the artistic style is characterized by the highest index of vocabulary diversity, not only by the widespread use of the expressive possibilities of the language (figurative meanings of words, updating metaphors, phraseological units, comparisons, personification, etc. .), but also a special selection of any figuratively significant elements of the language: phonemes and letters, grammatical forms, syntactic constructions. They create background impressions, a certain figurative mood among readers.

Art style finds application in fiction, which performs a figurative-cognitive and ideological-aesthetic function.

For the artistic style of speech is typical attention to the particular and the accidental, followed by the typical and the general. Remember "Dead Souls" by N.V. Gogol, where each of the shown landowners personified certain specific human qualities, expressed a certain type, and all together they were the "face" of Russia contemporary to the author.

World of fiction - this is a "recreated" world, the depicted reality is, to a certain extent, the author's fiction, which means that in the artistic style of speech the most important role plays a subjective moment. The whole surrounding reality is presented through the vision of the author. But in a literary text we see not only the world of the writer, but also the writer in this world: his preferences, condemnations, admiration, rejection, etc. This is connected with emotionality and expressiveness, metaphoricalness, meaningful diversity of the artistic style of speech.

The basis of the artistic style of speech is the literary Russian language. The word performs a nominative-figurative function.

The lexical composition in the artistic style of speech has its own characteristics. The words that form the basis and create the figurativeness of this style include figurative means of the Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context. These are words with a wide range of uses. Highly specialized words are used to a small extent, only to create artistic authenticity in describing certain aspects of life.

In the artistic style of speech is very widely used speech ambiguity of the word, revealing in it the meanings and semantic shades, as well as synonymy at all language levels, which makes it possible to emphasize the subtlest shades of meanings. This is explained by the fact that the author strives to use all the richness of the language, to create his own unique language and style, to a bright, expressive, figurative text. The author uses not only the vocabulary of the codified literary language, but also a variety of figurative means from colloquial speech and vernacular.

The emotionality and expressiveness of the image come to the fore in the artistic text. Many words that in scientific speech act as clearly defined abstract concepts, in newspaper and journalistic speech - as socially generalized concepts, in artistic speech carry concrete sensory representations. Thus, the styles are complementary to each other.

For artistic speech especially poetic, inversion is characteristic, i.e. changing the usual order of words in a sentence in order to enhance the semantic significance of the word or to give the whole phrase a special stylistic coloring.

The syntactic structure of artistic speech reflects the flow of figurative and emotional author's impressions, so here you can find the whole variety of syntactic structures. Each author subordinates linguistic means to the fulfillment of his ideological and aesthetic tasks.

In artistic speech, it is possible and deviations from structural norms for the author to highlight some thought, feature that is important for the meaning of the work. They can be expressed in violation of phonetic, lexical, morphological and other norms.

Instruction

This style can otherwise be called the style of fiction. It is used in verbal and artistic creativity. Its main goal is to influence the feelings and thoughts of readers and listeners with the help of images created by the author.

Artistic style (like any other) involves the selection of linguistic means. But in it, in contrast to the official business and scientific styles, all the richness of vocabulary, special figurativeness and emotionality of speech are widely used. In addition, he uses the possibilities of different styles: colloquial, journalistic, scientific and official business.

Distinguished art style Special attention to the casual and the particular, behind which are visible the typical features and images of the time. As an example, we can recall "Dead Souls", where N.V. Gogol portrayed landowners, each of whom is the personification of certain human qualities, but all of them together are the "face" of Russia in the 19th century.

Another distinctive feature of the artistic style is the subjective moment, the presence of the author's fiction or the "re-creation" of reality. The world of a literary work is the world of a writer, where reality is presented through his vision. In a literary text, the author expresses his preferences, rejections, condemnation and admiration. Therefore, the artistic style is characterized by expressiveness, emotionality, metaphor and versatility.

To prove the artistic style, read the text and analyze the language used in it. Pay attention to their diversity. Literary works use a large number of tropes (epithets, metaphors, comparisons, hyperbole, personifications, paraphrases and allegories) and stylistic figures (anaphoras, antitheses, oxymorons, rhetorical questions and appeals, etc.). For example: “a man with a marigold” (litote), “a horse runs - the earth trembles” (allegory), “streams ran from the mountains” (personification).

In the artistic style, the ambiguity of words is clearly manifested. Writers often discover additional meanings and meanings in them. For example, the adjective "lead" in a scientific or journalistic style will be used in its direct meaning "lead bullet" and "lead ore", in an artistic style, most likely, it will act as a metaphor for "lead twilight" or "lead clouds".

When parsing the text, be sure to pay attention to its function. If colloquial style serves for communication or communication, official business and scientific are informative, and the artistic style is intended for emotional impact. His main function- aesthetic, which is subject to all linguistic means used in a literary work.

Determine in what form the text is implemented. Artistic style is used in drama, prose and poetry. They are respectively divided into genres (tragedy, comedy, drama; novel, story, short story, miniature; poem, fable, poem, etc.).

note

The basis of the artistic style is the literary language. But often it uses colloquial and professional vocabulary, dialectisms and vernacular. This is due to the desire of writers to create a special unique author's style and give the text a vivid imagery.

Useful advice

Style can be determined only by the totality of all features (functions, set of language tools, form of implementation).

Sources:

Artistic style: language and features
how to prove that the text

Tip 2: Distinctive features of the official-business style of the text

The language used in different areas of activity differs, in addition, it can be very different from spoken language. For such spheres of public life as science, office work, jurisprudence, politics and the media, there are subtypes of the Russian language that have their own characteristic features, both lexical and morphological, syntactic and textual. Has its stylistic features and official business text.

Why you need a formal business style when writing

The official business style of the text is one of the functional subtypes of the Russian language, which is used only in one specific case - when conducting business correspondence in the field of social and legal relations. It is implemented in lawmaking, managerial and economic activities. In writing, its document and can, in fact, be a letter, and an order, and a normative act.

Business documents can be presented to the court as evidence at any time, since they, due to their specifics, have legal force.

Such a document has legal significance, its originator acts, as a rule, not as a private person, but is an authorized representative of the organization. Therefore, any official business text is presented with increased requirements, allowing to exclude ambiguity and ambiguity of interpretation. Also, the text should be accurate communicatively and adequately reflect the thoughts that the author expresses.

The main features of the official business style

The main feature of official business communication is the standardization of phraseological units used, it is with its help that communicative accuracy is ensured, which gives legal force to any document. These standard phrases make it possible to exclude ambiguity of interpretation, therefore, in such documents, repeated repetition of the same words, names and terms is quite acceptable.

An official business document must have details - output data, and specific requirements are also imposed on their location on the page.

The text written in this style is emphatically logical and unemotional. It should be extremely informative, so thoughts have strict wording, and the presentation of the situation itself should be restrained, using stylistically neutral words and expressions. The use of any phrases that carry an emotional load, expressions used in common speech, and even more so slang, is excluded.

To eliminate ambiguity in a business document, personal demonstrative pronouns (“he”, “she”, “they”) are not used, since in a context with two nouns of the same gender, ambiguity of interpretation or contradiction may appear. As a consequence of the obligatory condition of logic and argumentation, when writing a business text, complex sentences are used with a large number of conjunctions that convey the logic of relations. For example, constructions that are not often used in everyday life are used, including conjunctions like: “due to the fact that”, “for what”.

Mandatory wardrobe items for a Parisian.

Many of the fair sex, who strive to look stylish and sophisticated every day, have a set of basic, must-have items in their wardrobe. What kind of items can be found in the closet of a Parisian?

1. Ballerinas. Contrary to popular belief, high heels are not always preferred. In everyday life they wear comfortable ballet flats with thin soles.

2.Bag with long strap. A handbag thrown over one shoulder is a habit of a large number of residents of the fashionable capital.

3.The scarf is large. A variety of voluminous scarves are preferred by residents of many countries. However, most Parisians believe that this is an indispensable and absolutely necessary accessory in the cold season.

4. Fitted jacket, raincoat or jacket. A truly French style is to wear fitted jackets. They are decorated with thin straps or worn wide open.

5.Large sunglasses. In combination with hair pulled up in a tight ponytail, bun or updo, these glasses look especially stylish and elegant.

6. Black clothes. The black color for the inhabitants of Paris is not the color of mourning. For them, he is the personification of style and grace. Therefore, to create a Parisian look, you must have black T-shirts, T-shirts, sweaters and other items of clothing in your wardrobe.

Which is unacceptable for the Parisian style.

There are things that a lady with truly French views on fashion will never allow herself to buy, much less wear. In one of the first places on the list of bad manners were too long bright false nails. Many representatives of France prefer naturalness and neutrality in everything. Including in .

A miniskirt in combination with a deep neckline is also not in the style of a resident of the fashion capital. The true one is unlikely to allow herself to look too frank and too sexy.

Bright hair color, multi-colored highlighting, flashy accessories, all kinds of bouffants and a huge amount of hair styling products. In most cases, a lady living in Paris will bypass this entire list and will only be surprised that it occurred to someone to experiment with their appearance in such a way.

The main criterion that distinguishes a true Parisian is harmony in everything: in clothes, style, look, hairstyle, accessories. She does not seek to repeat someone's image and is of the opinion that each person is unique.

Actually scientific style of speech

Most research monographs and solid scientific articles belong to the proper scientific style. The peculiarity of this genre is that such texts, as a rule, are written by professional scientists for the same specialists. Such an academic style is very often found in scientific works devoted to one issue, as well as in small essays, where the author presents the results scientific research.

Texts written in the proper scientific style are distinguished by the accuracy of presentation, verified logical constructions, an abundance of generalizing terms and abstract concepts. A standard academic text composed in this genre has a strict structural composition, which includes a title, introductory and main parts, conclusions and a conclusion.

Scientific and informative genre of scientific style

The scientific-informative genre is considered a secondary form of the scientific style of speech. It, as a rule, is compiled on the basis of some basic, supporting text. In this case, original monographs or articles are often taken as a basis. An example of texts made in the scientific and informative genre can be theses, or.

A scientific-informative text is a creatively revised presentation of the primary material, which completely coincides with it in meaning. However, it does not contain all, but only basic information, only the most essential information about the subject. Writing works in this genre requires the ability to work with scientific literature, evaluate sources and transmit their content in a compressed form without distortion.

Other genres of scientific style of speech

In one large group linguists often combine texts of scientific-reference, educational-scientific and popular-science genres of scientific style. These sub-styles are characterized by the focus of information not so much on specialists, but on those who are far from the specifics of the subject placed at the center of the publication. In this case, not only the results of scientific research are important, but also the form.

In the educational and scientific genre, most often they write study guides and texts of lectures. The scientific reference genre, characterized by extreme clarity and conciseness, is typical for reference publications, scientific dictionaries, encyclopedias and catalogues. Texts compiled in the popular science genre are less tied to special terminology. They are often used in books intended for a mass audience, as well as in television and radio programs covering scientific topics.

Linguistic and stylistic feature of artistic style is called the special life of the word in thin work. His specific. feature is the update internal form(G.O. Vinokur) when the means of language (in particular, lexical ones) and their meanings turn out to be the basis, starting from which the artist creates a poetic word-metaphor, completely turned to the theme and idea of a particular artist. works. At the same time, the metaphorical meaning of a word can often be understood and determined only after reading the entire work, i.e. stems from art. whole.

The formation of the value of the artist. words in the broad context of the whole work noted B.A. Larin, which revealed the systemic relationship of the word with other words of the artist. whole when expressing a cross-cutting poetic thought-idea, i.e. the leitmotif of the work is such a property of the poetic word of B.A. Larin named "combinatorial increments of meaning".

Concepts of the inner form of the artist. words and combinatorial increments of meaning are closely related to the concept "general imagery" (A.M. Peshkovsky), which lies in the fact that all linguistic units of a work of art are aimed at expressing an artistic image, being at the same time strictly aesthetically and stylistically motivated and justified, and therefore the elimination of any one word from the text already leads to “baldness » image. The same applies to the modification of the forms of the word - so it is impossible to change the word small fish on the a fish in the title and text of Pushkin's "Tales of the Fisherman and the Fish".

According to V.V. Vinogradov, artist the word is fundamentally two-dimensional: coinciding in its form with the word of the national language and relying on its meaning, the artist. the word is addressed not only to the national language, but also to that world of art. reality, which is created or recreated in the work. The semantic structure of the word "is expanded and enriched by those artistic and visual "increments" that develop in the system of a whole aesthetic object" (Vinogradov V.V.). A more general, precise concept is artistic and figurative speech concretization(M.N. Kozhina).

So, as the main style feature they call ARTISTIC-FIGULATORY SPEECH SPECIFICATION, which is expressed by the systemic organization of artistic speech, capable of translating a word-concept into a word-image through a system of linguistic means, united author's image and capable of activating the reader's imagination. The linguistic means used in artistic texts are intended to serve mainly as an expression of the system of images, since in an artistic context words express not just concepts, ideas, but artistic images. Therefore, concretization here has a different character, means and ways of expression (not a word-concept or a word-representation is used, but a word-artistic image).

Artistic a work is capable of transforming the semantics of any word, including a neutral one, endowing it with textual increments of meaning, primarily emotionally expressive and aesthetic ones, which is achieved, in particular, by repeating a lexical unit in different contexts. Related to this is the manifestation important feature semantics of the artist. works like dynamic meaning(Vinogradov V.V.). Multiple predication of a repeated nomination leads to the attachment of each new feature to the previous ones and the formation of a textual meaning that is more complex than the linguistic one. This phenomenon is typical and of great significance, so some researchers even propose to single out a special type of lexical meaning - "artistic value"(Barlas L.G.). A word with artistic meaning is an element of the text that is significant for deeper semantic layers of art. text - figurative and ideological (Kupina N.A.). A specific feature of the functioning of linguistic means in art. style is also the predominance of the meaning of the word over its meaning, which leads to the creation of an implicit ideological and aesthetic content of the work (subtext) that requires special interpretation.

Art style

In their works, writers use, when necessary, not only words and forms of the literary language, but also obsolete dialect and vernacular words.

Trope(from other Greek τρόπος - turnover) - in a work of art, words and expressions used in a figurative sense in order to enhance the figurativeness of the language, the artistic expressiveness of speech.

The main types of trails:

Metaphor(from other Greek μεταφορά - “transfer”, “figurative meaning”) - a trope, a word or expression used in a figurative meaning, which is based on an unnamed comparison of an object with some other on the basis of their common feature. (Nature here is destined for us to cut a window into Europe).

Metonymy-other Greek μετονυμία - “renaming”, from μετά - “above” and ὄνομα / ὄνυμα - “name”) - a kind of trail, a phrase in which one word is replaced by another, denoting an object (phenomenon) located in one or another (spatial, temporal and etc.) connection with the subject, which is denoted by the replaced word. The replacement word is used in a figurative sense. Metonymy should be distinguished from metaphor, with which it is often confused, while metonymy is based on the replacement of the word “by contiguity” (part instead of the whole or vice versa, representative instead of class or vice versa, receptacle instead of content or vice versa, etc.), and the metaphor is "by likeness". Synecdoche is a special case of metonymy. (All flags will visit us, ”where flags replace countries)
Epithet(from other Greek ἐπίθετον - “attached”) - a definition of a word that affects its expressiveness. It is expressed mainly by an adjective, but also by an adverb (“to love passionately”), a noun (“fun noise”), a numeral (second life).

An epithet is a word or a whole expression, which, due to its structure and special function in the text, acquires some new meaning or semantic connotation, helps the word (expression) to acquire color, richness. It is used both in poetry (more often) and in prose. (timid breath; magnificent sign)

Synecdoche(ancient Greek συνεκδοχή) - a trope, a kind of metonymy based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another on the basis of a quantitative relationship between them. (Everything is sleeping - both man, and beast, and bird; We all look at Napoleons; In the roof for my family;

Well, sit down, luminary; Best of all, save your penny.)

Hyperbola(from other Greek ὑπερβολή “transition; excess, excess; exaggeration”) - a stylistic figure of explicit and intentional exaggeration, in order to enhance expressiveness and emphasize the thought said. (I've said this a thousand times; We have enough food for six months.)
Litota is a figurative expression that downplays the size - the strength, the meaning of what is being described. A litote is called a reverse hyperbole. (Your Pomeranian, lovely Pomeranian, no more than a thimble).
Comparison- a trope in which one object or phenomenon is likened to another according to some common feature for them. The purpose of comparison is to reveal in the object of comparison new properties that are important for the subject of the statement. (A man is stupid as a pig, but cunning as hell; My house is my fortress; He walks like a gogol; An attempt is not torture.)

In stylistics and poetics, paraphrase (paraphrase, paraphrase; from other Greek. περίφρασις - “descriptive expression”, “allegory”: περί - “around”, “about” and φράσις - “statement”) is a trope that descriptively expresses one concept with the help of several.

Paraphrase is an indirect reference to an object by not naming it, but by describing it. (“Night luminary” = “moon”; “I love you, creation of Peter!” = “I love you, St. Petersburg!”).

allegory (allegory)- conditional representation of abstract ideas (concepts) through a specific artistic image or dialogue.

For example: “The nightingale is sad at the defeated rose, hysterically sings over the flower. But the garden scarecrow also sheds tears, loving the rose secretly.

personification(personification, prosopopoeia) - tropes, the assignment of the properties of animate objects to inanimate ones. Very often, personification is used in the depiction of nature, which is endowed with certain human features.

For instance:

And woe, woe, grief! And the bast of grief was girded, The legs were entangled with bast.

folk song

The state is like an evil stepfather, from whom, alas, you can’t run away, because it’s impossible to take your motherland with you - a suffering mother.

Aidyn Khanmagomedov, Visa Response

Irony(from other Greek εἰρωνεία - “pretense”) - a trope in which the true meaning is hidden or contradicts (opposed) to the obvious meaning. Irony creates the feeling that the subject matter is not what it seems. (Where can we, fools, drink tea).
Sarcasm(Greek σαρκασμός, from σαρκάζω, literally “to tear [meat]”) - one of the types of satirical exposure, caustic mockery, the highest degree of irony, based not only on the increased contrast of the implied and expressed, but also on the immediate intentional exposure of the implied.

Sarcasm is a mockery that can open with a positive judgment, but in general it always contains a negative connotation and indicates a lack of a person, object or phenomenon, that is, in relation to what it is happening. Example:

The capitalists are ready to sell us a rope with which we will hang them. If the patient really wants to live, doctors are powerless. Only the Universe and human stupidity are infinite, while I have doubts about the first of them.

Genres of artistic speech: epic (ancient literature); narrative (novels, novels, stories); lyrical (poems, poems); dramatic (comedy, tragedy)

Fiction-Fiction

Fiction style has an aesthetic effect. It most clearly reflects the literary and, more broadly, the national language in all its diversity and richness, becoming a phenomenon of art, a means of creating artistic imagery. In this style, all the structural aspects of the language are most widely represented: vocabulary with all direct and figurative meanings words, grammatical structure with a complex and branched system of forms and syntactic types.

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speech style- ▲ style of expounding style of speech character of presentation. conversational style. book style. art style. journalistic style. scientific style. scientific. formal business style. clerical style [language]. protocol style. protocol... Ideographic Dictionary of the Russian Language

- (from the Greek stylos a stick for writing) eng. style; German Style. 1. The totality of ideological and ethical norms and characteristic features activity, behavior, method of work, way of life. 2. The totality of signs, traits, features inherent in h. l. (in particular … Encyclopedia of Sociology

Functional styles of speech is a historically established system of speech means used in a particular area of human communication; a kind of literary language that performs a specific function in communication. There are 5 functional styles ... Wikipedia

App., use. comp. often Morphology: artistic and artistic, artistic, artistic, artistic; more artistic; nar. artistic 1. Artistic is everything that relates to art and works of art. ... ... Dictionary of Dmitriev