Orthoepic norms of the Russian language. The rule of Russian orthoepy

These are the rules for pronunciation of vowels and consonants.

The pronunciation norms of the modern Russian literary language have evolved over the centuries, changing. So, for example, in Ancient Russia the entire population who spoke Russian was okalo, i.e. pronounced the sound [o] not only under stress, but also in unstressed syllables (just as it happens today in the dialect dialects of the North and Siberia: in [o] yes, dr[o] wa, p[o] going etc.). However, okanye did not become the norm of the national Russian literary language. What prevented this? Changes in the composition of the Moscow population. Moscow in the XVI-XVIII centuries. accepted many immigrants from the southern provinces and absorbed the features of the southern Russian pronunciation, in particular akanye: in [a] yes, dr[a] wa, n[a] go. And this happened just at the time when the solid foundations of a single literary language were being laid.

Since Moscow and subsequently St. Petersburg were the capitals of the Russian state, the centers of the economic, political and cultural life of Russia, it turned out that the Moscow pronunciation was taken as the basis for the literary pronunciation, on which some features of the St.

For successful mastering of orthoepic norms it is necessary:

1) learn the basic rules of Russian literary pronunciation;

2) learn to listen to your speech and the speech of others;

3) listen and study the exemplary literary pronunciation, which radio and television announcers, masters of the artistic word must master;

4) consciously compare your pronunciation with the exemplary one, analyze your mistakes and shortcomings;

5) correct mistakes by constant speech training in preparation for public speaking.

The complete style is characterized by:

1) compliance with the requirements of orthoepic norms;

2) clarity and distinctness of pronunciation;

3) the correct arrangement of verbal and logical stress;

4) moderate pace;

5) correct speech pauses;

6) neutral intonation.

With an incomplete pronunciation style, there is:

1) excessive reduction of words, loss of consonants and whole syllables, for example: right now (now), thousand (thousand), kilogram tomato(kilograms of tomatoes), etc.;

2) indistinct pronunciation of individual sounds and combinations;

3) inconsistent pace of speech, unwanted pauses.

If in everyday speech these features of pronunciation are acceptable, then in public speaking they must be avoided.

Some difficult cases of pronunciation of vowels and consonants

Pronunciation of vowels

In the pronunciation of a number of words such as scam, guardianship, grenadier, wool, faded etc. difficulties arise due to the indistinguishability of the letters e / e in the printed text, since only one graphic symbol is used to designate them - e. This situation leads to a distortion of the phonetic appearance of the word, causes frequent pronunciation errors.

List of words with a stressed vowel [e]:

af e ra

breve started

being

head shka

holole ditsa

bittersweet

grenada

single, different, one, tribal (but: many, different tribes)

life

expired (year); but: bleed out

Kiev-Pechersk Lavra

perplexed

guardianship

axis long

produced

List of words with a stressed vowel [o]:

bl yo kly

lie; zhe lchny (additional [zhe])

same forehead

oblivion

manyo vr; maneuverability

I'm useless

of the same name

point

named

shadow that

alkali

In some words of foreign origin in place unstressed spelling "o" instead of a sound close in pronunciation to [a], the sound is pronounced [o]: beau monde, trio, boa, cocoa, biostimulant, advice note, oasis, reputation. The pronunciation of the words poetry, credo, etc. with unstressed [o] is optional. Proper names of foreign origin also retain unstressed [o] as a variant of literary pronunciation: Chopin, Voltaire, etc.

Pronunciation of consonants

According to old Moscow norms, the spelling combination -ch- was pronounced like [shn] in the words bulo tea, purposely, penny, trifle, creamy, apple and others. At present, the pronunciation [shn] has been preserved only in some words: horse chno, boring, scrambled eggs, eyeglass, mustard, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party. In the vast majority of other words, in place of the letter combination -ch- it is pronounced [h’n]: toy chny, creamy, apple, diner, wine glass etc. In addition, according to the norms of the Russian literary language, the combination of letters -ch- has always been pronounced and pronounced like [ch'n] in words of book origin, for example: al chny, eternity, careless, as well as in words that have recently appeared in Russian: otli black hat, camouflage and etc.

The [shn] pronunciation is preserved today in female patronymics ending in -ichna: Nikiti chn a, Ilyinich a etc.

The letter combination -th- in the word that and in its derivatives is pronounced like [pcs]: [pcs] oby, something [pcs] about, [pcs] about anything, none [pcs] about. In the word something sounds [h't].

The combinations of the letters zhzh and zzh can be pronounced as a long soft sound [zh’zh ’] in accordance with the old Moscow pronunciation: in [zh’zh ’] and, dro [zh’zh ’] and, later - after [zh’zh ’] e etc. However, at present, soft [zh’zh ’] in such words is being replaced by hard [lzh]: in [lj] and, dro [lj] and, later - after [lj] e and others. Soft long [zh’zh ’] is recommended for stage, as well as radio and television speech.

In the pronunciation of the word rain, the variant predominates [PCS'] while remaining, but obsolete to [sh’sh’]. In other forms of this word in modern Russian, the sound combination [zhd '] was fixed: before [wait '] I, until [wait '] and.

Pronunciation of loanwords

In the position before the sound [e], denoted in writing by the letter e, both soft and hard consonants are pronounced in borrowed words, for example: detective - [dete] active, academy - aka [d'e] miya.

The lack of softness is more often characteristic of dental consonants d, t, z, s, n and consonant r, for example: fo [ne] tika, [re] quiem. However, in borrowed words fully mastered by the Russian language, these consonants are pronounced softly in accordance with the tradition of the Russian letter e to denote the softness of the preceding consonant sound: mu ze y, te rmin, tire l and etc.

Remember the pronunciation of the following words!

List of words with softly pronounced consonants before E (aka [d'e] miya, [b'er'e] t and etc.):

ag re ssia

academy

disinfection

de prescia

de can [d "e] and [de]

de fis

competence

congre ss

museum

Ode ssa

patent nt

press

pre ssing

progress ss

se yf

service

session [s "e] and [se]

those rmin

federal

tire

express ss

jurisprudence

List of words with strongly pronounced consonants before E (a [de] pt, [dete] rminism and etc.):

a inadequate

antise ptik

atheism

business with, business change

a sandwich

degradation

de qualification

decollete

de cor

de mping

childism

dispensary

indexing

a computer

conse nsus

manager (add. [m "ene])

nonce ns

parte p

pretentious

producer

protection

rating

requiem

str ss

those sis

those mbr

those mp

trend

thermos

extras ns

energy

P.S. In borrowed words beginning with prefixes de- before vowels, dez-, as well as in the first part of compound words beginning with neo-, with a general tendency to soften, there are fluctuations in the pronunciation of soft and hard d and n:

devaluation [d "e and de]

misinformation [d "e and de]

neo-colonialism [neo and add. n "eo]

AT foreign proper names recommended solid pronunciation consonants before e: Descartes, Flaubert, De Cameron, Rembrandt and etc.

Solid [sh] is pronounced in words parachute [shu], brochure [shu]. The word of the jury is pronounced soft sizzling [zh"]. The names Julien, Jules are also softly pronounced.

When pronouncing some foreign words, erroneous extra consonants or vowels sometimes appear. Should be pronounced:

Orthoepy(Greek orthopeia, from orthus - correct and йpos - speech). The term “orthoepy” has two main meanings: 1) “a set of norms of the literary language associated with the sound design of significant units: morphemes, words, sentences. Among these norms, there are pronunciation norms (the composition of phonemes, their implementation in different positions, the phonemic composition of individual phonemes) and norms supersegmental phonetics(stress and intonation)”; 2) a section of linguistics that studies the rules oral speech.

The scope of the concept of “orthoepy” is not completely established: some linguists understand orthoepy narrowly - as a set of not only specific norms of oral speech (i.e. norms of pronunciation and stress), but also the rules for the formation of grammatical forms of a word: candles - candles, swaying - swaying, harder - harder. In our manual, in accordance with the definition given at the beginning of this paragraph, orthoepy is understood as a set of pronunciation and stress rules. The formation of grammatical forms is considered only if the form-distinguishing function is performed by stress.

Orthoepy is closely related to phonetics: the rules of pronunciation cover the phonetic system of the language, i.e. the composition of phonemes distinguished in a given language, their quality, changes in various phonetic conditions. The subject of orthoepy is the norms of pronunciation. Orthoepic norm- this is the only possible or preferred language option that corresponds to the pronunciation system and the basic laws of language development.

Orthoepy includes the following sections.

1. Orthoepic norms in the field of vowels and consonants.

2. Features of the pronunciation of borrowed words.

3. Features of the pronunciation of individual grammatical forms.

4. The concept of pronunciation styles. Their features.

Orthoepic norms

Orthoepic norms are also called literary pronunciation norms, since they serve the literary language, i.e. the language spoken and written by cultured people. The literary language unites all Russian speakers, it is needed to overcome the linguistic differences between them. And this means that he must have strict norms: not only lexical - norms for the use of words, not only grammatical, but also orthoepic norms. Differences in pronunciation, like other language differences, interfere with people's communication, shifting their attention from what is being said to how it is being said.

Pronunciation norms are determined by the phonetic system of the language. Each language has its own phonetic laws, according to which words are pronounced. For example, in Russian, the stressed sound [o] in an unstressed position changes to [a] ( in[about] du - in[a] Yes,t[about] chit - t[a] read); after soft consonants, stressed vowels [o, a, e] change to unstressed sound [i] ( m[I] co - m[and] sleep, in[yo] l - in[and] la, l[e] h - ow[and] zat); at the end of words, voiced consonants change to deaf (du [b] s - du[P], moro[h] s - moro[with]). The same change of voiced to deaf occurs before deaf consonants ( RU[b] it - RU[P] ka, how h it - how[with] to), and deaf consonants before voiced change to voiced ( to[with] it - to h bba, molo[t] it - molo[e] bba). Phonetics is the study of these laws. Orthoepic norms determine the choice of pronunciation options - if the phonetic system in this case allows several possibilities. So, in words of foreign origin, in principle, the consonant before the letter e can be pronounced both hard and soft, while the orthoepic norm sometimes requires a hard pronunciation (for example, [de] kada, [te] mp), sometimes - soft (for example [d "e] declaration, [t "e] temperament, mu[h "e] th). The phonetic system of the Russian language allows both the combination [shn] and the combination [ch "n], cf. bulo[h "n] and I and bulo[sn] and I, but the orthoepic norm prescribes to speak horse[sn] about, but not horse[h "n] about. Orthoepy also includes stress norms: pronounce correctly document, but not document,started, but not started,ringing, a not ringing, alphabet, but not alphabet).

The basis of the Russian literary language, and hence the literary pronunciation, is the Moscow dialect. It happened historically: it was Moscow that became the unifier of the Russian lands, the center of the Russian state. Therefore, the phonetic features of the Moscow dialect formed the basis of orthoepic norms. If the capital of the Russian state were not Moscow, but, say, Novgorod or Vladimir, then the literary norm would be “okane” (that is, we would now pronounce in[about] Yes, but not in[a] Yes), and if Ryazan became the capital - “yakane” (i.e. we would say in[l "a] su, but not in[l "and] su).

Orthoepic rules prevent a mistake in pronunciation, cut off unacceptable options. Pronunciation variants recognized as incorrect, non-literary, may appear under the influence of the phonetics of other language systems - territorial dialects, urban vernacular or closely related languages, mainly Ukrainian. We know that not all Russian speakers have the same pronunciation. In the north of Russia they “okayut” and “ekayut”: they pronounce in[about] Yes, G[about] in[about] rit, n[e] su), in the south - “kakayut” and “yakayut” (they say in[a] Yes, n[I] su), there are other phonetic differences.

A person who has not mastered the literary language since childhood, but who consciously masters literary pronunciation, may encounter pronunciation features in his speech that are characteristic of the local dialect that he learned in childhood. For example, people from the south of Russia often retain a special pronunciation of the sound [g] - they pronounce a voiced [x] in its place (a sound denoted by the sign [g] in transcription). It is important to understand that such pronunciation features are a violation of the norms only in the system of the literary language, and in the system of territorial dialects they are normal and correct and correspond to the phonetic laws of these dialects.

There are other sources of non-literary pronunciation. If a person first encountered a word in a written language, in fiction or other literature, and before that he had never heard how it was pronounced, he may read it incorrectly, voice it: the literal appearance of the word may affect pronunciation. It was under the influence of spelling that, for example, the pronunciation of the word appeared chu[f] stvo instead of correct chu[with] yours, [h] then instead of [w] then, pomo[sch] Nick instead of pomo[w] Nick.

The orthoepic norm does not always affirm only one of the pronunciation options as the only correct one, rejecting the other as erroneous. In some cases, it allows for variations in pronunciation. Literary, correct is considered as a pronunciation e[w"w"] at, in and[w"w"] at with a soft long sound [zh "], and e[lj] at, in and[lj] at- with a solid long; right and before[w"w"] and, and before[wa] and, and ra[w"w"] istit and ra[w "h"] istit, and [d] believe and [d"] believe, and P[about] Asia and P[a] Asia. Thus, unlike orthographic norms that offer one option and forbid others, orthoepic norms allow options that are either evaluated as equal, or one option is considered desirable and the other acceptable. For example, Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language edited by R.I. Avanesov (M., 1997) the word swimming pool allows you to pronounce with both soft and hard [s], i.e. and ba[s "e] yin and ba[se] yin; this dictionary suggests pronouncing maneuvers, glider, but pronunciation is also allowed maneuvers, plener.

The emergence of many orthoepic variants is associated with the development of the literary language. The pronunciation is gradually changing. At the beginning of the 20th century spoke a[n"] gel, tse[R"] cow, ve[p "x], ne[R"] out. And even now in the speech of older people you can often find such a pronunciation. Very quickly, the solid pronunciation of the consonant [s] in the particle - Xia (camping) (dared[with] a, met[with]). At the beginning of the 20th century this was the norm of the literary language, as well as hard sounds [g, k, x] in adjectives on - cue, -gyi, -hi and in verbs on - nod, -gyrate, -cheat. The words tall, strict, dilapidated, jump, bounce, shake off pronounced as if it were written strict, dilapidated, jump up, bounce. Then the norm began to allow both options - the old and the new: and dared[with] a and dared[with "] i, and strict[G] uy strict[G"] uy. As a result of changes in literary pronunciation, variants appear, some of which characterize the speech of the older generation, others - of the younger.

Orthoepic norms are established by scientists - specialists in the field of phonetics. On the basis of what do linguists decide which option should be rejected and which one should be approved? Orthoepy codifiers weigh all the pros and cons of each of the options encountered, while taking into account different factors: the prevalence of the pronunciation variant, its compliance with the objective laws of the development of the language (i.e., they look at which variant is doomed and which has a future). They establish the relative strength of each argument per pronunciation. For example, the prevalence of a variant is important, but this is not the strongest argument in its favor: there are common mistakes. In addition, orthoepy specialists are in no hurry to approve a new version, adhering to reasonable conservatism: literary pronunciation should not change too quickly, it must be stable, because the literary language connects generations, unites people not only in space, but also in time. Therefore, it is necessary to recommend the traditional, but living norm, even if it was not the most common

In the pronunciation of adjectives of the genitive singular of the middle and masculine gender, according to tradition, the consonant [r] is replaced by [v]: at the black [h "yaoґrnjv] stone, without the blue [s" yґn "bv] scarf.

In adjectives on - hy, -ky, -hy and in verbs on - nod, nod, nod the consonants G, K, X are pronounced softly, in contrast to the old Moscow pronunciation, which in these cases required a firm consonant:

Unstressed personal endings of verbs 1 and 2 of conjugation - ut, -yut, -at, -yat and suffixes of real participles of the present tense -usch-, -yusch-, -ash-, -yashch- in the language of our days are pronounced differently, their pronunciation is guided by spelling. The old Moscow norms required the pronunciation of these endings and suffixes only according to option 1 of the conjugation. Such pronunciations are now obsolete, but they can still be heard in the speech of the old intellectuals.

4. Pronunciation of postfixes -sya and -s in reflexive verbs. The old Moscow pronunciation was characterized by the pronunciation of solid [s] in these morphemes: fight [s], wash [s]. The only exceptions were gerunds in which a solid consonant was pronounced: fight [s "], knocking [s"]. AT modern language it is recommended to pronounce [s"] in all cases, except for those when the postfix is preceded by the sound [s]: carried [sb], shaking [sb], but: leave [s"b], washed [s"b].

You can learn about what orthoepy is from dictionaries and reference books of the literary language. All languages of the world have certain lexical norms, which are an example of the correct use of words.

Science of orthoepy

Orthoepy studies the laws and rules of pronunciation of words. It is very similar to spelling, which considers the laws of the correct spelling of words. The term "orthoepy" includes two Greek words: orthos - "true", "correct", "straight" (direction) and epos - "speech", "talk". Therefore, the question of what orthoepy is can be answered directly translated from Greek: correct pronunciation.

Orthoepy rules

Various deviations from the norms of use and pronunciation interfere with communication, distract the listener from the meaning of the spoken speech, and significantly complicate the assimilation of the spoken text. Adhering to the rules of pronunciation of words is just as important as adhering to the rules of spelling. Orthoepy will tell the correct pronunciation of a particular lexical unit. The rules of this science allow you to determine how to pronounce a particular word, and the scope of its lexical application. Indeed, in a world where oral speech is a means of wide communication, it must be impeccable, from the point of view of the rules of orthoepy.

History of Russian orthoepy

Russian orthoepy developed already in the middle of the 17th century. Then the rules for the pronunciation of certain words were approved, the norms for constructing phrases and sentences were laid down. Moscow became the center of the new literary language. On the basis of northern Russian dialects and southern dialects, Moscow pronunciation was formed, which was taken as the basis of the lexical norm. The science of how to pronounce this or that word correctly went from Moscow to the remote hinterlands of Russia.

At the beginning of the 18th century, the new capital of Russia, the city of St. Petersburg, became the center of the political and cultural life of the country. Gradually, the norms of pronunciation changed, among the intelligentsia, a clear, letter-by-letter pronunciation of words became the rule. But among the general population, the Moscow pronunciation continued to be considered the norm.

Orthoepy studies such norms of pronunciation of the Russian language as stress, the norm of pronunciation of individual sounds and combinations, melody and intonation of colloquial speech.

stress

About what orthoepy is, you can consider the rules for placing stress in Russian words. The question is not as simple as it might seem. In French speech, in the vast majority of cases, the stress is placed on the last syllable. In Russian, the stress is mobile, it can fall on an arbitrary syllable, change its location depending on the gender and case given word. For example, a city, but a city, a train, but a train, will be accepted, but accepted.

Sometimes incorrect pronunciation is so ingrained in colloquial speech that it takes a lot of effort to eradicate the error. For example, everywhere we hear calls instead of calls, contract, instead of the correct contract. The orthoepy of the word insists on: catalog, obituary, quarter instead of well-established incorrect versions of these words.

Sometimes surprise helps to correct the stress. For example, in the mid-1950s, the use of the word “youth” instead of the correct “youth” was widespread. The widely popular song "Hymn of Democratic Youth" helped to correct the mistake. The song was created by the composer Novikov to the verses of the poet Oshanin. In the chorus of the anthem were the words: "Young people sing this song." The widespread "youth" did not fit into either the rhythm or the text of this piece of music, so the incorrect pronunciation of the popular word was replaced by the correct one.

Transcription

The spoken word can be recorded using transcription. This is the name of the recording of audible words and sounds of the language. In transcription, along with ordinary letters, special ones are also used, for example, the letter [æ] denotes an open stressed vowel, something between “a” and “e”. This sound is not used in Russian speech, but is often found in the study of languages of the Germanic branch.

Currently, special dictionaries will help to put the correct stress in the word.

Pronunciation of individual sounds

To explain what orthoepy is, you can use the example of the pronunciation of vowels in the words of the Russian language. For example, the norm in Russian is reduction - the weakening of the articulation of vowels in some words. For example, in the word "box" only the third sound "o" is clearly heard, and the first one is pronounced muffled. The result is a sound that resembles both [o] and [a] at the same time.

If an unstressed [o] is at the beginning of a word, it is always pronounced as [a]. For example, in the words “fire”, “window”, “glasses”, [a] is clearly worn out in the first case. The stressed [o] does not change its meaning: the words "cloud", "island", "very" are pronounced with a pronounced [o] at the beginning.

The sound of some consonants

The existing rules of orthoepy say that voiced consonants at the end of spoken words sound like paired deaf ones. For example, the word "oak" is pronounced as [dup], "eye" - [voice], "tooth" - [zup], and so on.

The consonant phrases "zzh" and "zhzh" are pronounced as a double soft [zhzh], for example, we write I'm coming, we pronounce [I'm coming], rattling - [rattling] and so on.

The exact pronunciation of a particular word can be found in special spelling dictionaries.

For example, Avanesov presented a fairly serious work on orthoepy. The deeply elaborated editions of linguists Reznichenko, Abramov and others are interesting. Orthoepic dictionaries can be easily found on the Internet or in special sections of libraries.

Phonetic laws- the laws of functioning and development of the sound matter of a language, which govern both the stable preservation and the regular change of its sound units, their alternations and combinations.

Phonetic laws:

1. Phonetic law of the end of a word. Noisy voiced consonant at the end of a word stunned, i.e. pronounced as the corresponding double deaf. This pronunciation leads to the formation of homophones: the threshold is a vice, young is a hammer, goats is a braid, etc. In words with two consonants at the end of the word, both consonants are stunned: breast - sadness, entrance - drive up [pldjest], etc.
Stunning of the final voiced occurs under the following conditions:
1) before a pause: [pr "ishol post] (the train came); 2) before the next word (without a pause) with the initial not only deaf, but also a vowel, sonorant, as well as [j] and [c]: [praf he ], [our sat], [slap ja], [your mouth] (he is right, our garden, I am weak, your kind). Sonorant consonants are not stunned: rubbish, they say, com, he.

2. Assimilation of consonants by voiced and deafness. Combinations of consonants, of which one is deaf and the other is voiced, are not characteristic of the Russian language. Therefore, if two consonants of different voicing appear side by side in a word, the first consonant is likened to the second. This change in consonants is called regressive assimilation.

By virtue of this law, voiced consonants before the deaf turn into paired deaf, and deaf in the same position into voiced. The voicing of voiceless consonants is less common than the stunning of voiced ones; the transition of voiced to deaf creates homophones: [dushk - dushk] (shackle - darling), [in "yes" ti - in "yes" t "and] (carry - lead), [fp" yr "em" yeshka - fp " r "eem" yeschka] (interspersed - interspersed).

Before sonorants, as well as before [j] and [c], the deaf remain unchanged: tinder, rogue, [Ltjest] (departure), yours, yours.

Voiced and voiceless consonants are assimilated under the following conditions: 1) at the junction of morphemes: [pLhotk] (gait), [collection] (collection); 2) at the junction of prepositions with the word: [where "elu] (to business), [zd" elm] (with business); 3) at the junction of a word with a particle: [got-th] (a year), [dod`zh`by] (daughter would); 4) at the junction of significant words pronounced without a pause: [rock-klzy] (goat horn), [ras-p "at"] (five times).

3. Assimilation of consonants by softness. Hard and soft consonants are represented by 12 pairs of sounds. By education, they differ in the absence or presence of palatalization, which consists in additional articulation (the middle part of the back of the tongue rises high to the corresponding part of the palate).

Assimilation by softness has a regressive character: the consonant softens, becoming like the subsequent soft consonant. In this position, not all consonants, paired in hardness-softness, soften and not all soft consonants cause a softening of the previous sound.

All consonants, paired in hardness-softness, soften in the following weak positions: 1) before the vowel sound [e]; [b" ate], [c" eu], [m" ate], [s" ate] (white, weight, chalk, villages), etc .; 2) before [and]: [m "silt], [n" silt "and] (mil, drank).

Before unpaired [g], [w], [c], soft consonants are impossible, with the exception of [l], [l "] (compare the end - the ring).

Dental [h], [s], [n], [p], [e], [t] and labial [b], [p], [m], [c], [f] are most susceptible to softening. They do not soften before soft consonants [g], [k], [x], and also [l]: glucose, key, bread, fill, keep quiet, etc. Softening occurs within the word, but is absent before the soft consonant of the next word ([here - l "eu]; compare [L thor]) and before the particle ([grew-l" and]; compare [rLsli]) (here is the forest , otter, whether it grew, grew).

Consonants [h] and [s] soften before soft [t "], [d"], [s"], [n"], [l"]: [m "ks" t "], [v" iez " d "e], [f-ka with "b], [punishment"] (revenge, everywhere, at the box office, execution). Mitigation [s], [s] also occurs at the end of prefixes and prepositions consonant with them before soft lips : [rz "d" iel "it"], [r's" t "ienut"], [b" ez "-n" ievo), [b "yes" -s "il] (split, stretch, without it, no power). Before soft labial softening [h], [s], [d], [t] is possible inside the root and at the end of prefixes on -z, as well as in the prefix s- and in a preposition consonant with it: [s "m" ex] , [s "in" kr], [d" in "kr |, [t" in "kr], [s" p "kt"], [s "-n" im], [is "-pkch"] , [rLz "d" kt "] (laughter, beast, door, Tver, sing, with him, bake, undress).

The labials do not soften before soft teeth: [pt "kn" h "bk], [n" eft "], [vz" at "] (chick, oil, take).

4. Assimilation of consonants by hardness. Assimilation of consonants by hardness is carried out at the junction of root and suffix, beginning with a solid consonant: locksmith - locksmith, secretary - secretarial, etc. Before the labial [b], assimilation in hardness does not occur: [prLs "it"] - [proz "b", [mllt "it"] - [mlld" ba] (ask - request, thresh - thresh), etc. [l "] is not subjected to assimilation: [floor" b] - [zLpol "nyj] (field, outdoor).

5. Assimilation of teeth before sizzling. This type of assimilation extends to dental[h], [s] in position in front of the hissing(anteropalatine) [w], [g], [h], [w] and consists in the complete assimilation of dental [h], [s] to the subsequent hissing.

Complete assimilation [h], [s] occurs:

1) at the junction of morphemes: [zh at "], [pL zh at"] (compress, unclench); [sh yt "], [rL sh yt"] (sew, embroider); [w "from], [rL w" from] (account, calculation); [rLzno sh "ik], [out of sh" ik] (peddler, cab driver);

2) at the junction of a preposition and a word: [s-zh arm], [s-sh arm] (with heat, with a ball); [bies-zh ar], [bies-sh ar] (no heat, no ball).

The combination of zzh inside the root, as well as the combination of zhzh (always inside the root) turn into a long soft [zh "]: [by zh"] (later), (I drive); [in w "and], [trembling" and] (reins, yeast). Optionally, in these cases, a long hard [g] can be pronounced.

A variation of this assimilation is the assimilation of dental [d], [t] following them [h], [c], resulting in long [h], [c]: [L h "from] (report), (fkra q ] (briefly).

6. Simplifying consonant combinations. Consonants [d], [t]in combinations of several consonants between vowels are not pronounced. Such a simplification of consonant groups is consistently observed in combinations: stn, zdn, stl, ntsk, stsk, vstv, rdts, lnts: [usny], [posn], [w" iflivy], [g "igansk" and], [h " ustv], [heart], [sun] (oral, late, happy, gigantic, feeling, heart, sun).

7. Reduction of groups of identical consonants. When three identical consonants converge at the junction of a preposition or prefix with the next word, as well as at the junction of a root and a suffix, the consonants are reduced to two: [pa sor "it"] (time + quarrel), [with ylk] (with a link), [kLlo n s] (column + n + th); [Lde with ki] (Odessa + sk + y).

8. Vowel reduction. Change (weakening) of vowel sounds in an unstressed position is called reduction, and unstressed vowels - reduced vowels. Distinguish between the position of unstressed vowels in the first prestressed syllable (weak position of the first degree) and the position of unstressed vowels in other unstressed syllables (weak position of the second degree). Vowels in weak position of the second degree undergo more reduction than vowels in weak position of the first degree.

Vowels in a weak position of the first degree: [vLly] (shafts); [shafts] (oxen); [bieda] (trouble), etc.

Vowels in a weak position of the second degree: [par? Vos] (locomotive); [kyargLnda] (Karaganda); [kulkLla] (bells); [p "l" ie on] (shroud); [voice] (voice), [exclamation] (exclamation), etc.

The main phonetic processes occurring in a word include: 1) reduction; 2) stunning; 3) voicing; 4) softening; 5) assimilation; 6) simplification.

Reduction- This weakening of the pronunciation of vowels in an unstressed position: [house] - [d ^ ma] - [d ^ voi].

Stun- a process in which voiced consonants before deaf and at the end of the word are pronounced as deaf; book - book [w] ka; oak - du [n].

voicing- a process in which deaf pregnant before voiced are pronounced as voiced: do - [z "] do; selection - o [d] boron.

Mitigation- a process in which hard consonants are soft under the influence of subsequent soft: depend [s "] t, ka [s"] n, le [s"] t.

assimilation is a process in which the combination several dissimilar consonants are pronounced as one long(for example, combinations of sch, zch, shch, zdch, stch are pronounced with a long sound [w "], and combinations of ts (i), ts (i) are pronounced as one long sound [c]): volume [sh] ik, spring [ sh]aty, mu[sh"]ina, [t"]astye, ichi[c]a.

Simplification consonant clusters - a process in which in combinations of consonants stn, zdn, eats, dts, persons and others, sound drops out, although the letter uses a letter denoting this sound: heart - [s "e" rts], sun - [sonts].

Orthoepy(from the Greek orthos - correct and epos - speech) - a department of linguistics that studies the rules of exemplary pronunciation ( Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language D.N. Ushakov). Orthoepy- these are the historically established norms of Russian literary pronunciation of individual sounds and sound combinations in the flow of oral speech.

1 . Pronunciation of vowels determined by position in prestressed syllables and based on phonetic law called reduction. Due to reduction, unstressed vowels are preserved in duration (quantity) and lose their distinct sound (quality). All vowels undergo reduction, but the degree of this reduction is not the same. So, the vowels [y], [s], [and] in an unstressed position retain their main sound, while [a], [o], [e] qualitatively change. The degree of reduction [a], [o], [e] depends mainly on the place of the syllable in the word, as well as on the nature of the preceding consonant.

a) In the first prestressed syllable the sound [Ù] is pronounced: [vÙdy / sÙdy / nÙzhy]. After hissing, [Ù] is pronounced: [zhÙra / shÙry].

In place of [e] after the hissing [w], [w], [c], the sound [s e] is pronounced: [tsy e pnoį], [zhy e ltok].

After soft consonants in place [a], [e], the sound [and e] is pronounced:

[ch٬ e sy / sn٬ e la].

b ) In other unstressed syllables in place of sounds [o], [a], [e], after solid consonants, the sound [b] is pronounced:

par٨vos] After soft consonants in place of sounds [a], [e], it is pronounced [b]: [n" tÙch" ok / h" umÙdan].

2. Pronunciation of consonants:

a) the norms of literary pronunciation require positional exchange paired deaf and voiced in a position in front of the deaf (only deaf) - voiced (only voiced) and at the end of the word (only deaf): [chl "epʹ] / trʹpkʹ / prozʹ b];

b) assimilative softening is not necessary, there is a tendency to lose it: [s"t"inaʹ] and [st"inaʹ], [z"d"es"] and [zd"es"].

3. Pronunciation of some combinations of consonants:

a) in pronominal formations what, to– thu pronounced like [pcs]; in pronominal formations like something, mail, almost the pronunciation [h "t] is preserved;

b) in a number of words of predominantly colloquial origin, [shn] is pronounced in place ch: [kÙn "eshn / nÙroshn].

In words of book origin, the pronunciation [h "n] has been preserved: [ml "ech" nyį / vÙstoch "nyį];

c) in the pronunciation of combinations sun, zdn, stn(hello, holiday, private trader) usually there is a reduction or loss of one of the consonants: [holiday "ik], [h "asn" ik], [hello]

4. Pronunciation of sounds in some grammatical forms:

a) pronunciation of the form I.p. unit adjectives without stress: [red / with "in" and į] - under the influence of spelling arose - uh, - uh; after back-lingual g, k, x ® uy: [t "iх" iį], [m "ahk" iį];

b) pronunciation - sya, - sya. Under the influence of spelling, soft pronunciation became the norm: [n'ch "and e las" / n'ch "and e ls" a];

c) pronunciation of verbs in - ive after g, k, x, the pronunciation [g "], [k"], [x"] became the norm (under the influence of spelling): [vyt "ag" ivt "].

Topic: The main rules of Russian orthoepy. Intonation.

Goals and tasks:

give an idea of the subject of study of orthoepy;

to acquaint with the features of Russian stress;

introduce the concept of orthoepic norm;

summarize information about the features of the pronunciation of some sound combinations;

Developing:

develop cognitive abilities;

develop logical thinking(the ability to analyze, compare, generalize and identify the main thing);

develop the ability to coherently and competently express their thoughts;

Educational:

to form a respectful, careful attitude to the native language;

to form a sense of responsibility for the preservation of the Russian language as an integral part of the national culture;

influence the motivational sphere of the personality of students;

to form the ability to rationally use time;

Lesson progress

Org. moment

Announcement of goals and objectives, lesson plan. Formulation of the problem.

Frontal discussion with the class.

In "The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs" A.S. Pushkin there is an episode that tells about the first meeting of the heroes with the princess, remember:

"The elder said:" What a marvel! Everything is so clean and beautiful. Someone tidied up the tower Yes, the owners were waiting. Who? Come out and show yourself, Be honest with us."

Did you notice that the princess in the forest tower of the heroes did not behave like the daughter of the king, but rather like a peasant girl?

"And the princess came down to them, Honored the hosts, Bowed low from the waist; Blushing, she apologized, She came to visit them, Although she was not invited."

But how did the heroes guess that the king's daughter was in front of them?

"In an instant, from the speech, they recognized that they received the princess:"

Conclusion: It turns out that sometimes it is enough to hear how a person speaks in order to understand who he is, what he is. It is the pronunciation that we will devote our lesson today. A studies this branch of linguisticsorthoepy. So we will consider the object of study of orthoepy, get acquainted with the features of Russian stress, with such a concept as the orthoepic norm; summarize information about the features of the pronunciation of some sound combinations; we systematize and generalize knowledge about the placement of stress in adjectives, verbs, and some participles. During the lecture, take brief notes to create reference materials for yourself that you can use in the following classes when completing tests.

III. Teacher lecture with conversation elements

Classification of norms of oral speech

Speech rules include:

orthoepic norms.

Accent rules.

intonation norms.

Orthoepic pronunciation norms

Orthoepy - the system of pronunciation norms of the language.

[G] pronounced like[X] in combinations gk and hh (light - le [x] cue, lighter - le [x] che).

Assimilation when combinedssh, and zsh . They are pronounced like a long hard consonant.[w¯] (lower - not [shsh] y, highest - you [shsh] y, make a noise - ra[shsh] be able to)

Similar assimilation in combinationsSJ and Learn - [w¯] (unclench - ra [lzh]at, with life - [lzh] life, fry - [lzh] fry).

Combination MF and ZCH pronounced like [sch ] (happiness - [w] astier, score - [w] et), (prikazchik - prik [sh] ik, sample - obraz [sh] ik) .

Combinations PM and DC- as [h] (speaker - report [h] ik, pilot - le [h] k).

Combinations Tts and DC- as [ts ] (twenty - two [ts]at , gold - gold [ts] e).

Combinations PM and DC- as [h] (speaker - report [h] ik, pilot - le [h] ik).

Combinations Stn and Zdn - they have consonant soundst and d fall out (charming - charming, late - knowledgeable, honest - che [sn], sympathetic - teaching [sleep] ive).

9. In modern Russian pronunciation[SHN] considered obsolete, the norm -[H`N].

Combination CHN , usually pronounced according to the spelling(anti [h`n] yy, ve [h`n] yy, yes [h`n] yy, ka[h`n] ut, milky [h`n] yy, but [h`n] oh, different [h`n] oh, poro [h`n] yy, then [h`n] yy).

There are traditional deviations from the norm, legitimized by modern dictionaries and reference books.

Exception : In some words[sn] : kone[shn] o, sku[shn] o, naro[shn] o, yai[shn]itsa, empty[shn], square[shn]ik, laundry[shn]aya, Savvi[shn]a, Nikiti[ shn]a, Fomini[shn]a, etc.

double pronunciation allowed in the words:bulo [shn] ([ch]) th, drain [shn] ([ch]) th, yai [shn] ([ch]) th, sin [shn] ([ch]) left.

10. Combination Thu , basically the same as the pronunciation(ma[th]a, me[th]a, not [th]o, nothing [anything], after [th] and, about [th] and, at [th] and)

But: in union what and in the pronoun that (to, something, something) pronounced [PCS].

11. In reflexive verbs at the end is written– to be or – tsya , but pronounced the same[tsa]

12. Features of the transition [E] to [O] in the modern language.

general trend - the transition of E into O under stress after soft consonants (Russification).Whitish - whitish, crossbill - crossbill, firebrand - firebrand, faded - faded.

Along with this, there are numerous facts of conservation of [E](Expired, deadwood, guardianship, fishing line).

Words of foreign origin:

Softening consonants before E .

In accordance with the norms of pronunciation in Russian before a vowelE pronounced soft consonant : text [t´e], brunet [n´e], term [t´e] , specifically [r´e], therapist [t´e].

But usually in book words and terminology continues to be pronouncedwith a hard consonant (integral [te], tendency [te], artery [te], asepsis [se], phonetics [ne], Voltaire [te], Descartes [de], Chopin [pe], La Fontaine [te], steak [te] , scarf [ne], timbre [te], thermos [te]).

In many foreign words written after consonantsE , and consonants are pronouncedfirmly (atelier [te], atheist [te], dandy [te], scarf [ne], cafe [fe], desk [te], resume [me], stand [te], masterpiece [she]).

But in a number of words, consonants are pronounced softly.(decade [d´e], academy [d´e], demagogue [d´e], museum [z´e], plywood [n´e], flannel [n´e])

A double consonant is pronounced double in one word (va [nn] a, ka [ss] a, ma [ss] a, cape [ll] a) , in others - like a single (neatly - a [k] hurriedly, accompaniment - a [k] accompaniment, chord - a [k] ord, allocate - a [s] ignore, gram - gra [m]).

Accentological norms/mistakes. The main trends in the development of stress norms.

Accent options:

Accent options – double stress :

A short list of equal accentological options:

apartments - apartments;

basilica - basilica;

barge - barge;

bijouterie - bijouterie;

delusional - delusional;

rustyAvet - rusty;

Otherwise - otherwise;

sparkle - sparkle;

kirza - kirza;

dropped - armored;

loop - loop;

meatballs - meatballs.

Semantic variants - these are pairs of words in which the heterogeneity of stress is intendedto distinguish the meaning of words (homographs - the same in spelling, different in stress).

A short list of words that differ in their meaning depending on the stress:

Book (assign something to someone) - book (cover with armor);

armor - armor;

busy (person) - busy (house);

salted (about vegetables) - salted (about soil);

sharpened (pencil) - sharpened (prisoner);

naked (cut) - naked (hold checkers);

bypass (leaf, path) - bypass (maneuver);

portable (radio receiver) - portable (value);

transitional (score) - transitional (age);

submerged (on the platform) – submerged (in water);

approximate (to something) - approximate (close);

draft (age) - draft (calling);

damned (cursed) - damned (hated);

developed (child) - developed (mentally) - developed (hair);

inclined (to something) - inclined (in front of someone);

folded (from details) - folded (having one or another physique);

haos (in ancient Greek mythology) - haos and haos (disorder);

characteristic (person) - characteristic (act);

linguistic (verbal expression of thoughts) - linguistic (related to the organ in the oral cavity);

Bite (common word) - bite (special);

silk (common) - silk (poetic).

Normative-chronological options are pairs of words in which heterogeneity is associated withtime period the use of this word in speech:

spare (modern) - spare (obsolete);

Ukrainian (modern) - Ukrainian (obsolete);

angle (modern) - angle Urs (obsolete).

« vocabulary words". Basic accentological norms.

Trends in norms at the place of stress:

nouns - tendency towardsmobile stress (folk language invades literary);

at verbs - trendanchoring accents onroot syllable (influence of South Russian dialects);

general trends - is detectedmultidirectional movement of the accent :

regressive - moving the stress from the last syllable to the beginning or closer to the beginning of the word;

progressive - moving the stress from the first syllable closer to the end of the word.

3. Intonation norms/mistakes.

Intonation - this is a rhythmic-melodic and logical articulation of speech.

Intonation is one of the means of expressive speech.

But the intonational norms in the Russian language concern, first of all,correct rise / fall / intonation towards the end of the sentence depending on the purpose of the statement and the correct setting of the logical stress in the phrase.

Towards the end of the declarative sentence, the intonation drops.

Nurse Natasha had a very hard day today.

By the end of the interrogative sentence, the intonation, on the contrary, rises.

She was tired?

intonation errors.

1. Intonation errors are relatedwith wrong intonation (inappropriate rise or fall of intonation).

2. In addition, intonation errors include:incorrect setting of pauses and logical stress. This often leads to a distortion of meaning, especially in poetic works, for example:

For example: Setting pauses.

Not right: In the heavens / the earth sleeps solemnly and wonderfully / in the radiance of blue.

Correctly: In the heavens / solemnly and wonderfully / / the earth sleeps in a blue radiance.

IV. Orthoepic workout. ).

Key

1. When climbing stairs, hold on to the handrails. Go through the customs check. The customs office has already begun its work. A load divided by two is twice as light. After lifting the suitcase, place it on the conveyor. The expert, who understood his task, began to act. The train arrived at the station on time. Arriving at the place of destination, get your luggage.

Test yourself

1. When climbing stairs, hold on to the handrails. Have you passed customs clearance? Customs has already begun its work. A load divided by two is twice as light. After lifting the suitcase, place it on the transporter. The expert, who understood his task, began to act. The train arrived at the station on time. When you arrive at your destination, don't forget to collect your luggage.

V. Performing training exercises.

Exercise 1. Read correctly.

live for / city,

climb on / mountain,

deliver to / house,

pull for / leg,

take under / arms,

walk on / forest.

Alive - alive, alive, alive.

Right - right, right, right.

Pitiful, pitiful, pitiful, pitiful.

Green - green - green - green.

Tough - tough, tough, tough.

in)

Accepted - accepted, accepted, accepted.

Raised - lifted, lifted, lifted

Sold - sold, sold, sold.

Given - given, given, given.

Busy - busy, busy, busy.

v. Independent work(ex. ____)

VI . Teacher's word. In the first part of our lesson, we noted that the subject of the study of orthoepy is also "literarypronunciation of individual sounds and sound combinations. Let's pay attention to the pronunciation rules of some combinations. We will take them into account in everyday life.

1. Combinationmid orzch (at the junction of the root and the suffix starting with the letterh) usuallypronounced like a lettersch , that is, like a long soft [u"u"] - ra[u"u"] from, [u"u"] astute, different [u"u"] ik, sign [u"u"]ik, uka[ u "u"] ik.

2. In place of the letterG at the end-th (-his) the sound [in] is pronounced: big [in] o, blue [in] o, ko [in] o, th [in] o, second [in] o, other [in] o, revived [in] o. Consonant [in] in place of a letterG also pronounced in wordstoday, today, total .

3. The combination of consonants in verbs in-tsya and- be pronounced as double [ts].

4. Combinationch It has interesting story. "Back in the 18th century, the spelling combination ch was consistently pronounced as [shn], as evidenced by the phonetic spellings recorded in the dictionary of the Russian Academy (1789-1794): tie, cap, kopeeshny, lavoshnik, button, factory, etc. However, over time, this option begins to be supplanted by the pronunciation [h "n], which arose under the influence of writing. "Today, words with a combinationch are pronounced differently: 1) as a rule, the pronunciation corresponds to the spelling, that is, it is pronounced [h "n]:durable, country, eternal, start, swing ; 2) in some words in placech pronounced [shn], for example:of course, boring, on purpose, birdhouse, Savichna, Fominichna (the number of such words is decreasing); 3) in a number of cases today both options are considered normative - [h "n] and [shn], for example:candlestick, bakery, dairy (note that in some cases the pronunciation [shn] becomes obsolete:creamy, brown ). "In some cases, pronunciation options distinguish between different lexical meanings:cordial [h "n] attack - friendcordial [shn];pepper pot [h "n] (pepper vessel) - damnpepper pot [shn] (about an evil, grumpy woman)."

5. "Combinationthu pronounced like [pcs] in a wordwhat and its derivative forms (something, something ). In the word something is pronounced [h "t], in the wordnothing both options are acceptable" [Ibid.].

6. "Fricative"[?] in literary language allowed in wordsOh God, accountant, yeah, by God, Lord .

7. The final [r] is replaced by the sound [k] (not [x]!): creative [k], dialogue [k], the exception is the wordGod [boh]". [Ibid.]

VII. Exercises for the pronunciation of individual sound combinations.

1. Read the given words aloud. Pay attention to the pronunciation of ch as [ch] or [sh]. In what cases is double pronunciation possible?

Bakery, mustard plaster, creamy, shopkeeper, comic, maid, milkmaid, of course, laundry, boring, match, penny, loser, bachelorette party, on purpose, bribe taker, trifling, decent, unprofitable, Ilyinichna.

2. Based on the rhymes of poetic texts taken from the works of A.S. Pushkin, determine the pronunciation of the combination of ch. How would you explain the discovered orthoepic phenomenon?

On the winter road, boring
Troika greyhound runs
Single bell
Tiring noise.

It's sad, Nina: my way is boring.
Dremlya fell silent my coachman,
The bell is monotonous
Foggy moon face.

VIII. Summarizing.

Pronunciation of vowel sounds:

Remember a few rules that reflect modern orthoepic norms.

Rule 1: letterG at the end of a wordthe God pronounced like [x].

Rule 2: -th/-his in masculine and neuter adjectives are pronounced likeo [c] o / e [c] o.

Rule 3: zzh andszh pronounced like[f] (at the junction of morphemes or

official word with a significant one).

Rule 4: AF andmid pronounced like [w "] (at the junction of morphemes).

Rule 5: dh andPM pronounced like [h "] (at the junction of morphemes).

Rule 6; -tsya and- be pronounced like[ca] (in verbs).

Rule 7: ds andts pronounced like[c] (before k in adjectives).

Rule 8: train pronounced like[PCS"] and[w"] (in the word rain and derivatives). The pronunciation of such combinations in case of difficulties should be clarified in the spelling dictionary.

Rule 9: h pronounced like [h "n] - in most words, but pronounced like[sn] in wordsboring [shn] o, kone [shn] o, na-ro [shn] o, laundry [shn] aya, square [shn] ik, Ilyini [shn] a and etc.