What is a king. What is the king of the bed, what is it intended for and what can it be? Interior doors: drawers are an important element

Even such a powerful tool as a distillation column does not allow separating a separate impurity and withdrawing it from the column independently of the others. In practice, you need to group substances, but the boundaries between these groups are blurred. A special unit helps to solve the problem of removing the last drops of head impurities distillation column- pasteurization cage (CPU).

Theory. Selecting the head fraction, we let the column work for itself and accumulate head impurities at the top of the column, then we begin their selection for some time at a rate no greater than the rate of removal of these impurities from the cube into the column. The higher the concentration of these substances in the cube, the more of them per unit of time enters the column. This determines that the concentration of impurities in the head fraction is maximum in the first hour of sampling, in the second hour it drops by about half, and in the third hour - by half.

If initially some substance contained approximately 2000 mg / l, then after 10 hours of selection of “heads” it will become approximately 2 mg / liter. If the impurities were 2 times less, then the desired 2 mg / l will be obtained after 9 hours, and if 2 times more, then after 11 hours. The time of selection of "heads" depends little on their initial concentration.

For high-quality removal of the head fraction, a lot of time is required. But even after the selection of the “head”, a lot of impurities remain in the column, smeared over the entire height. Therefore, we select the head restraints, washing the nozzle from their remnants.

After that, it seems that you can breathe calmly and begin to select the “body”. But if you strive to obtain really pure alcohol, you will have to pay attention to the fact that there are many different substances in the cube, which, during prolonged boiling, form new head impurities. In addition, in the reflux condenser at the border of alcohol vapors and air, oxidation occurs and new aldehydes are formed. Well, if patience was not enough for a 7-8 hour selection of the head fraction, then their remains will continue to flow into the column during the selection of the “body”.

All these factors add up and give a tangible negative result. To combat the last drops of head impurities, pasteurization bars are successfully used.

The concept of pasteurization tsargi

The pasteurization drawer is a drawer filled with a nozzle 20-30 cm high with a liquid selection unit at the bottom. It is installed between the column and the dephlegmator. When selecting "heads", the maximum concentration of head and upper intermediate impurities is formed precisely in the CP.

The “heads” are cut off with the help of the dephlegmator selection unit, and at the end, the selection is not completely blocked, but continues, but at a speed 2-3 times less. In this case, the collection of the "body" is carried out from the selection unit located at the bottom of the drawer.

When choosing the height of the pasteurization drawer, do not forget about the need to provide 35-40 separation steps in the main drawer. Their lengths do not add up. To obtain alcohol, both with and without pasteurization, the main column must have a height of 1 to 1.5 meters. The CPU does not participate in the separation of the mixture in the column into fractions, it has its own specialized function - the release of the residual head fraction with volatile impurities flowing from the reflux condenser into the phlegm selection zone.

The “body” selection unit divides the column into two parts, each with its own reflux ratio.

In the pasteurization cage, the reflux ratio is very high, because in the “heads” selection unit, the speed is only 15-20 ml/hour. At the same time, about 10 liters of alcohol per hour enters the reflux condenser on a 2” column. This means that the phlegm number will be about 500-600! In the main column, the reflux ratio is usually 4 for rectification at the start of the “body” selection and is regulated during operation according to the usual scheme.

Such a difference in reflux ratios leads to the fact that the pasteurization frame, like a pump, pumps out the head impurities from the main column and blocks the upper intermediate impurities, preventing them from descending to the level of the CPU selection unit.

Features of the operation of the CPU

The pasteurization drawer is very simple, but for successful operation it requires compliance with certain conditions. First of all, it is the stability, common for rectification, in the supply of heating power to the cube and cooling in the dephlegmator.

The second condition is the inadmissibility of hypothermia phlegm. It is clear that supercooled phlegm can easily displace the impurity concentration zone below the “body” selection unit and the pasteurization side will become nothing more than a fashionable decoration of the column.

The height of the CPU should be sufficient to accommodate a nozzle in it, providing a dozen separation steps (theoretical plates). For SPN, 20-30 cm is recommended. This is necessary to create a zone of impurity concentration. Insufficient height of the pasteurization side will lead to the displacement of impurities into the “body” selection zone.

When selecting alcohol, you do not need to strive for maximum strength. The zone of maximum concentration of upper intermediate impurities is only a couple of strengthening steps below the azeotrope point. Therefore, the approach of the alcohol withdrawal strength to the azeotrope shifts impurities to the concentration zone lower and lower down the column and increases the risk of getting the whole bunch of dangerous substances into the finished drink.

The purpose of using pasteurization tsargi is to obtain a cleaner, rather than stronger product, since alcohol will still need to be diluted to a drinking strength.

For the CPU to work correctly, the rectification process must be carried out without stopping. Start-stop technology is contraindicated here. If the selection is stopped, the alcohol buffer in the column will begin to grow, and that part of it that is located in the pasteurization cage and has an azeotrope strength will also increase. The impurity concentration zone will be forced out of the CPU into the main drawer. When the selection is resumed, the impurities will begin to move up and fall into the alcohol.

Too low a selection rate is another enemy of the use of pasteurization bars. If during conventional distillation, a decrease in the selection rate increases the reflux ratio and improves the quality of product purification, then in a column with a CPU, everything is not so. An excessively large reflux ratio contributes to the expansion of the zone occupied by the azeotrope and shifts the zone of accumulation of intermediate impurities down the column from the CP to the main drawer - to the selection zone. Working with stock is inappropriate here.

When obtaining fragrant distillates, pasteurization can lead to unpleasant consequences. Ethers that have entered the CPU along with other volatile impurities will be removed through the upper selection unit.

Outcome

Pasteurization bars have long and firmly become part of the tools of rectifiers. Subject to simple principles, the CPUs give a tangible result in improving the quality of alcohol, but there is no way to control the process in real time.

If everything is simple with the head fractions - their withdrawal from the column is ensured simply by the presence of a CPU, then with the upper intermediate fractions it is more difficult. Depending on the technological modes, the zone of maximum concentration can migrate up and down the column or get into the selection zone.

Therefore, it is rational to buy a pasteurization drawer from a trusted manufacturer, and then use the CPU in accordance with the instructions worked out by the manufacturer during tests before serial production. Otherwise, you can get a toy that successfully simulates violent activity, but does not bring the expected benefits.

Types of fastening to furniture for durability

IN furniture production each structural element plays an important role, this number includes the little-known tsarga. What is it and why is it so necessary, both in furniture and interior doors? Tsarga - important element, which provides strength to tables, sofas and even chairs.

The drawer, as a design feature, is a connecting part that is responsible for the reliability of the product and the fastening connection. Represents a support in any furniture attribute.

For example: a table is a simple structure that consists of a table top and legs. But they are not connected to each other, but with the help of a connecting board, which provides reliable fastening and stability of the legs.

Thus, the furniture drawer is a simple but very important connecting element with which the whole structure is arranged. We will talk in more detail about what a tsarga is, what information Wikipedia gives about it.

In what furniture elements is present

What is a tsarga in furniture? Any rectangular product has in its design a connecting part located between the table top and legs. In furniture such as a table or chair, it is the most important element, installed around the perimeter. A bed, for example, includes only three of these elements, installed at the head, and also fastened together. In this case, they have another purpose, which is to hold the mattress. Many manufacturers upholster the tsarga with all sorts of materials. At the sofa, this part is installed at the bottom of the product and connects the armrests to each other, after which it is upholstered with fabric.

The materials from which the tsarga is made are:

an array of valuable wood species;
plywood.

At the chair, it is also located at the bottom of the structure and fastens the armrests together.

Interior door

For doors, the drawer side is used to provide increased strength. It consists of two bars - vertical and horizontal. The materials that are most often used for its manufacture are:

coniferous wood;
fibreboard.

The inner part connecting the planks to each other can be made of any material, and is also a simple decorative insert. More slats provide the highest level of rigidity at the door. To make the door look more complete, its lining is made of:

The advantages of the tsarga in the interior door include:

increased level of reliability and durability;
convenient element-by-element installation, as well as subsequent repairs;
lack of seams on elements such as cladding and joints;
appearance which looks attractive.

When replacing some elements, the appearance of the door changes.

This option is great for those who constantly update the design of their premises, and also try to save money when changing the interior.

But such designs have certain disadvantages, such as low level safety, as well as a large mass.

That is why for those who want to install a light door, it is better to choose fiberboard boards, but a small number of shortcomings are easily offset by the advantages described above.

In such a piece of furniture as a table, it is the most important connecting piece that holds the table top and legs together. The side of the table is installed around the perimeter of the product in the amount of four pieces.

The fastening bar is present only on classic wooden tables. . The tsargovy table is stronger and more reliable.

This element is located under the tabletop and connects the legs of the product, in addition, there may be an additional part, which is located on the bottom. She bears the name "pronozhka". Fastening the drawer to the tabletop provides additional reliability and stability of the product.

At the chair, as at the table, it has an important connecting task, and can also be installed in two places at the same time. One of them is located at the top of the structure, while the others are located at the bottom and are called prolegs.

Sofa

What is a sofa bed? First of all, it is an important component of the design and is located at the bottom of the product. In addition to connecting the armrests to each other, it is responsible for the reliability of the structure. Most often covered with the same type of fabric that is used for upholstery. The height of the tsarga can reach 30 cm, but the length reaches 190 cm.

Bed

The tsargi of the bed are connected to each other, as well as to the headboard, ensuring the reliability of the entire structure. They are upholstered with any materials or fabrics, and are also responsible for holding the mattress. The bed has three such elements.

What is a cabinet drawer and why is it needed? In such an element of furniture, it is responsible for the rigidity of the entire structure, it is present where there are long spans with shelves. It is installed at the rear of the structure and has a vertical arrangement. It connects the rack and sidewall of the cabinet. It can also be present at the sheflot, keeping an even position. Sheflot is a retractable drawer that is located in the closet.

Prices for king

DIY manufacturing

Most craftsmen independently take on the manufacture of such simple furniture elements as stools or even tables, the design of which is not complicated or laborious. It is only important to remember that each element must be properly manufactured. To make a stool, you will need to make tsargi in the amount of four pieces.

The size of each part depends on the estimated size of the product itself, so it is very important to know how long and wide your stool will be.

The corner drawer for the table leg can be cut at an angle, depending on the design of the product. All this is important to consider at the assembly stage. In addition, do not miss the angle at which the legs are fastened.

Once all the steps are followed, the materials are prepared, you can assemble.

The side canvas is a very important component of almost every element of furniture, since it is it that provides a reliable connection between the key parts of the entire structure. In addition, in some cases, this detail provides furniture products with additional strength and durability. It is worth carefully approaching the issue of material selection, as well as manufacturing technology.

When choosing furniture or ordering its production, pay attention to the quality of individual elements. Strength, stability, and hence the convenience and duration of the life of items will depend on this. It is important not only to perform the work with high quality, but also to choose the right raw materials for manufacturing.

Details of cabinet furniture and their names

It is quite easy to remember the main details of cabinet furniture, the names of furniture parts speak for themselves, these are sidewalls, bottom, lid or countertop, back wall, drawer, it is also a base, and in some cases, shelves, doors, they are also facades, drawers, dryers, handrails and the like. Parts are divided into two main types, the first type is the parts that form the frame of the furniture, the second type is those furniture parts that are installed directly on the already assembled frame.
For example, let's look at what parts the kitchen table consists of.

The details that form the frame of the furniture in this case are the sidewalls (No. 1), the back wall (No. 2), the drawer, it is also the base (No. 3) and the bottom (No. 4), it is also worth noting the important role of the countertop (not shown in the figure) in this design, it must be rigidly fixed either on the dowels or on the corners. As additional parts installed on the assembled furniture frame, in our case, the remaining doors are the same facades (No. 5), a shelf (No. 7) and a drawer (No. 6).

And, by the way, if the desire to acquire new furniture is due only to the desire to update the kitchen, although it is functionally satisfied with the old one, you should probably think about changing only the hinged parts of the facades, handles and other things. Another thing is functionality - here it is worth thinking about a complete rework or adding some elements of furniture.

Let's return to the topic of frame furniture details and consider the features of each of them.

Detail of cabinet furniture - Sidewall.

The length and width of the sidewall determine the height and depth of your table, and if you can experiment with depth, then the wrong table height can make it extremely uncomfortable. Of the design features, it is worth noting the need to cut the corner in the far lower corner of the sidewall, otherwise the table will rest against the plinth, which will not allow you to move the table close to the wall.

Detail of cabinet furniture - Back wall.

Usually made of fiberboard or refined fiberboard. The width of the back wall is made three millimeters less than the width of the table and, when fastened, recede by about one and a half millimeters on each side. Back wall height kitchen table should also be shorter but by 1 - 2 millimeters of the distance from the edge of the bottom to the countertop (there is no need to cover the space behind the console with the back wall). In the lower part, you also retreat from the edge of the bottom, but in the upper part it is desirable to make it flush with the sidewalls. The back wall is attached to furniture parts using ordinary small nails (like postal ones), take my word for it - this fastening is enough.

Detail of cabinet furniture - Tsarga, console.

In most cases, the height of this part is approximately 10 cm. This furniture size is due to the fact that the drawer side, together with the back wall, prevents our structure from diagonal deformation (in other words, they do not allow it to fall on its side). The width of the console is equal to the width of the table minus the thickness of the two sidewalls. The console is fastened tightly between the sidewalls, it is advisable to use a confirmat furniture screed for fastening. In many designs, the drawer side is installed flush with the doors, which, in my opinion, is wrong, because when you approach the table, you will constantly rub your shoes against the drawer, so you should deepen it a little inside the table. Installing the drawer at the bottom of the table is traditional, but not at all necessary, as the following figure shows the use of a box console in place, which can be fixed either on the sides or have its own wheels, in the latter case, it is possible to store heavier things or, for example, potatoes. The console in this design is installed at the top of the table.

Detail of cabinet furniture - the bottom.

The detail is simple but irreplaceable. The dimensions of the bottom correspond to the depth of the table and the width minus the thickness of the two sidewalls. The bottom is fastened tightly between the sidewalls, it is advisable to use a confirmat furniture screed for fastening.

Details of cabinet furniture - doors.

Doors, they are also facades, this is a separate big topic, which we will talk about next time. In this case, we will only affect the dimensions of the door. The width of the door corresponds to half the width of the table minus five millimeters. (4 millimeters on the edges (2 mm on each side) and one millimeter on each door for a gap between them). The height of the door depends on the presence of drawers in the design, in the presence of which it is necessary to take into account a gap of 2 millimeters with mating furniture parts.

Details of cabinet furniture - drawers and shelves.

With shelves, everything is simple, their size corresponds to the size of the bottom. It is desirable to mount on corners, furniture dowel dowels or on special holders for shelves. Boxes are a kind of separate design and therefore we will cover a separate topic for them.

In this case, we have not considered all the details of cabinet furniture, but only the main ones, which I hope will be enough to assemble furniture with our own hands for home and summer cottages.

Description of the drawer, as well as the principle of its operation, self-production at home

In search of ways to obtain at home not only natural, but also pure moonshine, the inventors came up with a small copy of industrial installations for the production of alcohol.

So it appeared in the design of the drawer for the moonshine still, capable of both cleaning and strengthening alcohol vapors.

What is this module?

This is a superstructure over the distillation cube - pipe installed vertically. There are compact designs distillers, in which the tsarga is low, and an additional attachments- dryer / bubbler, refrigerator.

There are also long structures - film and distillation columns.

purpose

With the help of the tsarga, it is possible to obtain a strong and relatively clean organoleptic moonshine.

That is, in your kitchen to create a product that is not inferior to store-bought strong drinks, or even surpasses them.

Functions and design features

The pipe above the cube has three functions:

Purification of moonshine from high-boiling components - oily fusel.
Spray warning.
Strengthening the final product due to dehydration. The degree of strengthening depends on the height of the column. With a 20-centimeter one, it is foolish to hope for alcohol, but with a high one, this is quite realistic.

The drawer can be both hollow and filled with nozzles or spiral prismatic nozzles(RPN or SPN).

Operating principle

The module operates on the same principle as industrial column units for the production of alcohol. Heat and mass transfer takes place in the column: vapors, breaking away from the heated alcohol-containing liquid, rush upwards, partially cool down, and return downwards as a phlegm.

Along the way, they meet new couples, reacting with them. Heavy oily fractions flow back into the cube. Repeatedly reevaporating, alcohol is purified, getting rid of water at the same time (strengthening).

This process is called partial condensation. In the same way, multicomponent mixtures (oil, for example) are separated into separate substances.

Packings in the column increase the area of vapor and reflux contact, improving the quality of the final product.

How to choose?

When choosing a device with a drawer, it is important to consider the purpose for which you are purchasing it. If you need a moonshine still with a steamer or a bubbler to get fragrant moonshine, then the length of the tsarga is taken equal to the refrigerator or slightly higher.

Common material for making food grade stainless steel, although there are also copper ones.

If you want to get alcohol with a strength of 80 °, you need a high column. Let's take a closer look at this construction.

Drawer for distillation and beer columns

For beer and distillation columns - special conditions. The success of the conversion of mash or raw alcohol (a distillate obtained by direct distillation) into pure alcohol depends on compliance with the requirements for apparatuses of this type.

Diameter

For household columns of distillation and mash type, an internal diameter of 38-48 mm is adopted. The performance of the column depends on it.

With a conditional height of 1.5 meters and with an internal diameter of 38 mm, the estimated productivity will be up to 1 l / h, and at 48 mm - 1.8 l / h.

Altitude effect

It is extremely important for the separating capacity of the column (separation of individual substances) that the packed part is at least 1 m, and the total height does not exceed 1.5 meters. If the length is shorter, the efficiency of head selection will be impaired, and even alcohol 96° will not be pure in composition.

The number of nozzles should be 30 times the inner diameter of the drawer side. That is, for example: 38 mm x 30 = 1140 mm. With a diameter of 48, this figure will increase to 1440.

Attention. Do not confuse the full height of the drawer with the attachment (the one where the RNP is located), which determines the performance of the structure.

Can a dryer be replaced?

Sukhoparnik is not able to fully replace the tsarga. This is due to the difference in chemical processes that occur in these modules.

The sukhoparnik only partially eliminates fusel oils even during fractional distillation, while the column is capable of producing alcohol completely free from impurities.

How to do it yourself?

In order to make a tsarga with your own hands, you will need:

hollow pipe made of stainless steel or copper;
adapters;
connecting elements;
welding machine and skills to work with it.

Calculation of length and diameter

The generally accepted diameter (internal) has already been said. It should not be thought that with an increase in the length of the pipe, the indicators of its productivity and degree of purification will also improve.

The change in height unevenly affects the separating ability and work efficiency:

It has been practically proven that with a drawer height of less than 45 cm, only partial purification and strengthening of the resulting distillate occurs.
The height of the beer column always exceeds 45 cm.
For rectification, it is necessary that the height of the tsarga be 30 of its internal diameters.

Frame

The body can only be a copper or stainless steel pipe. Aluminum, cast iron, especially plastic are unsuitable for this module.

Connections

Since the drawer side is installed vertically above the cube, clamp connections are used in industrial design as the most reliable. Sometimes a flange cover is made, on which a pipe is fixedly fixed by welding.

In self-manufacturing, a threaded connection is most often used. Why, on the lid of the cube, a threaded fitting with an external thread of the same diameter as the side is installed in the middle.

Accordingly, a thread is cut on the inside of the drawer, coinciding with the fitting. At home, internal and external thread can be "swapped".

Carefully. For a reliable connection, the threaded part must be at least 3 cm.

Netting for stuffing

The mesh for stuffing can be stainless steel wire scourers, which are customary in the kitchen. They do a good job of settling fusel components and purifying moonshine.

In the case of using wire mesh for dishes, the first is inserted into the lower part of the drawer as a whole. The rest are cut into pieces and fall asleep on top. This ensures reliable heat and mass transfer between steam and phlegm.

Attention. When distilling grain and fruit mash, it is better to use not pieces of mesh, but springs made of copper wire.

Wind the wire coil to coil on the rod (cleaned electrode), then cut into small pieces. Copper perfectly cleans moonshine from sulfur compounds, which are especially abundant in grain wort.

An excellent option would be to buy a RNP (regular Panchenkov nozzle) made of stainless steel. You can buy it in most online stores, use an infinite number of times.

After each distillation, take out the mesh, unfold it, rinse it, twist it and insert it back. If you do not plan to use the device in speed, it is better to dry the nozzles.

Peculiarities. Tap changers can be used with copper springs. Or immediately buy a copper mesh, there is such an option.

Work progress

Cut the drawstring, focusing on 45-50 cm (or any length, depending on your idea).
In the middle of the cube, install a fitting on which the side will be wound.
On top of the pipe, provide for fastening the head of the rectifier with cooling if you are building a distillation column. Or weld it tightly by welding a tube from the side to the top leading to a steamer / bubbler or directly to the refrigerator.

Peculiarities. To create a full-fledged distillation or beer column, provide a mount so that you can deliver another module of the drawer side.

Provide a thermometer socket at the top or side.
Connect other modules (if using) and refrigerator.

Often, in home tsar construction, a mesh is also welded at the bottom of the pipe in order to be able to fill the tsarga with washcloths or spirals. This role is perfectly performed by RNP, twisted and inserted into the pipe.

Is insulation necessary?

One more important question- Do you need insulation for the tsarga? Many do without it, moreover, they direct a stream of cold air to the pipe with a fan to cool it for better condensation.

However, it has been proven that insulation reduces heat loss, as a result of which distillation is faster, and the purity of the resulting distillate or rectified product is higher.

Some commercially made drawers come with insulation. If you decide to insulate, then make a cover from felt or flexible insulation with foil from a hardware store. Make the cover removable, since it is difficult to predict whether it will be useful. Only practice will show this.

Use a ready-made device with a drawer or improve an existing one - it's up to you. If you have experience working on an “old-fashioned” distiller and apparatus with a drawer, share your own impressions in the comments to the article.

What is the king of the bed, what is it intended for and what can it be?

The tsarga connects the elements of the bed.

Greetings, my dear readers.

In the manufacture of furniture, each element of its body has its own meaning. An important role is also played by the tsarga, which is little known among ordinary users. What is this element, what is it for, what types of furniture is it present in, what characteristics does it have? Let's figure it all out.

What is a king?

Most of the cabinet furniture parts have enough simple names. Using these terms, it is possible to quickly understand which particular structural element is being discussed.

Item characteristics

But among the furniture parts there are those whose names say little to non-specialists. Among them is the king. The term comes from the German word "Zarge", which translates as "frame".

This is the same queen.

Tsarga - a horizontal connecting bar. It is placed between the legs of the bed, sofa, chair, table and other pieces of furniture. The bar strengthens the body and gives it sufficient rigidity. This happens due to the additional fixation of the elements of the product by its ends.

Furniture equipped with four or more legs (tables, chairs, etc.). In this case, the tsarga is a frame made of boards or bars that rigidly connects these supports.
Beds, sofas, doors. In these designs, the drawers are horizontally oriented crossbars. They provide connection of vertical racks with each other. That is, these are the upper or lower horizontally oriented frame strapping.

In panel interior items, the tsarga is a wide panel.

Panel furniture. In its manufacture, connecting rails are also used. They perform their traditional function - they impart rigidity to the structure.

However, these elements look a little different. Most often, they are a wide and heavy panel. These details play an aesthetic role, often a central one. In addition, such details cover the fixing and other technical elements of the item.

In what pieces of furniture is present

Any rectangular piece of furniture has a connecting element located between the body (or seat, table top) and the supports. At tables and chairs, the mating bar is the most important structural element, mounted around their entire perimeter.

Element materials

Connecting strip made of MDF.

The drawer can be made from such materials:

From particle boards, including laminated (LDSP), veneered, plasticized or painted.
Made from solid natural wood.
Made of MDF with or without wood core.
From thick plywood, including plasticized, laminated, veneered or painted.
From metal (steel, aluminum, bronze, brass, etc.).

In the case of upholstered furniture, the side is often covered with some kind of dense fabric, leather or its substitute.

Plank made of natural wood.

Tsarga in various furniture

It can have from two to four connecting elements.

The exact number depends on:

do you have bed headboard and footboard;
is there only one back;
whether the headboard and footboard are missing. The connecting elements of the bed are mated with each other and the backrest. This ensures the strength and reliability of the furniture frame. The slats are also responsible for holding the bed, for example, the mattress. simple case to assemble a new bed, it is enough just to fix the fastening strips between the headboard and the footboard of the furniture.Connecting elements soft bed can be covered with sheathing, cloth or leather.

This piece of furniture has a tsarga - a particularly significant connecting element.

It mates with each other the table top and supporting legs.

The drawer in this case consists of four strips mounted around the perimeter of the object.

Fixing rails are only on traditional wooden tables:

They are placed under the tabletop and match the legs of the furniture with each other.
In addition, the table may have an additional connecting belt located at the bottom. It is called a proleg or a bunch.
Fixing the slats to the tabletop gives the piece of furniture additional reliability, strength and stability.

Not all table options have a king side. After all, not every model is equipped with four support legs. Therefore, there is no need to connect them to each other.

For this piece of furniture, the connecting belts, like for the table, can be mounted in two places:

the first king is placed at the top of the chair;
the second belt of slats is placed below and is called a proleg. In the case of armchairs, the drawer is also mounted at the bottom of the frame. It connects the armrests to each other.

In this piece of furniture, the side is mounted from below.

She mates with each other armrests.

Following the installation of the tsarga, it is sheathed with fabric or leather.

In addition to connecting the frame elements to each other, it provides the strength of the sofa.

The height of the side of the sofa can be up to 0.3 m, and its length can reach up to 1.9 m.

This piece of furniture has a connecting bar, the rigidity and strength of its body:

It is mounted on longitudinal spans with shelves. In this case, the drawer side is placed in a horizontal position on the back of the cabinet. It mates with each other racks and side walls of furniture.
In addition, the drawer can be mounted at the drawers of the cabinet. In this case, it is needed to support them in an even position.

It should be noted that the absence of connecting strips in the cabinet will lead to the fact that its body is deformed and warped. Some unscrupulous manufacturers do not mount drawers on their products, thus saving raw materials and trying to reduce the cost of furniture.

Furniture doors, as well as interior counterparts

The door frame has two pairs of connecting rails, oriented vertically and horizontally.

The doors should be mentioned separately. After all, they can be both part of the furniture (if we are talking about cabinets), and a separate element of the room.

For all types of doors, the drawers are necessary to give them additional strength. These elements are two pairs of slats. One of them is oriented horizontally, and the second - vertically.

The most reliable planks made of solid wood.

As materials of manufacture are selected:

coniferous or deciduous wood;

The inner section, mating the slats with each other, can be made of any facing material. In fact, this part of the door is a decorative insert. The more the frame is installed, the stronger and stiffer the door frame will be.

Door elements can be covered with different materials.

To complete the appearance, the frame and filling of the door can be decorated:

laminate;
natural veneer;
polyvinyl chloride coating;
several layers of paint.

Tsargovye doors are the most durable and reliable.

The advantages of doors, in the design of which there are drawers:

Increased strength and reliability of the design.
Convenient step-by-step installation and ease of further repair.
Missing seams on the finish and joints of parts.
Aesthetic appearance.
When you change the elements of its frame, the appearance of the door changes. This situation plays into the hands of those who regularly change the design of their home on their own, thereby saving money.

Do-it-yourself assembly

Simple pieces of furniture can be made independently.

Often, users undertake to make simple pieces of furniture on their own, for example, a stool, table or chair. After all, in their design there is no complex elements and the work is not very hard.

Here you need to consider that all elements of furniture must be correctly made:

To make a simple stool or chair, you need to prepare four connecting rails.
If you choose for this hard grade wood, a piece of furniture will last a long time.

Before assembling a piece of furniture, it is necessary to accurately determine the dimensions of all its elements.

The dimensions of each element depend on the expected dimensions of the stool, table or chair. Based on this, it is extremely important to determine in advance what the length and width of the piece of furniture will be.
Corner strips for furniture legs must be cut at an angle, based on its specific design features. This should be taken into account when assembling the item. In addition, it is important to consider at what angle its supports will be fixed.

The best material for furniture is natural wood.

It is necessary not only to do the job correctly, but also to correctly select the material for assembling furniture, as well as the elements of the lifting mechanism (if provided).

When you select furniture in the salon or place an order for its assembly, take a closer look at the quality of execution of its individual parts. Reliability, durability, comfort and service life of a household item depend on it.

Output

The drawer is an important element of the bed frame, as well as any other cabinet furniture. It connects the elements of the subject with each other. Thanks to this, the design becomes stronger, more reliable and durable.

If you have any questions, then voice them in the comments. I say goodbye and good luck in your endeavours.

A drawer for a moonshine still is a device that is well known to moonshiners, unless, of course, they monitor the quality of the product and its strength. What is the tsarga for and why is this device in demand? The device helps to significantly improve the quality of products, purify them from harmful impurities and oils.

Moonshine still with tsarga

In the process of fermentation, various substances are formed in the mash, in addition to alcohol. It is these substances that are extracted during distillation using various devices for purifying alcohol. Purified moonshine is collected and consumed, but there is always a desire to rid the drink of the remnants of fuselage and increase its strength. It was for this that the king was invented.

Functions and structural features

The drawer for the moonshine is a pipe, the length of which is of decisive importance. If in the moonshine still the length of the drawer is 15 centimeters, then it will help to make the moonshine 20 times cleaner. If you use a pipe with a length of at least 45 centimeters, then it will help to purify alcohol 60 times and eventually get alcohol with a strength of 96 degrees.

Such a fortress is considered ideal, since it is impossible to obtain alcohol with a strength of 100 degrees at home. This requires special equipment that is available in laboratories and compliance with certain conditions.

Various devices are used to clean moonshine, but, perhaps, the ratification tsarga is one of the most effective.

The main functions of the device:

Helps to increase the strength of alcohol.
The use of the tsarga helps to cleanse the drink of fusel oils and other unhelpful substances.
Helps to get alcohol with a strength of 96 degrees.

What a drawer is is clear from the description of its appearance, but in fact it is not just a tube with a diameter of several inches, but a device that resembles a filter, it traps vapors and helps to significantly purify alcohol.

With the help of the drawer, you can strengthen existing equipment in order to get high-quality moonshine that will not have bad smell and taste.

But since the structure of the drawer resembles a filter, it can become clogged. This will affect the quality of alcohol, but it is almost impossible not to notice a malfunction. In order for the device to work correctly again, it is necessary to remove it and clean it, replace some parts.

Buying a drawer is a simple matter, finding such devices is not difficult, but you can make a pipe for cleaning with your own hands, there is nothing difficult about it. But before you take on the tools, you should familiarize yourself with the principle of operation of the device.

How does it work?

The drawer for a moonshine still is somewhat similar to a steamer, since the principle of operation of these devices is identical. The process of reflux is the condensation of vapors with different boiling points. As a result of the fact that the performance of the drawer side is higher, it is considered more efficient.

Purification of alcohol is possible only if there is a backflow of vapors. It is the counterflow of vapors that helps to clean the drink from the fuselage and increase its strength.

Tsarga for moonshine still

To make it clearer how the device works, it is worth imagining a moonshine still equipped with a drawer, the essence of which is as follows:

The vapor flow turns into condensate and gradually flows down from the drawer head.
Vapors move towards the condensate, but the slower this happens, the better. The speed depends on the size of the pipe.
Condensation, or phlegm, feeds the vapors.
Heat exchange does not stop the process and stop the purification of alcohol.

If it is still not clear why to use the drawer, then it is worth explaining that the device is used to enrich the phlegm with alcohol-containing vapors. For the same purpose, the devices are equipped with dry steamers and condensers.

In fact, traps for alcohol can also partially replace the tsarga - they draw out the remains of ethanol from the vapor, which cannot be separated.

Alcohol traps, additional condensers and a dry steamer can affect the cost of the drawer side. Additional filters not only make moonshine cleaner, but are also regularly clogged with particles of various sizes. This brings a lot of trouble. If the device is heavily clogged during the distillation of the mash, it may explode along with the moonshine still.

For this reason, distillers are cool with those models that are equipped with additional modules and differ in design complexity.

Having dealt with the principle of operation of the device, you can begin to manufacture it. Consider the most primitive tsarga, which, however, can be supplemented with various modules and increase its effectiveness.

DIY: mastery lessons

A moonshine still with a drawer has a number of advantages - its work is considered more efficient due to the fact that it is possible to distribute the drink into fractions. The cleaning process is slower, which allows you to rid the moonshine of impurities, select "heads" and "tails".

To start making the device, you need to stock up on raw materials.

What you need:

The pipe, it is desirable that it be made of stainless steel, since it is this material that is resistant to solvents, alcohols and oils. Other metals can oxidize during the distillation of moonshine and contact with various substances, which cannot be said about stainless steel. The length of the pipe is 35-45 centimeters, it will be the basis for the adaptation.
You will also need a conductor, it will be used as an attachment to the limiter.
A sieve with holes, it is advisable to choose a sieve that will not differ in a large mesh size. Preference is given to the smallest.
You will also have to buy about 30 washcloths, they must be made of stainless steel. Such washcloths are in the economic department of any supermarket.
You will also need a probe from a digital thermometer and an elastic band from a medical dropper.

The tsarga will have to be made in several stages, the principle of operation will be as follows:

The first thing to do is to pick up a pipe and attach a conductor to it, it should be located at the top of the pipe. The adapter should be 1 inch.
Then the pipe should be turned over and another 3.5-inch adapter should be placed in its lower part.
And after the conductor is installed, we fix the distiller in the upper part.
Then it is worth measuring 3.5 centimeters from the bottom of the pipe and drilling a hole in the pipe. The hole should be 6 millimeters wide, it is desirable to strictly observe the proportions.
We install the probe into the hole, which is equipped with a digital thermometer. And to fix the probe, it is worth pulling an elastic band from a medical dropper on top of it.
Then it is worth putting stainless steel washcloths into the pipe, and attach a sieve to the bottom of the tsargi.

When the device is ready, it is worth checking it out. To do this, you need mash or ready-made moonshine, which requires additional cleaning. If the manufacturing process of the device did not deviate from the scheme and everything was done correctly, then after distillation, you can notice that the alcohol has become cleaner, the smell has disappeared and the taste has changed, and at the same time the strength of the drink has increased.

The tsarga is a fairly simple device. But if there are no skills in designing moonshine stills and distillation pipes, then it is better to buy a device in a store, since the desire to do everything yourself can lead to a loss of time and money.

Obtaining rectified alcohol is the cherished dream of every moonshiner. This is pure ethyl alcohol 96% strength, purified from all third-party impurities. In order to prepare such high-quality alcohol, it is necessary to install a distillation drawer on the moonshine still.

This is a tube of a certain length, made of stainless steel and filled with spiral-shaped prismatic nozzles. The main task of such a device is to separate moonshine vapors into separate fractions of different densities. A do-it-yourself drawer made according to all the rules for a moonshine still allows you to create factory-level equipment.

Why do you need a tsarga for a moonshine

The length of a home-made distillation tsarga should be clearly defined - it is she who is responsible for the frequency of purification of the final product. So, a 15 cm pipe gives 20 times cleaning, 35 cm - 50 times, 45 cm - 60 times cleaning. As you can see, the higher the distillation side, the slower the process of fraction separation, respectively, there are fewer impurities and the higher the strength of the drink.

Even with a standard drawer height of 15-35 cm, you can get an excellent product, but before that, be sure to clean it with activated carbon or potassium permanganate.

For reference. How to clean moonshine with coal - take the drug at the rate of 50-60 grams per 1 liter of drink, crush and pour. Leave for 5-7 days, shaking occasionally. A week later, you pass it through a regular water filter and get moonshine without fusel oils and foreign odors.

If you want to get 96% alcohol after the first distillation, you will need a 45 cm distillation side. You can buy it, but it will cost quite a lot. The average price is 2600-4800 rubles. And you can do it, although it is not so easy.

To begin with, let's define what a king is. This is a constructive unit that allows you to clean the moonshine from all impurities and fusel oils as much as possible. If a drawer is installed on a household moonshine still, the output will be perfectly pure alcohol, which is usually obtained in the factory.

The key process in the distillation of moonshine is distillation, which is literally translated from lat. means the flow of drops. In the process of heat exchange of alcohol-containing vapors and condensate (drops, phlegm) occurring in the drawer, moonshine is cleaned 10-15 times better, which allows you to get an absolutely pure product.

To begin with, let's figure out what the tsarga is and what structural elements it includes.

Next, study the structure of the device according to the scheme in order to understand the principle of operation and the main elements. Distillation begins from the moment when water boils in the distillation cube and alcohol-containing vapors begin to rise through the pipe.

1,2 - connecting threaded assemblies;
3 - fixing the nozzle;
4 - stainless steel pipe;
5 - thermal insulation (foam rubber, polyethylene foam)
6 - chaotic nozzle with contact elements;
7 - regular nozzle with contact elements.

The distillation column, as a rule, is assembled from several tsargs. Their volume is completely filled with contact elements, which ensures heat exchange of different fractions - liquid in the form of flowing condensate and steam rising to the top. In order for the condensate layer (phlegm) to be sufficient, the nozzle must be developed and fill the entire space.

How does the reflux process take place?

The production and purification of alcohol is possible only if there is a counterflow of steam from the distillation cube and flowing condensate from the head of the column.

The selection of alcohol is carried out from the liquid phase!

If the steam is not fed with phlegm, heat exchange will become impossible and the rectification process will not occur - the separation of alcohol from steam. In order for the phlegm to be saturated with alcohol-containing steam, it is necessary to install a reflux condenser. After it comes the condenser - the hollow part of the tube, where the liquid is cooled to a certain temperature. Along with the dephlegmator, air vents must be installed, the so-called. alcohol traps, which draw substandard alcohol from the steam, and the excess gas is taken out.

Since alcohol is taken from the liquid (condensate), a small refrigerator must be installed to cool it sufficiently.

The main difference between a rectifying tsarga and a column is that the reflux process proceeds gradually and very slowly. At this time, there is a constant heat exchange of liquid and steam, which allows to achieve a better separation of fractions and, as a result, a cleaner end product.

Necessary materials

a piece of stainless pipe 15.35 or 45 cm long - the base of the drawer for the moonshine still;
threaded adapter for fixing the limiter;
a sieve with minimal holes to prevent spillage of the filler;
35-40 metal washcloths made of stainless steel.

In order to check whether the washcloth is really made of stainless steel, take a regular magnet. If it attracts a washcloth, buy it. No - look further.

Filler manufacturing

We repeat, as such a material, spirals from a metal washcloth can be used. You can also purchase miniature glass beads or ceramic filling in a specialized store. Both materials are absolutely inert and have no effect on the finished product.

Cut the washcloth into 2 equal parts and carefully separate the springs. Twist them into small rings to make 3-5 turns.

Be sure to sift the resulting springs so that unnecessary debris does not get into the dephlegmator.

The ideal filler is "Sulzer Roll", which is made of two strips of corrugated fine mesh. During the laying of the roll in the drawer side, the direction of the strips alternates from right to left and from left to right, resulting in a regular nozzle with contact elements.

How to assemble a king

Take a 35 pipe, an adapter for 35 from below (mother) and from above by an inch (dad);
Screw the distiller on top of the “dad”.
Measure 35 cm from the bottom of the pipe and drill a 6 mm hole in the pipe - this will be a sleeve for a thermometer. Insert the probe from a digital thermometer here, which will allow you to control the temperature. Be sure to cover the sleeve with the thermocouple with a rubber band from the dropper so that the connection is airtight.
Stuff the pipe with previously prepared springs, glass beads or ceramic fill. Tamp tightly, but do not push anything. It is enough to tap the pipe on the table.
Screw the sieve to the bottom and fix it with an adapter.

How to assemble the simplest option do-it-yourself tsars - video

The furniture frame has various elements, each of which has its own purpose and name. Most of the structural elements have fairly simple names, you can easily guess by the name which part of the frame is in question. Also among these elements there are names that few people know, one of these elements is the tsarga. It is not surprising, because most likely this word is borrowed from German language"Zarge" - frame.

What is a king?

We have already figured out why this element of the furniture frame has such an unusual name, now let's figure out which element in the furniture design is called the tsarga and what is its purpose. To better understand this, we need a photo of the furniture on which we can see the drawer.

Tsarga- this is the upper connecting bar located between the legs of a table, bed, chair or other furniture. Its purpose is to strengthen the frame, due to the additional fastening of furniture parts with their ends.

Not all tables have a drawer in their design, this is due to the fact that design features some tables do not imply the presence of four legs, which means there is nothing to fasten. The presence of four legs also does not guarantee the presence of a fastening bar between them, but still, if we consider a classic wooden table, then it is present there. Let's look at the photo above where it is and how it looks. The drawer is located directly under the tabletop, between its legs, if there is an additional bar at the bottom of the legs, it is called a proleg.

The bed can have four, three and two connecting levels. The number of connecting parts will depend on the presence of one (head), two backs or their complete absence. Unlike the table, the king of the bed and the other upholstered furniture may be hidden under the upholstery. Sometimes, in order to assemble a new bed, it is enough just to fix the drawers between the head of the bed and the back.

The bar is located directly under the seat and is fixed between two armrests, if the sofa is angular, then the element is attached to another part of the furniture. A straight sofa has one side, almost always upholstered in fabric. Sofas and armchairs have the highest side, unlike other furniture. Deformation of the tsarga is the reason why the sofa sags, in such situations it is necessary to replace the bar with a new one.

Tsarga chairs

The photo shows a chair, the legs of which are fixed with slats in two places. Among these reinforcing elements, only the upper slats that form the frame under the seat are called the tsarga. The elements located below, between the legs of the chair, are called prolegs.

At the time of this writing, even Wikipedia did not give an exact answer to the question "What is a furniture tsarga?". After reading this article, you should easily understand what it is. structural element and easily identify it in cabinet and upholstered furniture.

Drawer for moonshine still, inside view

If a moonshine still with a distillation device is made, then you need to take care of a good filling (nozzle) of the tsarga. In a simple purchased device, it is usually used as an ordinary metal household washcloth, cut into pieces. She must besiege phlegm. It would be better to change such a nozzle (filling) to a spiral-prismatic one. Its material is stainless steel. The nozzle is coils of thin wires of a spiral-prismatic shape, well besieging phlegm. Such a drawer for a moonshine still with a chemically inert substance in it will give purified alcohol. Ceramic coating is also used. It is also an inert material. Purifying alcohol vapors only with a dry steamer, it is impossible to obtain a product of high quality and strength. It is rectification that will allow you to do this.

About the price and appearance of a simple distillation device

Getting rectified alcohol with a strength of 96 degrees at home, you can make different liqueurs with tinctures. An alcoholic product of high alcohol concentration will make it possible to obtain such a device as a drawer for a moonshine still (with a reflux condenser). Its price is from one to several thousand rubles. It looks like a tube. Its filler can be either stainless steel or copper. It can be sold without filling at all. The diameter of such a tube is usually from 38 to 50 mm. It can even be stuffed with glass beads to precipitate phlegm. Will work.

About homemade

For self-manufacturing drawers come in handy a stainless steel tube with an inch diameter. It can be connected to the distillation cube through an adapter by cutting the thread. A sieve is also placed in the adapter to hold the filling. We also need a reflux condenser, fixed on top of the tsargi. Get a distillation column. Its height can be more than a meter. You can distill the mash for alcohol without a reflux condenser. In this case, the upper end of the tsargi is connected to the coil. Raw alcohol will go out.

There are many models of moonshine stills of various designs on sale - with dry steamers, bubblers, distillation columns and other effective equipment. But what to do if you have a moonshine still of an old design, but it is made soundly, and you just don’t raise your hand to throw it away? The advice is simple - upgrade.

The role of the tsarga is to remove high-boiling oily substances from the mash vapors under the common name - fusel. It is these impurities that spoil the taste of moonshine and its aroma. The drawer in an industrial moonshine can theoretically make it possible to obtain fairly pure raw alcohol after the first distillation, but this device should not be idealized.

Many articles provide data that a drawer with a length of 15 cm gives a 20-fold degree of purification, 35 cm - 50-fold and 45 cm - 65-fold, without explaining what it is - the frequency of purification. Many people think that the resulting moonshine becomes 20, 50 or 65 times cleaner. This is not entirely true. The frequency of cleaning shows how many times the mutual contact of the condensate inside the drawer with the nozzle and the vapor phase occurs.

Naturally, the higher the multiplicity, the better the cleaning. But in a household moonshine still, both an industrial and a hand-made tsarga will make it possible to get moonshine three to four times cleaner after the first distillation than without it. Is it worth it to upgrade the device? Certainly yes. Having tried the product obtained from the apparatus using the tsarga, you will be convinced of this. Repeated distillation will further strengthen you in the opinion that such a fairly simple device can radically change your idea of \u200b\u200bwhat homemade moonshine is.

How to make a do-it-yourself king

There is nothing complicated in the process of making the tsargi. Even a person who has ever held a grinder, a soldering iron and a drill in his hands is able to make the simplest version of this device. It is better if the master knows how to work on a lathe or weld stainless steel. Threading stainless steel by hand is quite difficult, almost impossible. But if you find dies marked R18 or R18F2, then you can try.

What is required for work? Depending on which version of the tsargi you choose. If there is a tendency to experiment, then you can make the tsarga collapsible, consisting of several parts. If you just want to try whether what they say about the role of the tsargi in moonshine is true, then you can make one fragment. The design provides for the possibility of increasing the length in any case.

So, let's start making the tsargi with our own hands. For this you need:

A piece of pipe with a diameter of 35 - 45 mm made of stainless steel, copper or brass. Ordinary steel, cast iron and plastic are not suitable. The first metal will rust very quickly, cast iron is heavy and such pipes are not found, and plastic is unsafe in contact with alcohol vapors. It will not ignite or melt, but such compounds may be formed that no chemist can establish their composition, and it will be difficult for doctors to diagnose.

In addition to the pipe, you will need a threaded fitting, which must be fixed to the lid of the distillation cube using two clamping nuts on silicone gaskets. Rubber is not recommended, unless you can find a heat-resistant one. If the lid of the cube is made of stainless steel, then the fitting can be welded on.

From this fitting, we will begin work. On the side, you need to cut the internal thread so that it can easily be wound onto the nozzle. If you made an internal thread on the fitting, then you cut the external one on the body of the drawer. When working with your own hands, such liberties are allowed.

The length of the thread is at least 3 cm. It should be noted that the entire top part device. If the drawer for the moonshine still serves as the base of the distillation column, then lateral loads are not expected. But if a side pipeline with a refrigerator is connected to it, then it is desirable that the base be strong.

There should also be a thread on the top of the tsarga. We will connect the outlet of the steam line to the refrigerator, the second section of the drawer or the head of the rectification column to it. We choose the lower part of the tsarga with a length of 35 - 40 cm. If necessary, it is very easy to lengthen it. If there is a thread, you can use any of the known methods for connecting two pipes - an American, a coupling, etc.

Below, 2-3 cm from the edge of the upper thread, we drill a hole with a diameter of 3-4 mm and screw it into it, having previously cut the thread, a piece of tube 3-4 cm long - a socket for the thermometer probe. There it will be inserted during operation using a silicone seal.

Seat for thermometer

In the tsarga, the most important thing is not the mechanical method of connection, but its inner part. The volume of the drawer is filled with metal wire spirals - nozzles. Their diameter is 2 - 3 mm, visually they resemble small springs. They are made from stainless steel or copper.

You need a lot of them and it's impossible to do it yourself. It is best to buy special filling on specialized sites. To prevent the filler from waking up inside the tank, a fine mesh of stainless steel or copper is inserted into the lower part of the body of the drawer. It can be cut from an old kitchen strainer, or donated to a new one.

As a last resort, use a dishwashing net, but you only need to choose stainless steel. We push several such meshes inside the pipe and seal them. Yet the best way- buy a regular Panchenkov wire nozzle. This is a strip of stainless steel woven, which is twisted into a spiral and tightly inserted into the body of the tsarga.

To some, all these fillers may seem like overkill, but it is they who turn an ordinary pipe into a drawer. It works not only as a filter - the most complex physical and chemical processes of interaction between steam and a condensing liquid take place inside, as a result of which the steam is divided into packet fractions and purified from all kinds of impurities.

When using the drawer, it should be taken into account that the speed of distillation will decrease by 30 percent. But the time spent is compensated by the quality of the product.

Beginning moonshiners are faced with many new terms and devices that were completely unfamiliar before. One of them is the king. This device is necessary for obtaining high-quality home-made moonshine.

The drawer is a long tube that acts as a "filter" for the produced alcohol. The quality and strength of the drink obtained at the output will depend on its execution. In order to properly use this device, it is necessary to study in detail what a tsarga is and what its function is.

To purify the distilled mash from harmful impurities and obtain alcohol of a greater strength, a tsarga is used. "What it is?" and “How to choose a queen?” - the first questions that arise when meeting with a new device.

It is made in the form of a metal tube located between the distillation cube and the reflux condenser. The length and diameter vary depending on the goals pursued. The purity of the resulting moonshine depends on the size of the tsarga. A tube with a length of 15 centimeters or more gives a twenty-fold improvement in the product. A drawer with a size of more than 45 centimeters will allow you to purify alcohol 60 times better. Such an installation produces alcohol with a strength of 96 degrees, which is the highest result that can be obtained at home. That is why the drawer is considered the most effective among the whole variety of cleaning devices for moonshine stills.

Why do you need a king

Adding a drawer to the device of the moonshine still significantly modifies it. It works as a filtering device, trapping vapors and impurities inside itself, giving pure alcohol at the exit. We can say that the tsarga is an analogue of the distillation column module. Its main purpose is to obtain high-quality purified raw materials. Thanks to this installation, moonshine gets rid of fusel oils, which give bad smell and taste. In addition, a properly selected distillation side purifies alcohol without significantly slowing down the distillation.

Functions and structural features

Why do you need a tsarga in a moonshine still:

Purification of alcohol from fusel oils and impurities formed during the distillation of mash;
Increasing the degree of produced alcohol;
Getting pure 96% alcohol at home;
Product quality improvement, without significant performance degradation.
Simplification of the design of moonshine.

This device consists of a long tube and a nozzle (filling) placed in it. The body is made of copper or stainless steel. Copper tsarga better relieves moonshine of unpleasant odors. It is used to work with fruit and berry or grain mash. In other cases, it is advisable to use stainless steel.

The case material is not as important as its inner part, since it is it that affects the throughput of the apparatus and the purity of alcohol. Basically, spiral-prismatic elements made of stainless steel are used as a filling. It is she who has the optimal throughput, minimizing the reflux ratio. However, in cheap analogues, manufacturers use kitchen metal washcloths. The inertness of such a material at high temperatures is highly questionable, as is its cleaning ability. Therefore, in order to obtain high-quality moonshine or alcohol, it is necessary to choose a high-quality drawer.

Principle of operation

The principle of operation of the drawer is based on the process of reflux - the condensation of vapors having different boiling points. It proceeds in the presence of a counterflow of vapors in the distillation tank. The moonshine still with a tsarga works according to the following principle:

In the process of boiling the mash, steam is formed, which flows through the tsarga and, condensing, flows down from it.
The condensate vapors move towards each other.
The condensate saturates the vapors.
The condensed liquid constantly returns to the cube, and the saturated vapors enter the refrigerator.
Due to heat exchange, the cleaning process takes place continuously.

Is it possible to replace the tsarga with a sukhoparnik

The drawer is used to saturate the condensate with alcohol vapors. The same value for capacitors or steamers used in moonshine. It follows from this that it is theoretically possible to replace the drawer with a dry steamer. The only difference will be that the first design has higher productivity and cleaning ability. Therefore, you should consider what kind of product you want to receive. It is impossible to produce pure alcohol with a dry steamer.

Do I need to insulate the king

To insulate the king or not? This question also arises among others when modifying a moonshine still. Opinions differ on this matter. The first is that due to the insulation of the column, the efficiency of the entire apparatus increases. Second: due to natural cooling, the purification of moonshine improves.

How to make a do-it-yourself king

The drawer for the moonshine still can be made by hand. To do this, you need to prepare all the components.

Necessary materials:

Stainless steel pipe. Its length must be at least 45 centimeters.
Fine mesh sieve.
Kitchen washcloths. It is better to choose the simplest ones, the main thing is that they are made of stainless steel. This is determined by a magnet. Stainless steel is attracted to it. It will take about 40 pieces.
Threaded adapters (1" and 3.5").
Digital thermometer with probe.
The rubber part of the dropper.

Filler manufacturing

The manufacture of the tsarga begins with the preparation of the filler. In addition to washcloths, you can use ceramic grout or small glass beads. You will have to look for them in specialized stores. Therefore, consider the most affordable option.

You will have to sweat over this stage, since the work is small and monotonous. Each washcloth is cut into 2 parts, from which strips of metal are separated. Each of them must be twisted into springs from 3 to 5 turns. The finished filling is sifted to separate fine debris and metal dust. After that, you can start assembling.

The do-it-yourself tsarga is made in several stages:

Attach adapters to the metal pipe on both sides - 1 inch from the top, 3.5 inches from the bottom.
Connect the upper part to the distiller.
Retreat 3.5 centimeters from the bottom and at this level make a hole for the probe from the thermometer with a diameter of 6 millimeters. It is important to observe all dimensions to the nearest millimeter.
A probe is inserted into the hole. To fix it, it is best to use the cut off part of the dropper. Such a connection will be quite tight and airtight.
Fill the pipe with a filling of prepared washcloths.
Attach the sieve to the bottom.

The finished device must be checked. Not only mash is suitable, but also ready-made moonshine, which requires additional cleaning. The finished product is checked with a hydrometer for alcohol content.

Equipping a moonshine still with a tsarga is definitely worth it, especially since making it yourself is quite simple. This will make your alcohol safe and of high quality. Once again, the video will help you to study the manufacturing process.

Antipyretics for children are prescribed by a pediatrician. But there are emergency situations for fever when the child needs to be given medicine immediately. Then the parents take responsibility and use antipyretic drugs. What is allowed to give to infants? How can you bring down the temperature in older children? What medicines are the safest?

September 25, 2018
Specialization: philological education. Experience as a builder - 20 years. Of these, for the last 15 years he led a brigade as a foreman. I know everything about construction - from design and the zero cycle to interior design. Hobbies: Vocal, psychology, quail breeding.

Greetings, my dear readers.

What is a king?

Most of the details of cabinet furniture have fairly simple names. Using these terms, it is possible to quickly understand which particular structural element is being discussed.

Item characteristics

But among the furniture parts there are those whose names say little to non-specialists. Among them is the king. The term comes from the German word "Zarge", which translates as "frame".

Tsarga - a horizontal connecting bar. It is placed between the legs of the bed, sofa, chair, table and other pieces of furniture. The bar strengthens the body and gives it sufficient rigidity. This happens due to the additional fixation of the elements of the product by its ends.

Furniture equipped with four or more legs (tables, chairs, etc.). In this case, the tsarga is a frame made of boards or bars that rigidly connects these supports.
Beds, sofas, doors. In these designs, the drawers are horizontally oriented crossbars. They provide connection of vertical racks with each other. That is, these are the upper or lower horizontally oriented frame strapping.

Panel furniture. In its manufacture, connecting rails are also used. They perform their traditional function - they impart rigidity to the structure.

In what pieces of furniture is present

Element materials

The drawer can be made from such materials:

From particle boards, including laminated (LDSP), veneered, plasticized or painted.
Made from solid natural wood.
Made of MDF with or without wood core.
From thick plywood, including plasticized, laminated, veneered or painted.
From metal (steel, aluminum, bronze, brass, etc.).

In the case of upholstered furniture, the side is often covered with some kind of dense fabric, leather or its substitute.

Tsarga in various furniture

A photo	piece of furniture
	Bed It can have from two to four connecting elements. The exact number depends on: does the bed have a headboard and footboard; is there only one back; whether the headboard and footboard are missing. The connecting elements of the bed are mated with each other and the backrest. This ensures the strength and reliability of the furniture frame. The slats are also responsible for holding the bed, for example, a mattress. planks between the head and foot of the furniture. The connecting elements of the upholstered bed can be covered with sheathing, cloth or leather.
	Table This piece of furniture has a tsarga - a particularly significant connecting element. It mates with each other the table top and supporting legs. The drawer in this case consists of four strips mounted around the perimeter of the object. Fixing rails are only on traditional wooden tables: They are placed under the tabletop and match the legs of the furniture with each other. In addition, the table may have an additional connecting belt located at the bottom. It is called a proleg or a bunch. Fixing the slats to the tabletop gives the piece of furniture additional reliability, strength and stability. Not all table options have a king side. After all, not every model is equipped with four support legs. Therefore, there is no need to connect them to each other.
	Seats (chair, stool, armchair, etc.) For this piece of furniture, the connecting belts, like for the table, can be mounted in two places: the first king is placed at the top of the chair; the second belt of slats is placed below and is called a proleg. In the case of armchairs, the drawer is also mounted at the bottom of the frame. It connects the armrests to each other.
	Sofa In this piece of furniture, the side is mounted from below. She mates with each other armrests. Following the installation of the tsarga, it is sheathed with fabric or leather. In addition to connecting the frame elements to each other, it provides the strength of the sofa. The height of the side of the sofa can be up to 0.3 m, and its length can reach up to 1.9 m.
	Cupboard This piece of furniture has a connecting bar, the rigidity and strength of its body: It is mounted on longitudinal spans with shelves. In this case, the drawer side is placed in a horizontal position on the back of the cabinet. It mates with each other racks and side walls of furniture. In addition, the drawer can be mounted at the drawers of the cabinet. In this case, it is needed to support them in an even position. It should be noted that the absence of connecting strips in the cabinet will lead to the fact that its body is deformed and warped. Some unscrupulous manufacturers do not mount drawers on their products, thus saving raw materials and trying to reduce the cost of furniture.

Furniture doors, as well as interior counterparts

The doors should be mentioned separately. After all, they can be both part of the furniture (if we are talking about cabinets), and a separate element of the room.

For all types of doors, the drawers are necessary to give them additional strength. These elements are two pairs of slats. One of them is oriented horizontally, and the second - vertically.

As materials of manufacture are selected:

coniferous or deciduous wood;

To complete the appearance, the frame and filling of the door can be decorated:

laminate;
natural veneer;
polyvinyl chloride coating;
several layers of paint.

The advantages of doors, in the design of which there are drawers:

Increased strength and reliability of the design.
Convenient step-by-step installation and ease of further repair.
Missing seams on the finish and joints of parts.
Aesthetic appearance.
When you change the elements of its frame, the appearance of the door changes. This situation plays into the hands of those who regularly change the design of their home on their own, thereby saving money.

Do-it-yourself assembly

Often, users undertake to make simple pieces of furniture on their own, for example, a stool, table or chair. Indeed, in their design there are no complex elements, and the work is not very laborious.

Here you need to consider that all elements of furniture must be correctly made:

To make a simple stool or chair, you need to prepare four connecting rails.
If you choose a solid type of wood for this, the piece of furniture will last a long time.

The dimensions of each element depend on the expected dimensions of the stool, table or chair. Based on this, it is extremely important to determine in advance what the length and width of the piece of furniture will be.
Corner strips for furniture legs must be cut at an angle, based on its specific design features. This should be taken into account when assembling the item. In addition, it is important to consider at what angle its supports will be fixed.

It is necessary not only to do the job correctly, but also to correctly select the material for assembling furniture, as well as the elements of the lifting mechanism (if provided).

When you select furniture in the salon or place an order for its assembly, take a closer look at the quality of execution of its individual parts. Reliability, durability, comfort and service life of a household item depend on it.

Output

If you have any questions, then voice them in the comments. I say goodbye and good luck in your endeavours.

What is a king?

Not all tables have a drawer in their design, this is due to the fact that the design features of some tables do not imply the presence of four legs, which means there is nothing to fasten. The presence of four legs also does not guarantee the presence of a fastening bar between them, but still, if we consider a classic wooden table, then it is present there. Let's look at the photo above where it is and how it looks. The drawer is located directly under the tabletop, between its legs, if there is an additional bar at the bottom of the legs, it is called a proleg.

The bed can have four, three and two connecting levels. The number of connecting parts will depend on the presence of one (head), two backs or their complete absence. Unlike the table, the side of the bed and other upholstered furniture can be hidden under the upholstery. Sometimes, in order to assemble a new bed, it is enough just to fix the drawers between the head of the bed and the back.

Tsarga chairs

At the time of this writing, even Wikipedia did not give an exact answer to the question "What is a furniture tsarga?". After reading this article, you should easily understand what kind of structural element it is and easily identify it in cabinet and upholstered furniture.

For the kitchen table, you can use a countertop made of artificial or natural stone. Before starting work, it is better to immediately make or buy the countertop itself. The dimensions of the countertop can be different, so if necessary, you need to recalculate the length of the drawers.

All other parameters, thickness and width of parts can be left. The only thing to keep in mind is the height of the table. For kitchen 750-760 mm. , for a large dining room 760-780 mm. , the last digit is the maximum.

I made an underframe for an already finished, custom-made tabletop measuring 850/600 mm. , 40 mm thick. . On the bottom of the tabletop, in the recess, a piece of laminate is installed, so fixing the tabletop to the underframe on the furniture corners does not present any difficulties.

The total height of the table is 750 mm. , leg height 710 mm. . The width of the underframe along the facade is 750 mm. , on the side of 500 mm. . Overhangs of a table cover on 50 mm. from all sides. On a facade in a table the box on telescopic or roller guides is installed. I used birch as a material, of course, you can use other types of wood, such as pine.

Table legs are made of bars with a section of 50/50 mm. , on two inner edges the legs are planed into a cone so that the lower end is 30/30 mm in section. . Assembly of legs with classic-looking drawers, on spikes.

Kings for the table.

Two side drawers, length 400 mm.
width 120 mm.
thickness 25 mm.

Back tsarga length 650 mm.
width 120 mm.
thickness 25 mm.

On the front side, the tsarga is not solid, but consists of two parts.

The bars of the front tsargi are 650 mm long.
width 38 mm.
thickness 20 mm.

The sizes of the sides are given without taking into account the length of the spikes, all spikes are 30-35 mm long. .
From the front part, the bars are installed so that an opening is obtained for installing a box with a width of 650 mm. and 80 mm high. .

We make a drawer for the table with a height of 70 mm. , 625 mm wide. , 450 mm deep. . As for the width of the drawer, it is better to first measure the thickness of the guides. The width of the drawer must be less than the width of the opening by two rail thicknesses plus 1 mm. for a free ride.

We must try to make the width immediately exactly, to the millimeter, otherwise it will take a long time to adjust the box. Or unwind and reduce the length of the front and back walls of the box if the box is too wide. Or put something under the guides if the box turned out to be small. In the end, everything can be adjusted, but this is, as they say, extra hemorrhoids.

Facade strip, drawer lid size 397/120 mm. , thickness 15-16 mm. , but you can make it thinner so that the box does not stick out by the legs.

This drawer is mounted on telescopic rails. Of course, you can use roller ones, they are cheaper and easier to adjust. But not everyone likes this rumble when moving out, especially at night. Telescopic guides are two and three-link. It is better to choose three-link, with two-link the box does not open completely, and, oddly enough, putting them on is more difficult.

In order not to particularly rack your brains, make the markings for the guides in the middle of the opening, and, accordingly, in the middle of the side walls of the box. Divide the drawer in width into two and draw a line parallel to the edge with a pencil. Divide the guide into inner and outer parts. Attach the inner part to the side of the box so that the line is centered in the screw holes, mark with a pencil or immediately with an awl the points for screwing in the screws.

Also mark the outer part of the guide in the middle, from the inside of the side sides. Only first you need to make the platform flush with the legs. I installed two strips 40 mm wide from the inside. , 12 mm thick. , 400 mm long. . They can be glued, or simply screwed with small screws. When installing the external parts of the guides, they should not protrude beyond the line of the facade, but it is better to drown them inward by 2-3 mm. .

It is better to adjust the drawer after you install and secure the countertop. The tabletop is attached to 6-8 corners with self-tapping screws. Next, you need to put the table on some kind of flat surface, and, if necessary, adjust the height of the legs. After the table is fully adjusted, it must be disassembled, disconnected
countertop, remove the guides and drawer handle.

The last stage is the final sanding and painting. There are quite a few options here, this table is first tinted and then covered with clear varnish. I do not have a photo of the finished kitchen, but take my word for it, the color of the underframe and countertop matches
overall kitchen design.

Alcohol mashine allows you to condense the steam of the working fluid (mash) and get a product that is not devoid of not only pleasant properties, but, unfortunately, many harmful impurities, from which the distillate must be cleaned. How, which will produce only a quality drink for you?

To make high-quality rectified alcohol, you will need to buy additional ones. The higher the side, the lower the speed of rectification, but the higher the separation capacity, and, accordingly, the higher the quality of rectified alcohol.

Drawers with a length of 15, 35 and 45 cm provide a conditional degree of cleaning, respectively, 20, 50 and 60 times.

When using several drawers at the same time, the degree of purification is equal to the sum of the multiplicity of the used drawers.

Drawers with a length of 15 and 35 cm will allow you to get a distillate of a high degree of purification, - high-quality moonshine.

Drawers with a length of 35 and 45 cm make it possible to obtain rectified alcohol - pure ethyl alcohol with a volume fraction of 96%.

The drawer acts as a distillation column module, that is, it upgrades your moonshine still to the level of a distillation column.

How to buy a good sideboard, a sideboard that will optimally separate the product from phlegm? How not to be disappointed with its quality?

The most important and an important element of the distillation column - packing, or bulk. The nozzle of most of our drawers is a filling of spiral prismatic elements. They are made of stainless steel. Spiral-prismatic filling is perhaps the most common "cleaning" material in modern moonshining.

What should be the nozzle of the tsargi?

The quality of the filling affects the quality of the resulting moonshine. Buy a primitive moonshine still and you'll find that when using a contact dephlegmator, the nozzle is usually the chopped Chinese metal washcloth that housewives use in the kitchen to clean especially dirty dishes. The ability of such a washcloth to precipitate phlegm during the distillation of alcohol is highly doubtful. And who can vouch for the chemical inertness of this "miracle device" at the temperature of evaporation of alcohol?

Why choose a spiral prismatic nozzle?

The spiral prismatic packing is designed to minimize the reflux ratio, that is, an indicator of the level of moisture on the surface of the contact body in the distillation column. The more moisture in the column, the less opportunity to get a quality product in one distillation.

The most important function of the nozzle in the tsarga is to prevent your “choke”. The so-called "capacity" of the column depends mainly on the qualities of the liquid you are distilling. However, other things being equal (the height and diameter of the column, the amount of phlegm formed in the column, temperature regime etc.) The “correct” nozzle will soon clear your product of phlegm, which means it will allow the entire device to work at full capacity without reducing performance.

Preparation of moonshine and alcohol for personal use
absolutely legal!

After the demise of the USSR, the new government stopped the fight against moonshine. Criminal liability and fines were abolished, and the article on the prohibition of the production of alcohol-containing products at home was removed from the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. To this day, there is not a single law that prohibits you and me from engaging in our favorite hobby - making alcohol at home. This is evidenced by the Federal Law of July 8, 1999 No. 143-FZ “On Administrative Responsibility legal entities(organizations) and individual entrepreneurs for offenses in the field of production and circulation of ethyl alcohol, alcoholic and alcohol-containing products” (Collection of Legislation Russian Federation, 1999, N 28, art. 3476).

Excerpt from the Federal Law of the Russian Federation:

"The effect of this Federal Law does not apply to the activities of citizens (individuals) who do not produce products containing ethyl alcohol for the purpose of marketing."

Moonshine in other countries:

In Kazakhstan in accordance with the Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan On Administrative Offenses dated January 30, 2001 N 155, the following liability is provided. Thus, according to article 335 “Manufacture and sale of home-made alcoholic beverages”, illegal production for the purpose of selling moonshine, chacha, mulberry vodka, mash and other alcoholic beverages, as well as the sale of these alcoholic beverages, entails a fine in the amount of thirty monthly calculation indices with confiscation of alcoholic beverages , apparatus, raw materials and equipment for their manufacture, as well as money and other valuables received from their sale. However, the law does not prohibit the preparation of alcohol for personal purposes.

In Ukraine and Belarus things are different. Articles No. 176 and No. 177 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of Ukraine provide for the imposition of fines in the amount of three to ten tax-free minimum wages for the manufacture and storage of moonshine without the purpose of sale, for the storage without the purpose of sale of apparatus * for its production.

Article 12.43 repeats this information practically word for word. “Production or purchase of strong alcoholic beverages (moonshine), semi-finished products for their production (mash), storage of devices for their production” in the Code of the Republic of Belarus on Administrative Offenses. Item number 1 says: "Manufacturing individuals strong alcoholic beverages (moonshine), semi-finished products for their manufacture (mash), as well as storage of devices * used for their manufacture - entails a warning or a fine in the amount of up to five basic units with confiscation of these drinks, semi-finished products and devices.

*Purchase moonshine stills for home use it is still possible, since their second purpose is the distillation of water and the preparation of components for natural cosmetics and perfumery.

What is a king. What is the king of the bed, what is it intended for and what can it be? Interior doors: drawers are an important element

The concept of pasteurization tsargi

Features of the operation of the CPU

Outcome

Types of fastening to furniture for durability

In what furniture elements is present

Interior door

Sofa

Bed

Prices for king

DIY manufacturing

Related video: curly drawers for a chair

Details of cabinet furniture and their names

Detail of cabinet furniture - Sidewall.

Detail of cabinet furniture - Back wall.

Detail of cabinet furniture - Tsarga, console.

Detail of cabinet furniture - the bottom.

Details of cabinet furniture - doors.

Details of cabinet furniture - drawers and shelves.

Description of the drawer, as well as the principle of its operation, self-production at home

What is this module?

purpose

Functions and design features

Operating principle

How to choose?

Drawer for distillation and beer columns

Diameter

Altitude effect

Can a dryer be replaced?

How to do it yourself?

Calculation of length and diameter

Frame

Connections

Netting for stuffing

Work progress

Is insulation necessary?

What is the king of the bed, what is it intended for and what can it be?

What is a king?

Item characteristics

In what pieces of furniture is present

Element materials

Tsarga in various furniture

Furniture doors, as well as interior counterparts

Do-it-yourself assembly

Output

Functions and structural features

How does it work?

DIY: mastery lessons

Why do you need a tsarga for a moonshine

How does the reflux process take place?

Necessary materials

Filler manufacturing

How to assemble a king

About the price and appearance of a simple distillation device

About homemade

How to make a do-it-yourself king

Why do you need a king

Functions and structural features

Principle of operation

Is it possible to replace the tsarga with a sukhoparnik

Do I need to insulate the king

How to make a do-it-yourself king

Filler manufacturing

What is a king?

Item characteristics

In what pieces of furniture is present

Element materials

Tsarga in various furniture

Furniture doors, as well as interior counterparts

Do-it-yourself assembly

Output