Literary and artistic style of speech characteristic. Briefly about the artistic style of speech

INTRODUCTION

The study of the stylistic stratification of the Russian language is carried out by a special science - stylistics, which studies various questions concerning the rules and features of the purposeful use of various words and forms of the national language in various kinds of statements, in speech. Its appearance is quite natural, since the definition of the boundaries of a particular functional style, its features has always seemed very important for linguistic science, since the definition of the rules and laws of the language has always gone along with the definition of the norms for the use of certain elements of the language in specific speech contexts. According to linguists, normative grammar and stylistics, lexicology, lexicography and stylistics are long and firmly connected.

Among the works of domestic linguists, research and articles on Russian stylistics occupy a prominent place. Here we can single out such important works as the articles of Academician L.V. Shcherba (especially "Modern Russian Literary Language"), and numerous large and small studies, monographs and articles by Academician V.V. Vinogradov. Various studies and articles by A.M. Peshkovsky, G.O. Vinokura, L.A. Bulakhovsky, B.V. Tomashevsky, V.A. Hoffman, B.A. Larina and others. In these studies, for the first time, theoretical basis questions are raised about the allocation of artistic style into a separate category, about its specifics and features of existence.

However, linguists have not yet found agreement and unity in understanding the essence of the "language" of fiction and its place in the system of styles of literary speech. Some put the "style of fiction" in parallel with other stylistic varieties of literary speech (with the style of scientific, journalistic, official business, etc.), on a par with them (A.N. Gvozdev, R.A. Budagov, A.I. Efimov, E. Rizel, etc.), others consider it to be a phenomenon of a different, more complex order (I.R. Galperin, G.V. Stepanov, V.D. Levin).

But all scientists recognize the fact that, in essence, the "language" of fiction, developing in the historical "context" literary language people and in close connection with it, at the same time, as it were, is its concentrated expression. Therefore, the concept of "style" as applied to the language of fiction is filled with a different content than in relation to other functional styles of the Russian language.

Depending on the scope of the language, the content of the utterance, the situation and goals of communication, several functional and stylistic varieties, or styles, are distinguished, characterized by a certain system of selection and organization of language means in them.

Functional style is a historically developed and socially conscious variety of the literary language (its subsystem), functioning in a certain area. human activity and communication, created by the peculiarities of the use of language means in this area and their specific organization.

The classification of styles is based on extralinguistic factors: the scope of the language, the topics determined by it and the goals of communication. The spheres of application of the language correlate with the types of human activity corresponding to the forms of social consciousness (science, law, politics, art). Traditional and socially significant areas of activity are: scientific, business (administrative-legal), socio-political, artistic. Accordingly, they also distinguish styles of official speech (bookish): scientific, official business, journalistic, literary and artistic (artistic). They are opposed to the style of informal speech - colloquial and everyday.

The literary and artistic style of speech stands apart in this classification, since the question of the legality of its allocation into a separate functional style has not yet been resolved, since it has rather blurred boundaries and can be used language tools all other styles. The specificity of this style is also the presence in it of various figurative and expressive means to convey a special property - figurativeness.

Thus, in linguistics, the specificity of the artistic style is noted, which determines the relevance of our work.

The purpose of our study is to determine the features of the artistic style of speech.

The object of research is the process of functioning of this style in the Russian literary language.

Subject - specific linguistic means of artistic style.

Consider general concept"style of speech";

Identify the distinctive features of the artistic style of speech;

Analyze the features of the selection and use of various language means in this style.

The practical significance of our work lies in the fact that the material presented in it can be used both in the study of the general course of the stylistics of the Russian language, and in the study of a separate topic "Artistic style of speech".

CHAPTER… General concept of speech styles

Functional style is a kind of literary language that performs a specific function in communication. That is why styles are called functional. If we consider that the style is characterized by five functions (there is no unanimity among scientists about the number of functions inherent in the language), then five functional styles are distinguished: colloquial-everyday, scientific, official-business, newspaper-journalistic, artistic.

Functional styles determine the stylistic flexibility of the language, the diverse possibilities of expression, variation of thought. Thanks to them, the language is able to express a complex scientific thought, philosophical wisdom, draw laws, reflect the multifaceted life of the people in the epic.

The fulfillment by the style of one or another function - aesthetic, scientific, business, etc. - imposes a deep originality on the whole style. Each function is a specific setting for a particular style of presentation - accurate, objective, concrete-pictorial, informative-business, etc. And, accordingly, with this setting, each functional style selects those words and expressions, those forms and constructions from the literary language , which can best fulfill the internal task of this style. So, scientific speech needs precise and strict concepts, business speech tends to generalized names, artistic speech prefers concreteness, figurativeness.

However, style is not only a way, a manner of presentation. Each style has its own range of topics, its own content. The conversational style is limited, as a rule, to everyday, everyday subjects. Official business speech serves the court, law, diplomacy, relations between enterprises, etc. Newspaper and journalistic speech is closely connected with politics, propaganda, and public opinion. So, there are three features of the functional style:

1) each functional style reflects a certain aspect of social life, has a special scope, its own range of topics;

2) each functional style is characterized by certain conditions of communication - official, informal, laid-back, etc.;

3) each functional style has a common setting, the main task of speech.

These external (extralinguistic) features determine the linguistic appearance of functional styles.

The first feature is that each of them has a set of characteristic words and expressions. So, the abundance of terms, special vocabulary to the greatest extent characterizes the scientific style. Colloquial words and expressions indicate that we have a colloquial speech, a colloquial everyday style. Artistic speech replete with figurative, emotional words, newspaper and journalistic - socio-political terms. This does not mean, of course, that the functional style consists entirely of characteristic words specific to it. On the contrary, in quantitative terms, their share is insignificant, but they constitute the most significant part of it.

The bulk of the words in each style are neutral, interstyle words, against which the characteristic vocabulary and phraseology stand out. Interstyle vocabulary is the guardian of the unity of the literary language. Being general literary, it unites functional styles, not allowing them to turn into special, hard-to-understand languages. Characteristic words constitute the linguistic specificity of the style. It is they who determine its linguistic appearance.

Common to all functional styles are grammatical means. The grammar of the language is the same. However, in accordance with its setting, each functional style uses grammatical forms and constructions in its own way, giving preference to one or another of them. So, for an official business style, which is repelled from everything personal, vaguely personal, returnable constructions, passive turns are very characteristic (reception is made, certificates are issued, money is exchanged). Scientific style prefers direct word order in sentences. The journalistic style is characterized by rhetorical figures: anaphora, epiphora, parallelisms. However, in relation to vocabulary, and especially in relation to grammar, we are not talking about absolute, but about relative assignment to one or another style. Words and grammatical constructions characteristic of any functional style can be used in another style.

In terms of language, functional styles also differ in terms of imagery and emotionality. The possibilities and degree of figurativeness and emotionality in different styles are not the same. These qualities are not typical in principle for scientific and official business styles. However, elements of figurativeness, emotionality are possible in some genres of diplomacy, in polemical scientific writings. Even some terms are figurative. For example, a strange particle in physics is called so because it really behaves in an unusual, strange way.

Other functional styles are more supportive of emotionality and imagery. For artistic speech, this is one of the main language features. Artistic speech is figurative in nature, essence. Figurativeness in journalism has a different character. However, here it is one of the important terms of style. It is quite predisposed to figurativeness and especially to emotionality and colloquial speech.

Thus, each functional style is a special influential sphere of the literary language, characterized by its own range of topics, its own set of speech genres, specific vocabulary and phraseology. Each functional style is a kind of language in miniature: the language of science, the language of art, the language of laws, diplomacy. And all together they make up what we call the Russian literary language. And it is the functional styles that determine the richness and flexibility of the Russian language. Colloquial speech brings liveliness, naturalness, lightness, ease into the literary language. Scientific speech enriches the language with accuracy and rigor of expression, journalism - with emotionality, aphorism, artistic speech - with figurativeness.

Characteristics of the artistic style

artistic speech stylistics Russian

The specificity of the artistic style of speech, as a functional one, lies in the fact that it finds application in fiction which performs a figurative-cognitive and ideological-aesthetic function. In contrast, for example, to the abstract, objective, logical-conceptual reflection of reality in scientific speech, fiction is characterized by a concrete-figurative representation of life. A work of art is characterized by perception through the senses and the re-creation of reality, the author seeks to convey, first of all, his personal experience, their understanding or comprehension of this or that phenomenon. But in a literary text, we see not only the world of the writer, but also the writer in this world: his preferences, condemnations, admiration, rejection, and the like. This is associated with emotionality and expressiveness, metaphorical, meaningful diversity of the artistic style of speech.

The main goal of the artistic style is the development of the world according to the laws of beauty, the satisfaction of aesthetic needs, both of the author of a work of art and the reader, and the aesthetic impact on the reader with the help of artistic images.

The basis of the artistic style of speech is the literary Russian language. The word in this functional style performs a nominative-figurative function. The words that form the basis of this style, first of all, include figurative means of the Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context. These are words with a wide range of uses. Highly specialized words are used to a small extent, only to create artistic authenticity in describing certain aspects of life.

The artistic style differs from other functional styles in that it uses the language tools of all other styles, but these tools (which is very important) appear here in a modified function - in an aesthetic one. In addition, not only strictly literary, but also extra-literary means of language can be used in artistic speech - colloquial, slang, dialect, etc., which are also used not in the primary function, but are subject to an aesthetic task.

The word in a work of art, as it were, doubles: it has the same meaning as in the general literary language, as well as an additional, incremental, associated with the artistic world, content of this work. Therefore, in artistic speech, words acquire a special quality, a certain depth, begin to mean more than what they mean in ordinary speech, remaining outwardly the same words.

This is how the transformation of ordinary language into artistic language takes place, such, one might say, is the mechanism of action of the aesthetic function in a work of art.

The peculiarities of the language of fiction include an unusually rich, diverse vocabulary. If the vocabulary of scientific, official business and colloquial speech is relatively limited thematically and stylistically, then the vocabulary of artistic style is fundamentally unlimited. Here, the means of all other styles can be used - both terms, and official expressions, and colloquial words and turns, and journalism. Of course, all these various means undergo aesthetic transformation, perform certain artistic tasks, and are used in unique combinations. However, there are no fundamental prohibitions or restrictions regarding vocabulary. Any word can be used, as long as it is aesthetically motivated, justified.

It can be said that in the artistic style all linguistic means, including neutral ones, are used to express the poetic thought of the author, to create a system of images of a work of art.

The wide range in the use of speech means is explained by the fact that, unlike other functional styles, each of which reflects one specific side of life, the artistic style, being a kind of mirror of reality, reproduces all spheres of human activity, all phenomena of social life. The language of fiction is fundamentally devoid of any stylistic isolation, it is open to any styles, any lexical layers, any linguistic means. Such openness determines the diversity of the language of fiction.

In general, the artistic style is usually characterized by figurativeness, expressiveness, emotionality, the author's individuality, the specificity of the presentation, the specificity of the use of all linguistic means.

It affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, is characterized by figurativeness, emotionality, and concreteness of speech. The emotionality of the artistic style differs significantly from the emotionality of the colloquial everyday style, since the emotionality of artistic speech performs an aesthetic function.

A broader concept is the language of fiction: the artistic style is usually used in the author's speech, and other styles, such as colloquial, may be present in the speech of the characters.

The language of fiction is a kind of mirror of the literary language. Rich literature means rich literary language. Great poets and writers create new forms of literary language, which are then used by their followers and all who speak and write in this language. Artistic speech appears as the pinnacle of language achievement. In it, the possibilities of the national language are presented in the most complete and pure development.

CHAPTER ... TO THE QUESTION OF THE SELECTION OF ARTISTIC STYLE

All researchers talk about the special position of the style of fiction in the system of styles. The selection of this style in the general system is possible, since the style of fiction arises on the same basis as other styles.

The sphere of activity of the style of fiction is art.

The “material” of fiction is the national language.

He depicts in words thoughts, feelings, concepts, nature, people, their communication. Each word in a literary text is subject not only to the rules of linguistics, it lives according to the laws of verbal art, in the system of rules and techniques for creating artistic images.

The concept of "language of a work of art" includes the entire set of means that the author uses to reproduce life phenomena in order to express his thoughts and views, convince the reader and evoke response feelings in him.

The recipient of fiction is the reader.

The goal-setting of style is the self-expression of the artist, the artistic understanding of the world by means of art.

Fiction equally uses all functional and semantic types of speech - description, narration, reasoning.

The form of speech is predominantly written, for texts intended to be read aloud, prior recording is required.

Fiction also uses all types of speech: monologue, dialogue, polylogue. The type of communication is public.

The genres of fiction are known - this is a novel, a story, a sonnet, a short story, a fable, a poem, a comedy, a tragedy, a drama, etc.

Features hood st

One of the features of the style of fiction is that all elements of the artistic system of a work are subject to the solution of aesthetic problems, the word in a literary text is a means of creating an image, conveying the artistic meaning of a work.

Literary texts use the whole variety of linguistic means that exist in the language (we have already talked about them): means of artistic expression, stylistic or rhetorical figures, and can be used as means of the literary language, as well as phenomena that stand outside the literary language -

dialects, definition

jargon, definition

swear words,

means of other styles, etc.

At the same time, the selection of language units is subject to the artistic intention of the author.

For example, the name of the hero can be a means of creating an image. Writers of the 18th century widely used this technique, introducing “speaking surnames” into the text. To create an image, the author can use the possibilities of polysemy of a word, homonyms, definition within the same text.

Synonyms definition and other linguistic phenomena.

The repetition of a word, which in scientific and official business styles emphasizes the accuracy of the text, in journalism serves as a means of enhancing the impact, in artistic speech it can underlie the composition of the text, create the artistic world of the author.

The artistic means of literature are characterized by the ability to “increase meaning”, which makes it possible to interpret literary texts in different ways, and to evaluate them differently. So, for example, critics and readers evaluated many works of art differently:

Drama A.N. Ostrovsky's "Thunderstorm" N. Dobrolyubov called "A ray of light in a dark kingdom", seeing in her main character - a symbol of the revival of Russian life. His contemporary D. Pisarev saw in The Thunderstorm only a drama in the family chicken coop, modern researchers A. Genis and P. Weil, comparing the image of Katerina with the image of Emma Bovary Flaubert, saw a lot in common and called The Thunderstorm "a tragedy of petty-bourgeois life." There are many such examples: the interpretation of the image of Shakespeare's Hamlet, Turgenev's Bazarov, Dostoevsky's heroes. An example of the same from Shakespeare is necessary

The artistic text has the author's originality - the style of the author. The style of the author is the characteristic features of the language of the works of one author, consisting in the choice of characters, the compositional features of the text, the language of the characters, the speech features of the author's text itself. So, for example, the style of L. N. Tolstoy is characterized by a technique that the well-known literary critic V. Shklovsky called “removal”. The purpose of this technique is to return the reader to a living perception of reality and expose evil. This technique, for example, is used by the writer in the scene of Natasha Rostova’s visit to the theater (“War and Peace”): at first, Natasha, exhausted by separation from Andrei Bolkonsky, perceives the theater as an artificial life, opposed to her, Natasha, feelings, then, after meeting with Helen, Natasha looks at the stage through her eyes. Another feature of Tolstoy's style is the constant division of the depicted object into simple constituent elements, which can manifest itself in the ranks of homogeneous members of the sentence. At the same time, such dismemberment is subordinated to a single idea. Tolstoy, struggling with the romantics, develops his own style, practically refuses to use the actual figurative means of the language.

In a literary text, we also encounter the image of the author, which can be presented as the image of a narrator or the image of a hero, a narrator.

The image of the author is a conditional image. The author ascribes to him, so to speak, “transfers” the authorship of his work, which may contain information about the author’s personality, facts of his life that do not correspond to the actual facts of the writer’s biography. By this, the writer emphasizes the non-identity of the author of the work and his image in the work. The image of the author actively participates in the life of the characters, enters the plot of the work, expresses his attitude to what is happening, the characters, comments on the action, enters into a dialogue with the reader. Author's or lyrical digression is a reflection of the author (lyrical hero, narrator), not connected with the main narrative. You are well acquainted with the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov “A Hero of Our Time”, a novel in verse by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin", where the image of the author is a vivid example of the expression of a conditional image in the creation of a literary text.

The perception of a literary text is a complex process.

First stage of this process is the naive realism of the reader (the reader believes that the author directly depicts life as it really is), the final stage is the dialogue between the reader and the writer (in this case, “the reader is congenial to the author”, as the remarkable philologist of the 20th century Yu. M, Lotman).

The concept of "language of a work of art" includes the entire set of artistic means that the author uses: the polysemy of words, homonyms, synonyms, antonyms, archaisms, historicisms, neologisms, foreign vocabulary, idioms, winged words.

OUTPUT

As we noted above, the issue of the language of fiction and its place in the system of functional styles is solved ambiguously: some researchers (V.V. Vinogradov, R.A. Budagov, A.I. Efimov, M.N. Kozhina, A. N. Vasilyeva, B.N. Golovin) include a special artistic style in the system of functional styles, others (L.Yu. Maksimov, K.A. Panfilov, M.M. Shansky, D.N. Shmelev, V.D. Bondaletov) consider that there is no reason for this. The following are given as arguments against singling out the style of fiction:

1) the language of fiction is not included in the concept of literary language;

2) it is multi-styled, not closed, does not have specific signs that would be inherent in the language of fiction as a whole;

3) the language of fiction has a special, aesthetic function, which is expressed in a very specific use of linguistic means.

It seems to us that the opinion of M.N. Kozhina that “bringing artistic speech beyond the limits of functional styles impoverishes our understanding of the functions of the language. If we deduce artistic speech from among the functional styles, but consider that the literary language exists in a variety of functions, and this cannot be denied, then it turns out that the aesthetic function is not one of the functions of the language. The use of language in the aesthetic sphere is one of the highest achievements of the literary language, and because of this, neither the literary language ceases to be such, getting into a work of art, nor the language of fiction ceases to be a manifestation of the literary language. one

The main goal of the literary and artistic style is the development of the world according to the laws of beauty, the satisfaction of the aesthetic needs of both the author of a work of art and the reader, the aesthetic impact on the reader with the help of artistic images.

It is used in literary works of various kinds and genres: stories, novellas, novels, poems, poems, tragedies, comedies, etc.

The language of fiction, despite the stylistic heterogeneity, despite the fact that the author's individuality is clearly manifested in it, still differs in a number of specific features that make it possible to distinguish artistic speech from any other style.

The features of the language of fiction as a whole are determined by several factors. It is characterized by broad metaphor, figurativeness of language units of almost all levels, the use of synonyms of all types, ambiguity, different stylistic layers of vocabulary. In the artistic style (compared to other functional styles) there are laws of perception of the word. The meaning of a word is largely determined by the author's goal setting, genre and compositional features of the work of art, of which this word is an element: firstly, in the context of a given literary work, it can acquire artistic ambiguity that is not recorded in dictionaries, and secondly, it retains its connection with the ideological and aesthetic system of this work and is assessed by us as beautiful or ugly, sublime or base, tragic or comic.

The use of linguistic means in fiction is ultimately subordinated to the author's intention, the content of the work, the creation of the image and the impact through it on the addressee. Writers in their works proceed primarily from the fact that they correctly convey the thought, feeling, truthfully reveal the spiritual world of the hero, realistically recreate the language and image. Not only the normative facts of the language, but also deviations from general literary norms are subject to the author's intention, the desire for artistic truth.

The breadth of coverage of the means of the national language by artistic speech is so great that it allows us to assert the idea of the fundamental potential possibility of including all existing linguistic means (albeit, connected in a certain way) in the style of fiction.

These facts indicate that the style of fiction has a number of features that allow it to take its own special place in the system of functional styles of the Russian language.

1 Kozhina M.N. Stylistics of the Russian language. M., 1983. P.49.

The artistic style of speech as a functional style is used in fiction, which performs a figurative-cognitive and ideological-aesthetic function. In order to understand the peculiarities of the artistic method of cognition of reality, of thinking, which determines the specifics of artistic speech, it is necessary to compare it with the scientific method of cognition, which determines character traits scientific speech.

Fiction, like other types of art, is characterized by a concrete-figurative representation of life, in contrast to the abstract, logical-conceptual, objective reflection of reality in scientific speech. A work of art is characterized by perception through feelings and the re-creation of reality, the author seeks, first of all, to convey his personal experience, his understanding and understanding of a particular phenomenon.

For the artistic style of speech, attention to the particular and the accidental is typical, followed by the typical and the general. Remember the well-known Dead Souls by N.V. Gogol, where each of the shown landowners personifies certain specific human qualities, expresses a certain type, and all together they were the "face" of contemporary Russia to the author.

The world of fiction is a “recreated” world, the depicted reality is, to a certain extent, the author’s fiction, which means that in the artistic style of speech the most important role plays a subjective moment. The whole surrounding reality is presented through the vision of the author. But in a literary text, we see not only the world of the writer, but also the writer in this world: his preferences, condemnation, admiration, rejection, etc. This is connected with emotionality and expressiveness, metaphorical, meaningful versatility of the artistic style of speech. Let's analyze a short excerpt from the story of L. N. Tolstoy "Foreigner without food":

“Lera went to the exhibition only for the sake of her student, out of a sense of duty. Alina Kruger. Personal exhibition. Life is like loss. Free admission". A bearded man with a lady wandered in the empty hall. He looked at some of the work through a hole in his fist, he felt like a professional. Lera also looked through her fist, but did not notice the difference: the same naked men on chicken legs, and in the background the pagodas were on fire. The booklet about Alina said: "The artist projects a parable world onto the space of the infinite." I wonder where and how they teach to write art history texts? They are probably born with it. When visiting, Lera loved to leaf through art albums and, after looking at a reproduction, read what a specialist wrote about it. You see: the boy covered the insect with a net, on the sides the angels are blowing pioneer horns, in the sky there is a plane with the signs of the Zodiac on board. You read: “The artist views the canvas as a cult of the moment, where the stubbornness of details interacts with an attempt to comprehend everyday life.” You think: the author of the text rarely happens in the air, keeps on coffee and cigarettes, intimate life is complicated by something.

Before us is not an objective representation of the exhibition, but a subjective description of the heroine of the story, behind which the author is clearly visible. The story is built on the combination of three artistic plans. The first plan is what Lera sees in the paintings, the second is an art history text that interprets the content of the paintings. These plans are stylistically expressed in different ways, bookishness and abstruseness of descriptions are deliberately emphasized. And the third plan is the author's irony, which manifests itself through the display of the discrepancy between the content of the paintings and the verbal expression of this content, in the assessment of the bearded man, the author of the book text, the ability to write such art history texts.

As a means of communication, artistic speech has its own language - a system of figurative forms, expressed by linguistic and extralinguistic means. Artistic speech, along with non-artistic speech, make up two levels of the national language. The basis of the artistic style of speech is the literary Russian language. The word in this functional style performs a nominative-figurative function. Here is the beginning of V. Larin's novel "Neuron Shock":

“Marat's father, Stepan Porfirievich Fateev, an orphan from infancy, was from the Astrakhan bandit family. The revolutionary whirlwind blew him out of the locomotive vestibule, dragged him through the Michelson plant in Moscow, machine-gun courses in Petrograd and threw him into Novgorod-Seversky, a town of deceptive silence and goodness.

In these two sentences, the author showed not only a segment of an individual human life, but also the atmosphere of an era of great changes associated with the revolution of 1917. The first sentence gives knowledge of the social environment, material conditions, human relations in the childhood years of the father of the hero of the novel and his own roots. The simple, rude people who surrounded the boy (the bindyuzhnik is the vernacular name of the port loader), the hard work that he saw from childhood, the restlessness of orphanhood - that's what stands behind this proposal. And the next sentence includes private life in the cycle of history. Metaphorical phrases the revolutionary whirlwind blew ..., dragged ..., threw ... they liken human life to a grain of sand that cannot withstand historical cataclysms, and at the same time convey the element of the general movement of those “who were nobody”. Such figurativeness, such a layer of in-depth information is impossible in a scientific or official business text.

The lexical composition and functioning of words in the artistic style of speech have their own characteristics. Among the words that form the basis and create the imagery of this style, first of all, are the figurative means of the Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context. These are words with a wide range of uses. Highly specialized words are used to a small extent, only to create artistic authenticity in describing certain aspects of life. For example, L.N. Tolstoy in "War and Peace" used special military vocabulary when describing battle scenes; we will find a significant number of words from the hunting lexicon in I.S. Turgenev, in the stories of M.M. Prishvin, V.A. Astafiev, and in The Queen of Spades by A.S. Pushkin has many words from the lexicon of the card game, etc. In the artistic style of speech, the verbal ambiguity of the word is very widely used, which opens up additional meanings and semantic shades in it, as well as synonymy at all language levels, which makes it possible to emphasize the subtlest shades of meanings. This is explained by the fact that the author strives to use all the richness of the language, to create his own unique language and style, to a bright, expressive, figurative text. The author uses not only the vocabulary of the codified literary language, but also a variety of figurative means from colloquial speech and vernacular. Let us give an example of the use of such a technique by B. Okudzhava in Shipov's Adventures:

“In Evdokimov’s tavern, they were already about to turn off the lamps when the scandal began. The scandal started like this. At first, everything in the hall looked fine, and even the tavern clerk, Potap, told the owner that, they say, now God has mercy - not a single broken bottle, when suddenly in the depths, in the semi-darkness, in the very core, there was a buzzing, like a swarm of bees.

- Fathers of the world, - the owner was lazily amazed, - here, Potapka, your evil eye, damn it! Well, you should have croaked, damn it!

The emotionality and expressiveness of the image come to the fore in the artistic text. Many words that in scientific speech act as clearly defined abstract concepts, in newspaper and journalistic speech as socially generalized concepts, in artistic speech carry specific sensory representations. Thus, the styles functionally complement each other. For example, the adjective lead in scientific speech realizes its direct meaning ( lead ore, lead bullet), and artistic forms an expressive metaphor ( lead clouds, lead night, lead waves). Therefore, in artistic speech, phrases play an important role, which create a certain figurative representation.

Artistic speech, especially poetic speech, is characterized by inversion, i.e. a change in the usual order of words in a sentence in order to enhance the semantic significance of a word or to give the whole phrase a special stylistic coloring. An example of inversion is the well-known line from A. Akhmatova's poem "Everything I see is Pavlovsk is hilly ...". Variants of the author's word order are diverse, subject to the general plan.

The syntactic structure of artistic speech reflects the flow of figurative-emotional impressions of the author, so here you can find the whole variety of syntactic structures. Each author subordinates linguistic means to the fulfillment of his ideological and aesthetic tasks. So, L. Petrushevskaya, to show disorder, "troubles" family life the heroine of the story "Poetry in Life", includes several simple and complex sentences:

“In the history of Mila, then everything rolled on the rise, Mila’s husband in a new two-room apartment now he no longer protected Mila from her mother, her mother lived separately, and there was no telephone either there or here - Mila's husband became himself and Iago and Othello and, with a mockery, from around the corner, watched how men pestered Mila on the street his type, builders, miners, poets, who do not know how heavy this burden is, how unbearable life is, if you fight alone, because beauty in life is not a helper, so one could approximately translate those obscene, desperate monologues that the former agronomist, but now a research assistant, Mila's husband, shouted both on the night streets, and in his apartment, and when he got drunk, so Mila hid somewhere with her young daughter, found shelter, and the unfortunate husband beat furniture and threw iron pans.

This proposal is perceived as an endless complaint of an uncountable number of unfortunate women, as a continuation of the theme of the sad female fate.

In artistic speech, deviations from structural norms are also possible due to artistic actualization, i.e. the author highlighting some thought, idea, feature that is important for the meaning of the work. They can be expressed in violation of phonetic, lexical, morphological and other norms. Especially often this technique is used to create a comic effect or a bright, expressive artistic image. Consider an example from the work of B. Okudzhava "The Adventures of Shipov":

“Ay, dear,” Shipov shook his head, “why is that so? No need. I can see right through you, mon cher... Hey, Potapka, why did you forget a man on the street? Lead here, wake up. And what, mister student, how does this tavern seem to you? It's dirty indeed. Do you think I like him?... I've been to real restaurants, sir, I know... Pure Empire... But you can't talk to people there, but here I can find out something.

The speech of the protagonist characterizes him very clearly: not very educated, but ambitious, wanting to give the impression of a gentleman, master, Shipov uses elementary French words (mon cher) along with colloquial wake up, hello, here, which do not correspond not only to the literary, but also to the colloquial form. But all these deviations in the text serve the law of artistic necessity.

Instruction

This style can otherwise be called the style of fiction. It is used in verbal and artistic creativity. Its main goal is to influence the feelings and thoughts of readers and listeners with the help of images created by the author.

Artistic style (like any other) involves the selection of linguistic means. But in it, in contrast to the official business and scientific styles, all the richness of vocabulary, special figurativeness and emotionality of speech are widely used. In addition, he uses the possibilities of different styles: colloquial, journalistic, scientific and official business.

Distinguished art style Special attention to the casual and the particular, behind which are visible the typical features and images of the time. As an example, we can recall "Dead Souls", where N.V. Gogol portrayed landowners, each of whom is the personification of certain human qualities, but all of them together are the "face" of Russia in the 19th century.

Another distinctive feature of the artistic style is the subjective moment, the presence of the author's fiction or the "re-creation" of reality. The world of a literary work is the world of a writer, where reality is presented through his vision. In a literary text, the author expresses his preferences, rejections, condemnation and admiration. Therefore, the artistic style is characterized by expressiveness, emotionality, metaphor and versatility.

To prove the artistic style, read the text and analyze the language used in it. Pay attention to their diversity. Literary works use a large number of tropes (epithets, metaphors, similes, hyperbole, personifications, paraphrases and allegories) and stylistic figures (anaphoras, antitheses, oxymorons, rhetorical questions and appeals, etc.). For example: “a man with a marigold” (litote), “a horse runs - the earth trembles” (allegory), “streams ran from the mountains” (personification).

In the artistic style, the ambiguity of words is clearly manifested. Writers often discover additional meanings and meanings in them. For example, the adjective "lead" in a scientific or journalistic style will be used in its direct meaning "lead bullet" and "lead ore", in an artistic style, most likely, it will act as a metaphor for "lead twilight" or "lead clouds".

When parsing the text, be sure to pay attention to its function. If colloquial style serves for communication or communication, official business and scientific are informative, and the artistic style is intended for emotional impact. His main function- aesthetic, which is subject to all linguistic means used in a literary work.

Determine in what form the text is implemented. Artistic style is used in drama, prose and poetry. They are respectively divided into genres (tragedy, comedy, drama; novel, story, short story, miniature; poem, fable, poem, etc.).

note

The basis of the artistic style is the literary language. But often it uses colloquial and professional vocabulary, dialectisms and vernacular. This is due to the desire of writers to create a special unique author's style and give the text a vivid imagery.

Useful advice

Style can be determined only by the totality of all features (functions, set of language tools, form of implementation).

Sources:

Artistic style: language and features
how to prove that the text

Tip 2: Distinctive features of the official-business style of the text

The language used in different areas of activity differs, in addition, it can be very different from spoken language. For such spheres of public life as science, office work, jurisprudence, politics and the media, there are subtypes of the Russian language that have their own characteristic features, both lexical and morphological, syntactic and textual. Has its stylistic features and official business text.

Why you need a formal business style when writing

The official business style of the text is one of the functional subtypes of the Russian language, which is used only in one specific case - when conducting business correspondence in the field of social and legal relations. It is implemented in lawmaking, managerial and economic activities. In writing, its document and can, in fact, be a letter, and an order, and a normative act.

Business documents can be presented to the court as evidence at any time, since they, due to their specifics, have legal force.

Such a document has legal significance, its originator acts, as a rule, not as a private person, but is an authorized representative of the organization. Therefore, any official business text is presented with increased requirements, allowing to exclude ambiguity and ambiguity of interpretation. Also, the text should be accurate communicatively and adequately reflect the thoughts that the author expresses.

The main features of the official business style

The main feature of official business communication is the standardization of phraseological units used, it is with its help that communicative accuracy is ensured, which gives legal force to any document. These standard phrases make it possible to exclude ambiguity of interpretation, therefore, in such documents, repeated repetition of the same words, names and terms is quite acceptable.

An official business document must have details - output data, and specific requirements are also imposed on their location on the page.

The text written in this style is emphatically logical and unemotional. It should be extremely informative, so thoughts have strict wording, and the presentation of the situation itself should be restrained, using stylistically neutral words and expressions. The use of any phrases that carry an emotional load, expressions used in common speech, and even more so slang, is excluded.

To eliminate ambiguity in a business document, personal demonstrative pronouns (“he”, “she”, “they”) are not used, since in a context with two nouns of the same gender, ambiguity of interpretation or contradiction may appear. As a consequence of the obligatory condition of logic and argumentation, when writing a business text, complex sentences are used with a large number of conjunctions that convey the logic of relations. For example, constructions that are not often used in everyday life are used, including conjunctions like: “due to the fact that”, “for what”.

Mandatory wardrobe items for a Parisian.

Many of the fair sex, who strive to look stylish and sophisticated every day, have a set of basic, must-have items in their wardrobe. What kind of items can be found in the closet of a Parisian?

1. Ballerinas. Contrary to popular belief, high heels are not always preferred. In everyday life they wear comfortable ballet flats with thin soles.

2.Bag with long strap. A handbag thrown over one shoulder is a habit of a large number of residents of the fashionable capital.

3.The scarf is large. A variety of voluminous scarves are preferred by residents of many countries. However, most Parisians believe that this is an indispensable and absolutely necessary accessory in the cold season.

4. Fitted jacket, raincoat or jacket. A truly French style is to wear fitted jackets. They are decorated with thin straps or worn wide open.

5.Large sunglasses. In combination with hair pulled up in a tight ponytail, bun or updo, these glasses look especially stylish and elegant.

6. Black clothes. The black color for the inhabitants of Paris is not the color of mourning. For them, he is the personification of style and grace. Therefore, to create a Parisian look, you must have black T-shirts, T-shirts, sweaters and other items of clothing in your wardrobe.

Which is unacceptable for the Parisian style.

There are things that a lady with truly French views on fashion will never allow herself to buy, much less wear. In one of the first places on the list of bad manners were too long bright false nails. Many representatives of France prefer naturalness and neutrality in everything. Including in .

A miniskirt in combination with a deep neckline is also not in the style of a resident of the fashion capital. The true one is unlikely to allow herself to look too frank and too sexy.

Bright hair color, multi-colored highlighting, flashy accessories, all kinds of bouffants and a huge amount of hair styling products. In most cases, a lady living in Paris will bypass this entire list and will only be surprised that it occurred to someone to experiment with their appearance in such a way.

The main criterion that distinguishes a true Parisian is harmony in everything: in clothes, style, look, hairstyle, accessories. She does not seek to repeat someone's image and is of the opinion that each person is unique.

Actually scientific style of speech

Most research monographs and solid scientific articles belong to the proper scientific style. The peculiarity of this genre is that such texts, as a rule, are written by professional scientists for the same specialists. Such an academic style is very often found in scientific works devoted to one issue, as well as in small essays, where the author presents the results scientific research.

Texts written in the proper scientific style are distinguished by the accuracy of presentation, verified logical constructions, an abundance of generalizing terms and abstract concepts. A standard academic text composed in this genre has a strict structural composition, which includes a title, introductory and main parts, conclusions and a conclusion.

Scientific and informative genre of scientific style

secondary form scientific style speech is considered a scientific and informative genre. It, as a rule, is compiled on the basis of some basic, supporting text. In this case, original monographs or articles are often taken as a basis. An example of texts made in the scientific and informative genre can be theses, or.

A scientific-informative text is a creatively revised presentation of the primary material, which completely coincides with it in meaning. However, it does not contain all, but only basic information, only the most essential information about the subject. Writing works in this genre requires the ability to work with scientific literature, evaluate sources and transmit their content in a compressed form without distortion.

Other genres of scientific style of speech

In one large group linguists often combine texts of scientific-reference, educational-scientific and popular-science genres of scientific style. These sub-styles are characterized by the focus of information not so much on specialists, but on those who are far from the specifics of the subject placed at the center of the publication. In this case, not only the results of scientific research are important, but also the form.

In the educational and scientific genre, most often they write study guides and texts of lectures. The scientific reference genre, characterized by extreme clarity and conciseness, is typical for reference publications, scientific dictionaries, encyclopedias and catalogues. Texts compiled in the popular science genre are less tied to special terminology. They are often used in books intended for a mass audience, as well as in television and radio programs covering scientific topics.

artistic speech stylistics Russian

The specificity of the artistic style of speech, as a functional one, lies in the fact that it finds application in fiction, which performs a figurative-cognitive and ideological-aesthetic function. In contrast, for example, to the abstract, objective, logical-conceptual reflection of reality in scientific speech, fiction is characterized by a concrete-figurative representation of life. A work of art is characterized by the perception through feelings and the re-creation of reality, the author seeks, first of all, to convey his personal experience, his understanding or understanding of a particular phenomenon. But in a literary text, we see not only the world of the writer, but also the writer in this world: his preferences, condemnations, admiration, rejection, and the like. This is associated with emotionality and expressiveness, metaphorical, meaningful diversity of the artistic style of speech.

The main goal of the artistic style is the development of the world according to the laws of beauty, the satisfaction of the aesthetic needs of both the author of the work of art and the reader, the aesthetic impact on the reader with the help of artistic images.

This is how the transformation of ordinary language into artistic language takes place, such, one might say, is the mechanism of action of the aesthetic function in a work of art.

It can be said that in the artistic style all linguistic means, including neutral ones, are used to express the poetic thought of the author, to create a system of images of a work of art.

A broader concept is the language of fiction: the artistic style is usually used in the author's speech, and other styles, such as colloquial, may be present in the speech of the characters.

The language of fiction is a kind of mirror of the literary language. Literature is rich, which means that the literary language is also rich. Great poets and writers create new forms of literary language, which are then used by their followers and all who speak and write in this language. Artistic speech appears as the pinnacle of language achievement. In it, the possibilities of the national language are presented in the most complete and pure development.

Literary and artistic style- functional style of speech, which is used in fiction. This style affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, is characterized by figurativeness, emotionality of speech.

In a work of art, the word not only carries certain information, but also serves to aesthetically influence the reader with the help of artistic images. The brighter and more truthful the image, the stronger it affects the reader.

In their works, writers use, when necessary, not only words and forms of the literary language, but also obsolete dialect and vernacular words.

The emotionality of the artistic style differs significantly from the emotionality of the colloquial and journalistic styles. It performs an aesthetic function. Artistic style involves a preliminary selection of language means; all language means are used to create images. Distinctive feature Artistic style of speech can be called the use of special figures of speech, giving the narrative colorfulness, the power of depicting reality.

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Video lesson in Russian "Speech styles"

How to develop your own literary style. Mini lecture by Elvira Baryakina

Style Issues

Subtitles

Expressive and visual means of language

The means of artistic expression are varied and numerous. This:

Tropes (comparisons, personifications, allegory, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, etc.)
Stylistic figures (epithet, hyperbole, litote, anaphora, epiphora, gradation, parallelism, rhetorical question, silence, etc.)

Trope(from other Greek τρόπος - turnover) - in a work of art, words and expressions used in figurative meaning in order to enhance the figurativeness of the language, the artistic expressiveness of speech.

The main types of trails:

Metaphor(from other Greek μεταφορά - “transfer”, “figurative meaning”) - a trope, a word or expression used in a figurative meaning, which is based on an unnamed comparison of an object with some other on the basis of their common feature. (“Nature here is destined for us to cut a window into Europe”). Any part of speech in a figurative sense.
Metonymy(ancient Greek μετονυμία - “renaming”, from μετά - “above” and ὄνομα / ὄνυμα - “name”) - a kind of trail, a phrase in which one word is replaced by another, denoting an object (phenomenon) located in one or another (spatial, temporal, and so on) connection with the subject, which is denoted by the replaced word. The replacement word is used in a figurative sense. Metonymy should be distinguished from metaphor, with which it is often confused, while metonymy is based on the replacement of the word “by contiguity” (part instead of the whole or vice versa, representative instead of class or vice versa, receptacle instead of content or vice versa, and the like), and metaphor - "by similarity." Synecdoche is a special case of metonymy. (“All flags will visit us”, where flags replace countries.)
Epithet(from other Greek ἐπίθετον - “attached”) - a definition of a word that affects its expressiveness. It is expressed mainly by an adjective, but also by an adverb (“to love passionately”), a noun (“fun noise”), a numeral (“second life”).

An epithet is a word or a whole expression, which, due to its structure and special function in the text, acquires some new meaning or semantic connotation, helps the word (expression) to acquire color, richness. It is used both in poetry (more often) and in prose (“timid breath”; “magnificent sign”).

Synecdoche(ancient Greek συνεκδοχή) - a trope, a kind of metonymy based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another on the basis of a quantitative relationship between them. (“Everything is sleeping - both man, and beast, and bird”; “We all look at Napoleons”; “In the roof for my family”; “Well, sit down, luminary”; “Most of all, take care of a penny.”)
Hyperbola(from other Greek ὑπερβολή “transition; excess, excess; exaggeration”) - a stylistic figure of explicit and intentional exaggeration, in order to enhance expressiveness and emphasize the thought said. (“I’ve said it a thousand times”; “We have enough food for six months.”)
Litota- a figurative expression that downplays the size, strength, meaning of what is being described. A litote is called an inverse hyperbole. ("Your Pomeranian, lovely Pomeranian, no more than a thimble").
Comparison- a trope in which one object or phenomenon is likened to another according to some common feature for them. The purpose of comparison is to reveal in the object of comparison new properties that are important for the subject of the statement. (“A man is stupid as a pig, but cunning as hell”; “My house is my fortress”; “He walks like a gogol”; “An attempt is not torture.”)
In stylistics and poetics, paraphrase (paraphrase, paraphrase; from other Greek. περίφρασις - “descriptive expression”, “allegory”: περί - “around”, “about” and φράσις - “statement”) is a trope that descriptively expresses one concept with the help of several.

Paraphrase is an indirect reference to an object by way of description, not naming. (“Night luminary” = “moon”; “I love you, creation of Peter!” = “I love you, St. Petersburg!”).

allegory (allegory)- conditional representation of abstract ideas (concepts) through a specific artistic image or dialogue.

For example:

The nightingale is sad at the defeated rose, hysterically sings over the flower.
But the garden scarecrow is shedding tears,
who secretly loved the rose.

personification(personification, prosopopoeia) - tropes, the assignment of the properties of animate objects to inanimate ones. Very often, personification is used in the depiction of nature, which is endowed with certain human features.

For example:

And woe, woe, grief! And grief girded itself with a bast,
Feet are entangled with bast.

folk song

The state is like an evil stepfather, from whom, alas, you can’t run away, because it’s impossible to take with you
Motherland - a suffering mother.

Aidyn Khanmagomedov, Visa Response

Irony(from other Greek εἰρωνεία - “pretense”) - a trope in which the true meaning is hidden or contradicts (opposed) to the obvious meaning. Irony creates the feeling that the subject matter is not what it seems. (“Where can we, fools, drink tea.”)
Sarcasm(Greek σαρκασμός, from σαρκάζω, literally “to tear [meat]”) - one of the types of satirical exposure, caustic mockery, the highest degree of irony, based not only on the increased contrast of the implied and expressed, but also on the immediate intentional exposure of the implied.

Sarcasm is a mockery that can open with a positive judgment, but in general it always contains a negative connotation and indicates a lack of a person, object or phenomenon, that is, in relation to what it is happening. Examples.