Installation of internal sewerage in a private house. How to properly organize sewerage in a private house - step-by-step instructions Do-it-yourself sewerage installation in a house

Toilets in nature are becoming a thing of the past over time, and the comfortable amenities of our modern times should please everyone. People living in a private house, into which it is impossible to drain water, often dream about the benefits of civilization. But ordering services for installing an autonomous sewer system is not a cheap pleasure. Not everyone knows how easy it is to make a sewer system in a private house with your own hands.

For the correct functionality of an autonomous sewer system in a private house, it is necessary to understand many factors, know the existing nuances and do the installation yourself according to sanitary rules and regulations. When preparing a drainage system diagram, you need to carefully study the layout of a particular building. Also, you should take into account the location of the premises where the inflow and outflow of water will occur. The ideal solution would be if all internal equipment is connected to one pipe. Which will drain water into a septic tank or into a drainage pit.

In a competent wiring design scheme pipeline system, you should make a calculation of the slope of the pipes used. If the slope is incorrectly calculated, inconvenience and unnecessary expenses may occur. The slope when installing internal and external pipelines will differ.

The slope angle is responsible for changing the position of the pipe on the surface, relative to the horizon line. A large slope is only possible on short sections. There are simple techniques for determining the slope of a pipe. But to install an autonomous sewer system in a private house with your own hands, it will be difficult to calculate the correct slope of the pipes. It is important that the calculation of the slope in a private house is carried out using a non-calculation method.

Correct installation of the internal sewerage network in a private house

To lay internal sewerage, it is important to take into account the location of other water consumers and the size of the premises. All plumbing facilities can be connected to the water supply.

Installation diagram of internal autonomous sewage system:

Installation diagram of external autonomous sewage system

Pipe laying process

A very difficult and responsible process in installing an autonomous sewer system with your own hands is laying pipes. This process requires help, as independent work will affect not only the speed of the process, but also its quality.

When installing a sewer system with your own hands, it is important to calculate the depth of the pipes. Because the functionality of your pipeline depends on the depth.

It is necessary to remember the exact angle of inclination of the pipes. The volume of the pipe in a system without pressure determines its slope. To ensure the desired slope, you need to install different places in the pipeline in different ways.

Correct pipe routing and riser installation

To prevent the pipe from freezing in winter, it needs to be insulated. To do this, it should be taken out into an asbestos-cement pipe, having previously been wrapped with heat-insulating material.

What is a cesspool for?

A cesspool, in other words, is a well without a bottom. When installing a pipeline with your own hands, it is possible to leave soil instead of the bottom and lay out the walls from brick or concrete. Once in the pit, wastewater is filtered from feces and solid waste and seeps into the ground. Waste deposited at the depth of the pit must be removed over time.

Use cesspool it is possible with the condition that the water flow per day does not exceed 1 cubic meter. meters. Wastewater penetrating to the bottom depth will be treated by microorganisms. If the rules are not followed, they will not have time to process it and contamination of sources near the cesspool will occur.

Special pumps for removing sewage

Pumps in drainage system in a private home, should be installed if your plumbing drains are below ground level. Also, pumps should be used if the distance to the drain hole or septic tank.
Pumps (also known as solofilters) are used to eliminate household sewage that flows from the house into the depths of the cesspool. They are the most economical way, and also effective.

How it is possible to arrange drainage of wastewater from a basement or basement, two options:

Firstly, you need to install a pump, with output to a gravity system and with rise to the required height;
Secondly, install a container for sewage. Then carry out the wiring into the cesspool from the private home sewerage system.

There are a large number of pumps on the market, you just need to choose the one that suits your parameters.

Pump operation stages:

When the water rises, the built-in sensors are triggered and turn on the pump.
Particles falling from the toilet are collected in a basket at the depth of the well.
The pump has a built-in special mechanism that grinds the particles to the size of passage through the opening of the basket.
Pumps suck in liquid along with solid particles and raise them to the desired height.

Proper plumbing connection

Plumbing connection diagram:

It is difficult for us to live without amenities, even if we are in a private home. We strive to provide maximum comfort, creating an optimal standard of living for your family. For this, it is very important to think through the issue of construction in advance.

When building a sewer system with your own hands in a private country cottage, You can save money, but you need to carry out this work in accordance with construction and installation requirements.

Sewerage installation in a house involves the arrangement of external and internal sewerage systems.

Internal is pipe routing, installation fan pipe and a boner.

External refers to a set of pipes running from the house to a septic tank or deep cleaning station.

Internal sewerage diagram

You need to choose a scheme based on the layout of each house. It is ideal when all plumbing equipment is connected to one collector through which the water will flow.

IN big house, with several bathrooms, it is more correct to prefer a scheme in which there will be at least two cesspools or a septic tank. And in two-story house risers must be installed.

How to draw up a sewerage diagram for a private house:

draw up a house plan;
determine the location of risers;
mark the locations of plumbing fixtures and decide on how to connect them;
depict the pipes running from the fittings and riser to the plumbing, and all connection elements;
do this for each floor;
determine the dimensions of the fan pipe and riser;
add up the length of all internal pipes;
At the final stage, draw up a diagram of the external sewerage system.

How to choose sewer pipes

Different ones are used for external and internal sewerage.

For laying pipes inside, polyvinyl chloride and gray ones are used. For sunbeds and risers, pipes with a diameter of 110 mm are used, and for drainage - 40 and 50 mm. Turns are made with two plastic elbows bent at right angles.

Often, pipes for external sewerage have orange, diameter 110 mm and the required rigidity. Double-layer corrugated pipes can also be used.

Pipe properties

Cast iron:

durable and strong, designed for heavy loads.
expensive, heavy and fragile, corrosion on the inside can contribute to clogs.

Polypropylene:

Light and flexible, withstands high water temperatures well.
there are no shortcomings.

Polyvinyl chloride:

inexpensive and lightweight, used for external sewerage.
They are fragile and do not tolerate high water temperatures well.

Pipe laying

The most serious process when constructing a sewer system in a house is the routing and laying of pipes. Upon completion of work, check the tightness of the system, and only then proceed to its operation.

Pipe connection

Today, many types of revisions, tees, elbows and plastic pipes that are easily connected are sold. The joints can be processed. And in places where the pipe passes through the foundation, it is recommended to install a sleeve.

It is also important to remember the slope of the pipes, which depends on its diameter and is 2 - 3 cm per 1 m.

Sewer outlet

In order not to encounter a discrepancy between the internal and external sewer systems, begin the installation of the sewer system from the outlet,

It is installed through the foundation below the frost level. When installing the outlet higher, it will be necessary to insulate the pipe.

If you didn’t think about this, you will need to punch a hole in it large enough to install a drain pipe with a sleeve. The sleeve is a small piece of pipe with a diameter of 130-160 mm. It should protrude 15 cm on both sides of the foundation.

The outlet diameter must be no less than the diameter of the riser. And the sleeve is needed to create a pipe slope.

Pipe routing and riser installation

It is ideal to place the riser in the toilet. It can be mounted openly or hidden.

To connect sewer pipes to the riser, oblique tees are used, and adapters are used at the joints of pipes that differ in diameter. At the intersection of pipes, it is necessary to install a collector with a diameter of 100-110 mm. Also install water seals that will protect you from unpleasant odors.

Installation of a special tee (revision) on each riser is mandatory. With its help it will be possible to clear the blockage. You can install cleaning after each bend.

It is better to place the riser in the toilet of a private house

Fan pipe outlet

Functions of the drain pipe:

maintains atmospheric pressure inside the system;
increases durability sewer system;
ventilates the entire sewer system.

The fan pipe is the continuation of the riser. This is a pipe leading to the roof. Before connecting the drain pipe and the riser, it is important to install an inspection. After which the pipe is led out at a convenient angle into the attic.

You cannot combine the fan pipe with the chimney or ventilation of the house. The exhaust pipe outlet must be located at a distance of 4 meters from windows and balconies. The height of the retreat from the roof should be 70 cm. It is also important to place it on different levels sewer, house and chimney ventilation.

External sewage system of the house

There are different ways to install a sewer system in your home, but it is very important to choose the right system that meets your needs.

It is necessary to select an external sewerage scheme taking into account the following:

you live in the house temporarily or permanently;
number of people living;
daily water consumption per person;
soil water level;
plot size;
soil type and structure;
climate.

For more detailed information, you should read the relevant chapters of SNiP and SanPin.

All external sewage systems are divided into two types:

storage (cesspool, sealed container);
structures for wastewater treatment (single-chamber septic tank, septic tank with two overflowing wells, aeration tank, septic tank with a biofilter, septic tank with several chambers and a filtration field).

Cesspool without bottom

This is a very old method of sewerage, which is now used exclusively as a country house.

In the cesspool, walls are made from rings of concrete or bricks, and the earth remains as the bottom. In a hole, relatively clean water seeps into the ground, and organic waste settles at the bottom.

When completely filled with waste, it needs to be cleaned.

It is possible to make such a cesspool if people do not live in the house permanently and do not consume a lot of water. In this case, groundwater must pass at least 1 m below the bottom of the pit, otherwise it will lead to contamination of soil water.

Adding microorganisms to the pit will slightly reduce bad smell, and will speed up the process of water purification.

Sealed storage tank

This option involves installing a sealed container into which water will drain. You can purchase a ready-made container made of metal or plastic, or you can make it yourself from concrete rings. The lid is made of metal, and the bottom is made of concrete. It is important when constructing a storage tank that it is completely sealed and has an insulated lid.

When filling the tank, it must be cleaned using a special vacuum cleaner. The volume of the tank and the frequency of cleaning it depend on water consumption.

This system can be used in high ground groundwater, this way you will protect water sources and soil. But its downside is that you will need to call the sewer truck quite often.

Single chamber septic tank

This is a well, the bottom of which is covered with a layer of crushed stone and coarse sand. Water seeping through them is purified by 50%. Along with mechanical cleaning, biological cleaning processes take place here.

You should not build such a sewer system in a private house if people live in it permanently. This option can only be used when groundwater levels are low. It should be noted that crushed stone and sand need to be changed periodically.

With your own hands, you can make a septic tank from polypropylene, reinforced concrete rings, brick, or fill its walls and floor. In this case, it is necessary to determine whether the wastewater treatment will take place in the well field or in the filtration field. You also need to equip the system and carry out its hydro- and thermal insulation.

Two-chamber septic tank

The most popular device method in country house, economical and can be built independently.

It consists of two wells. The first has a sealed bottom, and the second does not, but is filled with crushed stone and sand, which will need to be replaced approximately every five years.

The first well plays the role of a sump, and the second - a filter well. Periodically, the first well is filled with waste and to clean it you need to call a sewer truck about 2 times a year.

It is worth installing such a sewer system in a house if, even during a flood, the groundwater level is below 1 m from the bottom of the second well.

Soil and biological treatment - septic tank with filtration field

This type of septic tank is made in the form of a container divided into sections connected by pipes.

The first container is needed to settle the wastewater. Clarified water goes to the second section, where organic residues are decomposed by anaerobic bacteria. Afterwards the water goes to the filtration fields.

This is a vast underground area where soil treatment of wastewater takes place. If the soil on your site is sandy, then this is an ideal option. After this, the water is sent through pipelines to a well or drainage ditch.

Sometimes sand and crushed stone need to be replaced in the filtration field.

Natural treatment station - septic tank with biofilter

With its help, it is possible to carry out sewerage at any level of groundwater.

Such a station is a container divided into 3-4 sections.

In the first, the water settles, in the second, organic residues are decomposed by anaerobic microorganisms. In the third, water is separated, and in the fourth, organic matter is decomposed by aerobic bacteria, which live only under the condition of constant air flow. To do this, a pipe rising above the ground is installed above the chamber. In the pipe leading from the third chamber to the fourth, there is a filter with aerobic bacteria. Purified water can be used for technical purposes. From the fourth chamber there is a pipe leading to a drainage ditch, or storage tank.

For country house with permanent residence, a septic tank with a biofilter is the optimal solution. The disadvantage is that if they do not live permanently, the bacteria will simply die.

Artificial treatment station - septic tank with forced air supply

This is a quick cleaning installation, in which natural processes are artificially induced. It is impossible to install a sewer system using an aeration tank without connecting it to

Living in a private house, you want to create maximum comfort for your family, ensuring a high standard of living, so it is very important to think about this in advance important issue like a sewer. You can do sewerage in a private house with your own hands. This article will help you complete all the work correctly, competently and without harm to the environment.

When you independently build a sewer system in a private house, you can save a lot, but it is very important to carry out all the work correctly, in accordance with all the requirements for construction and installation work of this kind.

The choice of sewer system layout should be made in accordance with the layout of a particular house. When planning a house, it is recommended to provide for compact placement of rooms for which water supply and drainage will be provided (showers, bathrooms, laundries, bathrooms and kitchens). But most the best option there will be such an arrangement in which all plumbing equipment will be tied to one pipe (collector), through which wastewater will flow into a cesspool or septic tank.

Experts advise, if available big house, which provides several various rooms with drainage and supply of water located in different parts building, give preference to a sewer system design that will have at least two (and sometimes more) cesspools or septic tanks. In addition, if your house has two or more floors, and bathrooms, toilets and kitchens are located on different floors, then in this case you will need to install risers.

Types of sewerage

All work on the construction of a sewer system in a private house with your own hands comes down to the arrangement of external and internal sewage systems. Internal sewerage work includes installation of a drain pipe, riser and pipe distribution to rooms such as a shower room, kitchen, toilet, etc. External or external sewerage includes everything that is located outside the house, that is, a system of pipes running from home to a deep cleaning station (a rather expensive ready-made solution) or to a homemade septic tank (with a filtration field or storage). Of course, if you have the opportunity to connect to a centralized wastewater disposal system, the task will be greatly simplified. But in this article we will consider exactly autonomous system, including effective wastewater treatment in a septic tank, and such a primitive method as a cesspool.

Internal sewerage

First of all, it is necessary to deal with the internal circuit. Even at the stage of designing a house, it is necessary to think about ensuring that all the rooms to which the sewage system will be connected are located as close as possible to each other, since subsequently this approach will significantly simplify the arrangement of the internal sewerage system. Each house requires an individual sewerage system, which can be very diverse.

In this case, one should take into account the fact that in the toilet, pipes with a diameter of 100-110 mm must be used to drain wastewater. For gray waste that will flow into the sewer from the kitchen or bathroom, PP or PVC pipes with a diameter of 50 mm should be used. All turns must be made using two plastic elbows bent at an angle of 45 degrees, as this will further minimize the possibility of clogging, which is quite problematic to remove. It is more reliable and cheaper to use polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or polypropylene (PP) pipes in the sewerage system, as they are more durable, more reliable and cheaper than cast iron. And besides this, mount internal system Sewerage with the help of such pipes is much simpler.

First of all, you need to decide where exactly the collector pipe or riser will be located, and only then do further wiring from it.

But before that, you should more accurately understand how you can independently develop a sewerage scheme for your home, because in the future, using this scheme, it will be possible to make a full calculation of everything (plumbing equipment and materials) that you will need to arrange a sewerage system.

You can make a sewerage diagram on a piece of checkered paper, but it is advisable to purchase several sheets of graph paper for this task. In addition, you will need a tape measure, a ruler and a sharp pencil.

For a private house, the sewerage diagram is drawn up as follows: sequences:

First you need to draw up a plan of the house to scale. If you don’t know the dimensions of the house, you will have to walk around with a tape measure and measure everything;
Next, you need to decide where the risers will be located;
after this, it is necessary to mark on the plan the locations of plumbing fixtures and decide how they will be connected;
at the next stage, you need to mark the pipes that will go from the fittings and riser to the plumbing fixtures, as well as all connecting elements (tees, bends, etc.);
everything listed above should be done for each floor of your house;
then you need to decide on the dimensions of the fan pipe and riser;
now all that remains is to sum up the length of all the pipes related to the internal sewerage system;
the next stage will be the external system, at which it is necessary to draw up a diagram of the external sewerage system, which includes pipes running from the deep treatment station or septic tank to the outlet. Do not forget to take into account all existing SNiPs.

Sewage pipes

Since the conditions inside and outside the house are very different, the pipes used for these two sewerage schemes are different. Currently, PP and PVC pipes, which have a characteristic gray. For sun loungers and risers, the diameter of such pipes is 110 mm, and for drainage - 40 and 50 mm. But do not forget that these pipes are intended only for internal sewerage, and for external sewerage it is necessary to use other solutions.

Most often, the pipes that are laid underground from a deep treatment station or septic tank to the outlet are painted orange, which can be explained very simply - the bright orange color is more noticeable in the ground compared to the rest. But pipes for external sewerage differ from others not only in color - they are subject to completely different requirements. Such pipes have greater rigidity, since they will have to withstand significant loads while underground. There are also more durable structures, an example of which is double-layer corrugated pipes. But the depth of laying pipes when constructing a sewerage system for a private house is usually small (most often up to 2 meters), so there is no need to use such pipes. Red pipes most often have a diameter of 110 mm, this should be sufficient to drain wastewater from the house.

Cast iron

Advantages: able to withstand heavy loads, durable and strong.

Flaws: expensive, heavy and fragile, roughness can form on the inside due to corrosion, which can cause a blockage.

Polypropylene

Advantages: lightweight and flexible, making them most popular for indoor sewerage. They can withstand high wastewater temperatures without problems.

Flaws: If used as intended, there are no disadvantages.

Polyvinyl chloride

Advantages: similar to cast iron, inexpensive and lightweight. Most often used for external sewerage.

Flaws: They do not tolerate high temperatures of wastewater and are fragile (they do not bend, but crack).
Pipe laying

Probably the most labor-intensive process when constructing an autonomous sewer system in a private house with your own hands is the routing and laying of pipes. If you decide to do this work yourself, be sure to call someone for help, as this will affect not only the quality of the work, but also the speed. It is also recommended to first check the tightness of the system by flushing it with clean water, and only then, having made sure that all seams are secure, you can begin full operation.

Pipe connection

It was said earlier that the most simple option PP or PVC pipes will be used for sewerage. Currently in the construction market there is large number offers of these products, so it will not be difficult for you to find revisions, tees, elbows and plastic pipes, which are securely and easily connected at the joints due to the presence of rubber cuffs. If desired, all joints can be additionally treated with a special plumbing sealant. And in those places where labor passes through a wall or ceiling, it is recommended to install a sleeve.

It is also necessary to remember about the slope of the pipes. In accordance with SNiP, in a free-flow system, the angle of inclination of the pipe depends on its diameter. For example, for a pipe with a diameter of 50 mm it is necessary to create a slope of at least 3 cm per meter, and for a pipe with a diameter of 110 mm - at least 2 cm per meter. Do not forget about this, since you will need to place various points in the pipeline on different heights, to ensure the required slope.

Sewer outlet

In order not to encounter a discrepancy between the internal and external sewerage systems, it is necessary to begin the installation of sewerage in the house from the outlet. The outlet is the boundary part of the sewer system that connects the pipe leading to the septic tank with the pipe that leaves the house (riser).

The outlet must be installed through the foundation at a depth exceeding the soil freezing depth that corresponds to your region. You can install the outlet higher, but to do this you will need to insulate the pipe so that it does not freeze in winter. If you do not do this, then there is a high probability that you will only be able to use the toilet in the spring, after the weather warms up.

If this was not taken care of during the construction of the foundation, then you will need to punch a hole in the foundation into which the outlet pipe with the sleeve can fit. A sleeve is a small piece of pipe whose diameter is larger than that of a sewer pipe (130-160 mm). Such a sleeve should protrude at least 15 cm on both sides of the foundation.

Summarizing the above, we can say that at this stage you need to make a hole in the foundation (if it is not there) and insert a sleeve with a pipe into it. Do not forget that the diameter of the outlet pipe must be no less than the diameter of the riser. And the sleeve is needed in order to set the required slope of the pipe towards the septic tank (2 cm per meter).

Pipe routing and riser installation

It is best to place the riser in the toilet, since the recommended size of the pipe that goes from the toilet to the riser is 100 mm. It can be mounted either openly or hidden, depending on how the pipes will be mounted - in special boxes, walls, channels and niches or next to walls (fastening with pendants, clamps, etc.).

In order to connect sewer pipes to the riser, oblique tees should be used, and adapters should be used at the joints of pipes that differ in diameter. Where pipes from sinks, bathtubs and showers intersect, it is necessary to install a collector pipe with a diameter of 100-110 mm. Also, don’t forget about water seals, which will help protect your sense of smell from unpleasant odors.

It is imperative to install a special tee (inspection) on each riser, with the help of which it will be possible, if necessary, to clear the blockage. In order to avoid having to carry out sewer cleaning work in the future, it is necessary to install cleaning after each turn.

Fan pipe outlet

The removal and installation of the vent pipe plays a very important role, since a fan pipe is needed for:

maintaining atmospheric pressure inside the system so that water hammer and air vacuum do not occur;
increasing the durability of the sewer system;
ventilation of the entire sewerage system, which in turn is necessary for the efficient operation of the septic tank.

A fan pipe is a continuation of the riser, that is, it is a pipe that leads to the roof of the house. Before connecting the fan pipe and the riser, it is necessary to install an inspection. After this, you need to bring the pipe at a convenient angle into the attic.

It is not recommended to simplify the work by combining the drain pipe (sewer ventilation) with the chimney or ventilation of the house. Moreover, it is necessary to locate the exhaust pipe outlet away from windows and balconies, at a distance of at least 4 meters. The height of the indentation from the roof should not be less than 70 cm. In addition, it is necessary to place the sewerage ventilation, chimney and ventilation of the house at different levels.

Summing up result All of the above, we can say the following:

at the first stage, you should start drawing up a detailed wiring diagram, minimizing the distance from the plumbing fixtures to the riser as much as possible;
it is necessary to increase the diameter of the pipes that go to the riser as additional devices are connected. The diameter should not be reduced;
need to stick to simple rule: the larger the outlet of the device, the closer it should be to the riser. The toilet should be located closest to the riser;
when installing sewerage in a private house, it should be excluded sharp corners, and pipes must be laid with a certain slope;
where blockages may form in the future, cleaning and inspection must be provided in advance;
To ventilate the system, a fan pipe must be present in the wiring diagram.

External sewerage

You can install a sewer system in a private house with your own hands in different ways, which will be discussed below. It is very important to choose the right system that will satisfy all your needs.

It is necessary to select a scheme for arranging a sewerage system taking into account certain parameters:

temporary or permanent residence in the house;
the number of people living in the house permanently;
how much water each person uses daily (depending on the availability of a washing machine, washbasin, sink, toilet, shower, bath, etc.);
at what level do they lie? groundwater;
what size is your plot and how much space can be allocated for treatment facilities;
what type and structure of soil;
climatic conditions.

To obtain more detailed information, you should study all relevant sections of SNiP and SanPin.

All sewer systems for a private home can be divided into two types:

storage systems (sealed container for wastewater, cesspool without a bottom);
structures designed for wastewater treatment (aeration tank - a septic tank with a constant air supply, a septic tank with a biofilter, a septic tank with two or three chambers and a filtration field, a septic tank with two overflowing wells and natural purification, a simple single-chamber septic tank with soil purification).

Cesspool with no bottom

A cesspool is the most ancient and centuries-tested method of arranging a sewer system. This method had no alternative 50-70 years ago. It is true that in those days people did not use as much water in a private home as they do now.

In essence, a cesspool is a well that has no bottom. In the cesspool, you can make walls from concrete, concrete rings, bricks or other material, and leave soil as the bottom. After wastewater from the house enters the pit, relatively clean water will, being purified, seep into the soil, and solid organic waste and fecal matter will accumulate, settling to the bottom. When over time the well becomes completely filled with solid waste, it will need to be cleaned.

Previously, waterproof walls were not made in the cesspool, so when it was full, it was buried, and another was dug up in another place.

It should be noted that it is possible to install a sewer system in a private house using a cesspool only when the volume of average daily waste does not exceed one cubic meter. Only in this case will soil microorganisms living in the soil and feeding on organic matter be able to process the water that will penetrate through the bottom of the pit into the soil. And if the volume of wastewater exceeds this norm, the water will not receive the necessary purification, which will lead to groundwater contamination. If this happens, then all water sources within a radius of 50 meters will be contaminated. If you add microorganisms to the cesspool, this will slightly reduce the unpleasant odor that comes from it, and will also speed up the process of water purification. But it's still not worth the risk.

Conclusion. It is worth building a cesspool that does not have a bottom only when people do not live in the house permanently, but visit it several times a week without using a lot of water. Also, it is worth paying attention to the fact that groundwater must lie at least one meter below the bottom of the pit, otherwise you will not be able to avoid contamination of water sources and soil. The cesspool has the lowest cost, but even despite this, it is currently not popular in cottages and modern country houses.

Sealed container in the form of a storage tank

In this case, it is necessary to install a sealed container near the house into which wastewater will flow from the entire house through pipes. You can purchase a ready-made container in the store, which can be made of metal, plastic or other material. But if you wish, you can make such a container with your own hands from concrete rings. The lid can be made of metal, and the bottom can be made of concrete. The main condition for the construction of a sewer system of this type is complete tightness. For this type of sewerage, you can use pragma corrugated pipes.

Such a container will definitely need to be cleaned when it is completely filled, for which you will have to call a sewer truck, which will cost you from 15 to 30 USD. The required volume of the tank and the frequency of emptying it depend on the volume of wastewater. For example, if four people live in a house on a permanent basis and use washing machine, toilet, sink, shower and bathtub, then the storage tank must have a volume of at least 8 cubic meters, and it will need to be cleaned every 10-14 days.

Conclusion. If the groundwater in your area is quite high, then as an option for arranging a sewage system at home, you can use a sealed cesspool. With its help, you can completely protect water sources and soil from possible contamination. But the downside of such a system is that you will need to call the sewer truck quite often. For the same reason, it is necessary to think in advance about the place where the pit will be placed so that there is convenient access to it. The bottom of the container or pit should not be deeper than three meters from the soil surface, otherwise the hose will not be able to reach the bottom. The lid of the storage tank must be insulated so that the pipeline is protected from freezing. The cost of such a container will directly depend on its volume and the material from which it will be made. Using used Eurocubes will be the cheapest option, and the most expensive is brick or concrete pouring. Also, do not forget about the monthly costs of cleaning the container.

The simplest option for soil cleaning is a single-chamber septic tank

A single-chamber septic tank is not very different from a regular cesspool, and sometimes it is called that. This structure is essentially a well, in which the bottom is covered with a small layer of crushed stone (at least 30 cm), and coarse sand is covered with the same layer on top of the crushed stone. In this case, wastewater from the house flows through pipes into the well, where the water then seeps through sand, crushed stone and soil, being purified by 50%. Of course, crushed stone and sand significantly improve the quality of water purification, but this does not fundamentally solve the problem.

Conclusion. It is not recommended to build a sewer system in a private house using a single-chamber septic tank if people live in the house permanently or large volume waste water This option can only be used with low level groundwater and temporary residence. It will also be necessary to periodically change crushed stone and sand, as they will silt.

Overflow settling wells - two-chamber septic tank

The construction of filter wells and overflow settling wells is a fairly popular way of arranging a sewer system in a private home; moreover, this option is quite economical and can be installed independently.

This sewer system consists of two wells: the first well has a sealed bottom, and the second has no bottom, but is sprinkled with crushed stone and sand.

From the house, wastewater flows into the first well, in which feces and solid waste sink to the bottom, and fatty waste floats to the surface. Between these two layers, relatively clear water is formed. The first well is connected to the second at about 2/3 of its height by an overflow pipe, which is located at a slight slope, allowing water to flow there freely. The second well receives slightly clarified water, which then seeps through sand, crushed stone and soil, purifying itself even more.

The first well serves as a sump, and the second - a filter well. From time to time, the first well will fill with feces and you will need to call a sewer truck to clean it out. This needs to be done approximately once every six months. In order to reduce the amount of unpleasant odors, you need to add microorganisms that decompose feces to the first well.

The two-chamber septic tank described above can be made with your own hands from brick, concrete or concrete rings, or you can purchase a ready-made plastic septic tank from the manufacturer, in which additional cleaning will be carried out using special microorganisms.

Conclusion. It is worth installing a sewerage system based on two overflow wells in a private house only when, even during a flood, the groundwater level is below one meter from the bottom of the second well. If your site has sandy loam or sandy soil, then this will be an ideal option. But remember that after about five years, the sand and crushed stone in the second well will need to be replaced.

Soil and biological treatment - septic tank with filtration field

This type of septic tank is made in the form of one container, which is divided into several separate containers connected by pipes, or into 2-3 sections. Usually, if you want to install this type of sewer system, you purchase a ready-made version.

The first container of the septic tank is designed to settle wastewater, as happens in a conventional settling well. Next, the partially clarified water goes through the pipe into the second section or container, where all existing organic residues are decomposed by anaerobic bacteria. After this, the more clarified water flows to the filtration fields.

The filtration field is a fairly large (about 30 sq.m.) underground area where wastewater undergoes soil treatment. In this case, the water is purified by approximately 80%, due to the large area. If the soil on your site is sandy loam or sandy, then this will be an ideal option, but otherwise you will need to build an artificial filtration field from sand and crushed stone. After the water passes through the filtration field, it is collected in pipelines and sent to wells or drainage ditches. It is not allowed to plant edible vegetables and trees above the filtration field; you can only make a flower bed.

Over time, the filtration field will become silted and will need to be cleaned, or rather replaced with sand and crushed stone. This is a very large amount of work, and your site may suffer.

Conclusion. The construction of a sewer system with a filtration field in a private house is recommended only when the groundwater is at a depth of at least 2.5-3 meters. You also need to remember that there must be a distance of at least 30 meters from the filtration field to residential buildings and water sources.

Natural treatment station - septic tank with biofilter

With the help of a deep cleaning station, you can carry out a complete installation of sewerage in a private house, even with a fairly high groundwater level.

This station is a container that is divided into 3-4 sections. It is best to purchase it from a trusted manufacturer, checking with professionals in advance about the necessary equipment and volume. The cost of such a septic tank starts from 1200 USD, which is not cheap at all.

The first chamber of this septic tank is designed to settle water, and in the second, organic residues decompose using anaerobic microorganisms. In the third chamber, water is separated, and in the fourth, organic matter is decomposed with the help of aerobic bacteria, which necessarily require a constant flow of air. To ensure this condition, a pipe is mounted above the chamber, which should rise 50 cm above the ground. A filter is installed in the pipe that leads from the third chamber to the fourth, into which aerobic bacteria are added. In fact, this is a filtration field, but it is concentrated and more miniature. Thanks to higher concentration microorganisms and small area water movement, water purification occurs more thoroughly (up to 90-95%). Water purified in this way can be used for washing a car, watering a garden and much more. A pipe comes from the fourth chamber, which is directed either to a drainage ditch or to a storage tank.

Conclusion. For a private home where people live permanently, a septic tank with a biofilter is an excellent solution. Adding microorganisms to the septic tank is very simple - you just need to pour them into the toilet. Such a cleaning station has no restrictions. Its advantages include the fact that it does not require electricity to operate. The disadvantage is the fact that this station requires permanent residence, since bacteria deprived of wastewater will simply die. If you add new bacteria there, they will start working only after two weeks.

Artificial treatment station - a septic tank with forced air supply

This is practically an accelerated cleaning station in which natural processes occur artificially. Arranging the sewer system of a private house using an aeration tank is not possible without supplying electricity to the septic tank, which is necessary to connect the air distributor and air pump.

This septic tank has three separate containers or chambers that are connected to each other. Water by sewer pipe first enters the first chamber, in which it settles and precipitates solid waste. Next, the partially clarified water is pumped into the second chamber, which is essentially an aeration tank, where activated sludge, consisting of plants and microorganisms, is mixed with water. All activated sludge bacteria and microorganisms are aerobic, therefore forced aeration is necessary for their vital activity.

Then the water mixed with sludge enters the third chamber, which is a deep cleaning sump, after which the sludge is pumped back into the aeration tank by a special pump.

Thanks to the forced air supply, wastewater treatment occurs quite quickly, and the purified water can be used for various technical needs (watering the garden, washing the car, etc.).

Conclusion. The aeration tank is, of course, quite expensive (from 3700 USD), but at the same time very useful. There are no restrictions when installing this type of sewer system. Among the disadvantages, we can note only the need for electricity, as well as permanent residence so that bacteria do not die.

If your site has a high groundwater level, then drawing a conclusion from everything written above, you can choose several options:

aeration tank (aeration treatment station);
septic tank with biofilter;
an airtight container in which waste accumulates.

General rules for sewerage in a private house

There are certain restrictions on the placement of sewerage system facilities.

Septic tank location:

at least 10 meters from the garden;
at least 20-50 meters from any water sources (pond, well, well);
at least 5 meters from residential buildings.

Residential building location:

300 meters from stations and drainage wells;
50 meters from aeration treatment plants;
25 meters from the filter field;
8 meters from the filter well.

Be sure to design a sewer system for a private house and do not try to do everything without it, since sewerage is a system in which there can be no approximation. It is best to contact architects or a design office, where professionals will help you create a competent project, taking into account operating conditions, climate, site and soil. It’s even better if you do a sewerage project together with a house project, even before construction begins.

The work itself on installing a sewerage system for a private home is not particularly difficult. You just need to correctly route the pipes around the house, connect them to the collector and lead them to the septic tank. For earthworks You can hire an excavator, or you can do them yourself. The main thing is to draw up a project and competently select a sewerage system.

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How to properly install a sewer system in a private home so that it lasts for many years? It is advisable to involve professionals in this matter, but if you have some skills, you can do everything yourself. Also, despite the fact that the basic requirements for the sewer system are individual, specialists must be involved in its design. Only compliance with all technological and technical standards will ensure private house high-quality drainage.

What does the sewer system consist of?

How to make a sewer system in a private house, taking into account all the requirements regulatory documents in the construction industry? For a one-story or two-story building, it is necessary to manufacture a system that will consist of the following components:

Ready-made or homemade septic tank (cesspool). Designed for storing and filtering wastewater. It is installed outside the home and has a rather complex layout.
Pipes for laying external sewerage. Any home septic tank must be connected to the building, which is done using these elements. Such pipes withstand temperature changes well and are characterized by increased strength and wear resistance, which allows them not to collapse under water and soil pressure.
Pipes and fittings for internal sewerage wiring. Consists of elements having a diameter from 40 to 110 mm. Fittings are also necessary for arranging sewerage in a house, since they are used to create bends, revisions and turns.
Thermal insulation for pipes. Installing a sewer system in a private house with your own hands is impossible without modern insulation materials. They are used to insulate pipes, which prevents them from freezing. Installation of pipe thermal insulation should be carried out not only outside the building, but also inside in unheated rooms (basement, basement of the building).

Types of septic tanks

When installing a sewer system for a country house, what should you choose as a septic tank? There are many options for the design of this element of the system.

Cesspool without bottom

Installing a sewer system in a country house using a cesspool has its advantages:

low cost. A cesspool is a kind of well that has no bottom. Its walls can be made of monolithic or prefabricated reinforced concrete, brick;
simple operating principle. After wastewater enters the cesspool, clean water seeps into the soil, and solid waste settles at the bottom;
no difficulties during installation of the structure. There is no need to carry out extensive excavation work.

The disadvantages of this design scheme include that it is suitable only for those houses where the average daily volume of wastewater does not exceed 1 cubic meter. m. Otherwise, the surrounding soil and groundwater are polluted by household waste.

Hermetic tank

Do-it-yourself sewerage for a country house can be formed from large-volume sealed tanks made of plastic, metal or other materials. You can buy them ready-made or make them yourself. In this case, a sewerage project in a private house involves the use of prefabricated ones. The bottom of such a septic tank will be formed from monolithic concrete, and the lid will be made of metal.

The disadvantage of this design is that over time the container will fill up. After a certain amount of waste has accumulated, it is necessary to call a special machine that pumps it out. The advantage of a hermetic tank is that it can be used in the presence of a high groundwater level.

Single chamber septic tank

Installation of sewerage in a private house very often occurs using a single-chamber septic tank. It is a cesspool, the bottom of which is filled with 30 cm of crushed stone and sand of the same thickness. The advantage of this design is that water penetrating through the so-called “filtration field” is purified by approximately 50%.

Two-chamber septic tank

How to properly install sewerage to prevent contamination of the site with household waste? In this case, it is recommended to use a system of overflow settling wells.

Such a sewage system in a private house includes two tanks. One of them is hermetic, the other is without a bottom, but sprinkled with a layer of crushed stone and sand.

Waste from the house goes into the first container. After some time they settle there. All solids sink to the bottom of the septic tank, and grease rises to the top. The waste that lies in the middle is relatively clean. They are the ones who end up in a well without a bottom. This happens through a pipe that connects two containers and is placed at a slight slope at 2/3 of the height of the septic tank.

Over time, too much waste accumulates in the first well that needs to be pumped out. This should be done once every 5-6 months.

DIY septic tank

What is the easiest way to make a septic tank?

How can you make a sewer system in a private house with your own hands so that it works as efficiently as possible? First of all, you need to take care of the septic tank. For arrangement local sewer In a private home, you should adhere to the following instructions:

Digging a pit. The dug hole should have a size that is slightly larger than the dimensions of the tanks. It is necessary to expect that a layer of crushed stone and sand should be poured onto the bottom of the septic tank, and a clay castle should be installed on the sides. If the sewer system for a country house is intended for a small number of people (1-3), then the pit can be dug manually. Otherwise, it is recommended to use the services of an excavator.
Arrangement of the base. When installing a sewer system in a private house, the bottom of the dug hole must be leveled, then covered with sand and compacted. The area where the first tank (sump tank) will be installed needs to be waterproofed. For this purpose, clay or a concrete disc should be used.
Installation of containers. Do-it-yourself sewerage in a private house should consist of two separate tanks, which are formed from concrete rings. In order for the system to work effectively, all joints must be sealed. Such a sewerage scheme in a private house will prevent wastewater from entering the soil and groundwater.
Arranging the bottom of containers. This sewerage scheme provides that the bottom of the first tank must be sealed. To do this, it is concreted, and the top is treated with bitumen mastic and a layer of roofing material is laid. Also, in order to build an effective sewer system, the bottom of the second well is covered with crushed stone or pebbles.
Overflow design. In order for the sewage system of a country house to work correctly, the installed tanks must be connected to each other by an overflow pipe. It is installed at a distance of 1.5 m from the bottom. A T-fitting is also mounted on the pipe. It allows you to collect the liquid itself, which is separated from organic matter.
Floor installation. To install local sewerage for a private house, reinforced concrete slabs are installed on top of each tank.
Installation of hatches and ventilation. So that there is no unpleasant odor, a ventilation pipe is installed in the ceiling of the tanks. Also, each well is closed with hatches, which must be opened if necessary.

Laying pipes on the street

Should be carried out according to the following scheme:

Digging a trench. A small ditch is made from the septic tank to the house. Its depth should be greater than the freezing depth of the soil (the water pipeline is also laid). When constructing a trench, it is necessary to ensure a slope from the house to the storage tanks for good outflow of liquid (about 2 cm 1 m).
Pipe laying. How to install sewerage in a private house, which pipeline to choose? It is recommended to choose one that has a diameter of at least 110 mm.
Thermal insulation. If the pipes are laid shallow, then they can be prevented from freezing by insulation.
The final stage. One end of the pipe is inserted through a concrete wall, carefully sealing the joints. Also, in order to install a sewer system in a private house with your own hands, you need to remember to leave a small hole in the foundation or base during its construction. A pipe is inserted through it, after inserting a metal washer.

Internal network rules

The internal network device is considered important stage in the installation of sewerage for a private house, how to do everything correctly? Do-it-yourself sewerage installation in a private house involves the installation of the following structural elements:

riser. This is a central pipe with a diameter of 110 mm, which is installed in a vertical position. It connects all the existing contours in the house together. For a small building, one riser is usually enough;
. Installed on the top of the riser. Such a pipe is necessary for drainage to environment accumulated gases;
main branches. Pipes with a diameter of 50 mm are used to connect plumbing fixtures to the riser. This system does not have forced circulation, so it is necessary to provide for drainage (3 cm by 1 m);
supply pipes. Used to connect device outlets to highways;
revisions. They are a tee, where one outlet is closed by a hatch. Inspections are necessary to carry out repairs and preventative work of various kinds. They are usually installed at all turns, branches, at the base and end of the riser.

If you adhere to this scheme for the design of the sewer system, it will work efficiently and without failures.