Also, special attention is paid to compliance with all technical standards. The selection of pipes, the depth and angle of their laying are important points installation work.

Maintenance

Even a properly installed and well-functioning drainage system requires regular maintenance. Maintenance. Inspections of drainage and manholes are carried out once or twice a year. Owners should be alert low level water, which may indicate:

Drainage will protect the underground part of the house from inevitable destruction, protect plant roots from rotting, and get rid of stagnant puddles. Numerous advantages are somewhat leveled by the price, the size of which is justified by carrying out a large amount of work. However, they can be completely or partially done by hand, agree?

We will tell you how to lay a drainage pipe with your own hands, what system components still need to be installed. For those wishing to independently make drainage, we offer reliable information about the principles and rules of its construction. The information provided to you is based on regulatory requirements.

The article describes in detail the varieties of the drainage system. The organization technology is described, recommendations are given on the choice of pipes and related materials to ensure the removal of groundwater. A selection of photo and video guides are attached to help interested visitors.

Drainage is an expensive system, even if you do not have to pay for the services of specialists and the owner of the site is ready to do all the work on his own. Therefore, you should figure out how much it is generally needed.

The need for a system cannot be determined “by eye”, because groundwater can lie close to the surface, which becomes a real problem only during floods or heavy rains.

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Many areas are located in the lowlands. Waterlogged soil causes root rot, which creates many difficulties in caring for the garden and garden. Plants often infect fungal diseases, “eat” mold. Some crops do not take root in wet soil, and the crop rots in the bud.

Dense clay soil rocks do not absorb water well. This leads to frequent flooding of the underground parts of buildings. Due to the high degree of mineralization, flood and atmospheric waters negatively affect buildings: they destroy building materials and provoke corrosion.

Even high-quality waterproofing is not able to 100% prevent basement flooding, erosion of foundations and plinths. As a result, buildings serve much less than they could.

Open drainage systems are designed to collect and drain rain, flood and melt water, closed drainage systems - to protect underground structures from ground water

You can determine whether drainage is needed on the site by several signs:

• terrain. Sites located in lowlands and on steep slopes need a drainage system. Otherwise, fertile soils can be eroded or flooded during rains and floods.
• Puddles. The flat terrain is convenient for construction, but puddles can appear and remain for a long time. This clear sign that the water is poorly absorbed into the soil. A drainage system should be installed throughout the site.
• Plant root rot. If excess liquid remains in vegetable gardens, flower beds and lawns, the plants will rot and get sick.
• Moisture-loving plants. If one or more types of moisture-loving plants grow on the site, this clearly indicates waterlogging of the soil.
• Flooding of basements and cellars. An obvious "symptom" of the need for drainage is the flooding of foundations and underground building structures.
• Hydrogeological research and observations. If experts have determined that the site has a high GWL, or similar conclusions can be reached during excavation, care should be taken to drain the soil.

In the first case, the system is designed to drain groundwater if it floods the site. In the second, drainage provides a decrease in soil moisture during the flood and rainy season.

Both types of systems can be developed and installed in-house.

When buying a plot, owners often have no idea about the hydrogeological features of the area. If the soil is too wet and there are prolonged stagnation of water on the surface, the correct drainage scheme should be selected (+)

Depending on whether it is necessary to collect moisture from the entire site or only from certain zones, in addition to drainage, storm sewer systems with linear and point water inlets are equipped.

Systems of the first type require careful design; when arranging them, it is necessary to strictly observe the laying technology and.

In linear versions, a need arises if you need to drain the areas around buildings, paths, entrances, ennoble the local area or remove excess moisture from the garden.

Such drains are shallow ditches where water flows and then moves to special receiving tanks, storm sewers or to an off-site discharge point.

The choice and features of the installation of elements of drainage systems depend on the expected load on the system: the density of the soil, the amount of water that enters the drains. If the load is too high, it is worth choosing designs from the most durable materials.

Point collectors must also be accurately calculated and designed in advance. They serve to locally collect water, but are connected to a similar linear system of ditches or pipes.

Through the indicated drainage channels, the collected water is discharged in the same way into the collector well and further into the gutter or pond. Therefore, work on the installation of systems with point water inlets is not much different from systems with linear options.

Open systems are very easy to implement and cheap, but they spoil the landscape with unaesthetic appearance. Another disadvantage is that the walls of the ditches have to be constantly corrected, because. they crumble under the influence of moisture, and the system ceases to perform its functions (water stagnates at the bottom of the trenches and does not move to the place of discharge).

When planning drainage, you should decide on the type of system. You need to consider whether it will be open or closed. In the first case, ditches with oblique walls are dug for the convenience of water flow. The width of such a trench is usually 0.5 m, and they dig it to a depth of 0.7 m (+)

To solve the problem of shedding the walls of the ditches, you can use the method of backfilling with crushed stone: a large fraction material is laid on the bottom, and a fine fraction on top, after which the entire drainage cushion is covered with turf.

This option allows you not to trim or strengthen the walls of the trenches, but it is suitable for areas with relatively low humidity, because. the carrying capacity of the ditch is greatly reduced.

The use of polymer and concrete trays in the construction of open drainage greatly facilitates and speeds up the work. In order to ennoble the landscape and protect the systems from clogging, such open systems are covered with cast-iron gratings.

Flooding of the site is a problem that many owners of private households often face. Excessive moisture adversely affects not only the state of green spaces, but also reduces the life of buildings. The situation can be corrected only by constructing a drainage system. Its functioning directly depends on the correct calculation of the drainage depth and compliance with the installation technology. What system options can be used when arranging the site, and what depth of drainage should be, we will consider in more detail.

• Surface drainage - involves laying the pipeline around the perimeter of the building and backfilling the sinuses of dug ditches with drainage material (brick, stones, branches).
• Deep drainage - is a closed system of a pipeline laid underground, with the help of which it is convenient to drain the space around an already erected building.

Surface drainage is designed to collect melt and rainwater

The technology for calculating the depth of surface drainage does not require the collection of data on the soil composition of the area. Gutters are simply placed throughout the site in places where it is necessary to collect waste water from hard surfaces: roofs of houses, paved areas, garden paths.

The main function of deep drainage is to remove not only melt water from the territory, but also groundwater lying at a depth

The calculation of this type of structure, designed to intercept groundwater, preventing it from seeping into the basements of buildings, is much more difficult.

Drainage depth calculation

One of the mandatory stages in the arrangement of the drainage system is the preparation of a project. A well-executed project will not only ensure the efficiency and reliability of the drainage system, but also prevent unnecessary costs during its installation.

When developing a project and determining the depth of the drainage, two parameters are taken as a basis: the depth of the foundation and the level of soil freezing.

According to the level of soil freezing

The first thing that is guided by when determining the depth of laying drainage is the depth of soil freezing. It is clear to any owner, even far from construction, that if the drainage freezes in winter, it simply will not be able to divert meltwater from the building during spring floods. Pipes clogged with ice will thaw for a long time, thereby reducing the functionality of the structure to zero.

Important! To ensure maximum system performance in conditions of high rainfall, pipes should be located below the freezing level of the soil.

The groundwater level is determined by the horizon of the aquifer

In regions located in the middle latitude, groundwater occurs at a depth of 2-2.5 meters. But in areas located in close proximity to natural reservoirs, groundwater can come to the surface.

The calculation is performed according to the following principle:

1. Determine the horizon of soil freezing in a particular climatic zone.
2. When laying pipes with a diameter of up to 500 mm, 300 mm are subtracted from the level of soil freezing. If large pipes are used, the diameter of which exceeds 500 mm, then 500 mm is subtracted from the value obtained.

For example: with a soil freezing horizon of 1.5 meters, it will be necessary to lay a drainage pipe with a diameter of 200 mm at a depth of: 1500 - 300 \u003d 1200 mm \u003d 1.2 meters.

A summary table will help determine the level of soil freezing

You can find out the level of soil freezing in a particular area by experience or by requesting information from a construction organization.

Attention! When calculating the depth of drainage, one should also focus on the amount of precipitation in winter, since a large layer of snow can provide good thermal insulation to the upper layers of the soil.

According to the depth of the foundation

If we focus on the depth of the foundations of buildings, then the calculation is performed according to this principle:

1. Determine the depth of the foundation of the building.
2. Another half meter is added to the obtained value.

So, for example, the depth of the drainage around the house with a foundation of one and a half meters will be 2 meters. This depth is sufficient to intercept groundwater during spring floods.

Important! The value of the heat transfer of the building in the calculation is taken into account only if the house is heated in the winter.

A seemingly simple method allows you to build a system that will easily remove moisture from the soil before it reaches the level of the basement and begins to undermine the foundation.

The optimal drainage depth for most regions of our country is 1.3-1.4 meters

To obtain the most accurate parameters that determine at what depth to dig drainage around the house, experts recommend combining both methods. And then, based on two calculations, focus on the highest value during installation work.

In any case, when calculating, a small margin should be taken in case of fluctuations in the groundwater horizon. After all, if in the summer the groundwater level is low, then in the off-season it rises, putting heavy loads on the drainage system.

Calculation of the required drainage slope

The key to the smooth functioning of the system is also the observance of the slope of the pipelines. To do this, determine the direction of the flow of precipitation or use a map of elevations of the area.

Drainage is a non-pressure system, for the smooth functioning of which it is important to give the pipeline a certain slope

The slope of the location of the surface drainage pipes is calculated using the same technology as when laying sewer pipes. The main assistant in this survey is SNiP.

To obtain accurate values ​​​​of the slope of the drainage main, the calculation is performed in the following sequence:

1. In the corner of the building, the upper drainage point is determined. From it measure the length of the trenches laid along the perimeter of the house.
2. Summing up the lengths of all trenches, a number is added to the resulting figure, corresponding to the distance from the lower point of the drain of the building to the location of the catchment well.
3. To calculate the difference between the upper and lower points of the system, 1% of the distance obtained is taken as a basis. For example, for a piping system with a length of 28 meters, this value will be 28 cm.

Measures to prevent underflooding of buildings

Protection of basements and foundations of buildings from flooding is a priority task that must be addressed even at the stage of their construction. To do this, perform a whole range of activities:

1. Along the perimeter of the building, maintaining a distance to the walls of 2-3 meters, they dig a trench with a depth calculated on the basis of the methods described above, and a width of half a meter. The end of the trench, which has the lowest mark, should be brought to the pit under the drainage well.
2. At the lowest point of the site, they dig a pit for a drainage well. The place for its arrangement is chosen taking into account the convenient drainage of water or the possibility of pumping out the contents with a drainage pump.
3. The bottom of the trench is leveled in such a way that a slope of 2-3 cm is observed for each linear meter of the pipeline being laid. The bottom is covered with crushed stone filling, forming a layer 30-40 cm high.
4. Pipes are laid out on the “cushion” of crushed stone, controlling the slope angle with a construction level.
5. The bottom of the excavated pit is leveled, covered with sand or gravel filling. A drainage well is installed on a leveled base.
6. In the walls of the well, at the points where the drainage pipes are connected, holes of the appropriate diameter are made. Having joined the pipes with the opening of the drainage well, the mating elements are sealed by treating them with special bituminous compounds or silicone mixtures.

Tip: the required volume of crushed stone is determined by the formula: V \u003d L x Y x W. Where "L" is the length of the ditch, "H" is the thickness of the backfill, "W" is the width of the trench.

Video: the subtleties of installing a drainage system

Calculation of the drainage depth is a crucial stage of work. By correctly calculating the depth of drainage and the angle of inclination of the trenches, you will minimize the likelihood of a system failure ahead of time.

Most effective way to protect the foundation of a private house from the destructive effects of ground and storm water is a high-quality drainage system. What is especially important when water accumulates in the upper layers of the soil, as it can provoke flooding of the basement or basement, moistening and deformation of the walls, as well as the occurrence of fungal formations. The article will discuss how to lay drainage pipes.

Pipes for the drainage system, which are installed around the entire perimeter of the site, allow you to create a high-quality drainage system. After all, the danger of flooding is not only groundwater, but also floodwaters. Damage can also be caused by precipitation that exceeds permissible limits.

drain pipe Photo

Unlike foundation waterproofing, the drainage system can be laid even after the construction of the house, if there are grounds for this. But under certain conditions, it is better to install on initial stage construction. This requires the following reasons:

• the gently sloping location of the site, contributing to a significant accumulation of water;
• clay and loamy soil, which have poor culvert characteristics;
• statistics of exceeding the level of precipitation characteristic of the area in which the building is located;
• elevated groundwater level (less than 1.5 meters to the ground surface).

In addition, it is worth focusing on the depth of construction of the remaining buildings on the site. The presence of a deep foundation next to the main building not only prevents the natural outflow of groundwater, but also contributes to its accumulation, thereby increasing the risk of flooding. A barrier to the free circulation of water are also concrete blind areas and asphalt pavement equipped on the site. In such a case, it is considered competent to connect storm drains to the main drainage system.

To prevent the consequences of changes in the level of groundwater and the accumulation of moisture in the soil around the building, laying a drainage pipe will allow.

Types of drainage systems

There are two main options for designing a drainage system:

• Open (surface)- used to remove excess moisture that has arisen due to the accumulation of precipitation or melt water. The open drainage system is presented in the form of ditches and trenches.
• Closed (deep)- perforated pipes are used in laying, which are laid to a certain depth in a previously prepared trench. The main function is to drain groundwater and protect the foundation of the house.

Materials required for laying a closed drainage system

The process of installing a drainage system is quite laborious and requires thorough preparation. From bulk building materials will need:

• Sand. In drainage works, river sand is mainly used. Its main function is to create a filtration cushion around the drainage pipe.
• rubble. To equip the system, you will need a medium and large fraction. The purpose of crushed stone is to form a stable layer to prevent the penetration of dirt and large parts of the soil. In addition, crushed stone prevents excessive soil pressure on the corrugated pipe.

Main materials:

• drainage pumps. They are used only in case of significant flooding of the site with groundwater. Contribute to mechanical drainage;
• drainage pipes. With their help, the main drainage system is formed. The number and diameter depends on the complexity of the bookmark scheme. Most often, plastic pipes are used for drainage;
• geotextile- protects the drainage pipe from soil contamination. As a rule, interlining or dornite is used. In addition to strength, both types of textiles have a filtering ability;
• couplers- necessary for attaching drainage pipes to each other.

As a rule, the drainage system needs periodic cleaning; for this, manholes are installed along its perimeter. And to collect water in the system, a collector well is mounted.

Selection of drainage pipes

Before starting the installation of the drainage system, special attention should be paid to the choice of pipes for work. The first thing to consider is the use of perforated pipes in the arrangement of the drainage system. The second is the diameter and the presence of holes for the outflow of moisture and air exchange. And no less important point is the material from which the pipes are made.

Currently, the following types of pipes are presented on the building materials market:

• asbestos-cement;
• ceramic;
• from polymeric materials.

The most popular in the arrangement of the drainage system are polymer drainage pipes. Their advantage over other species is as follows.

• Long service life - up to 70 years.
• High levels of strength.
• Resistance to corrosion processes and exposure to aggressive environments.
• Reduced weight indicators that simplify the process of transportation and installation.
• Self-cleaning ability due to smooth surface.
• Silt resistance.
• Value for money.
• Ease of maintenance. Thanks to the geotextile filter, the system does not need to be flushed.

Drain pipe diameter:

• up to 150 mm - for a drainage system that does not drain a large number of water;
• up to 300 mm - for systems with a high load.

For an extensive drainage system, you will need pipes of both small (for branches) and large diameter (for the main branch of the system).

Plastic drainage pipes

Polymer pipes, which are usually used for laying drainage systems, are made of PVC, polypropylene or polyethylene and are represented by the following types:

• single layer or double layer. The choice of the number of layers depends on the density of the soil;
• flexible and rigid. Rigid pipes are applicable for simple circuits drainage, while flexible ones allow you to create complex branching throughout the site;
• pipes with or without filter jacket. As a rule, drainage pipes already have holes along their entire length. But if there are no special holes in the purchased material, they can be made independently using a drill and a thin drill;
• corrugated or smooth.

As for geofabric coverage, as a rule, samples already covered with filter textiles are presented on the building materials market. When buying uncoated pipes, their surface can be wrapped independently by securing the material with a rope or thin wire around the perimeter of the pipe.

Drainage pipe laying design

Before starting work on the installation of a drainage system, it is worthwhile to first draw up a plan for its location on the site.

• This requires taking into account the type of soil and the height of groundwater. The branched scheme is most often used, at the junctions of which manholes are installed.
• The distance between the branches directly depends on the type of soil. For clay soil, it is 10 meters, for loamy soil - 20 meters, with sandy soil type - 45 meters.

Laying drainage pipes with your own hands

First you need to determine the location of the drainage system. There are only two accommodation options:

• "wall" drainage - passes only near the foundation of the house and prevents moisture from entering directly into the building itself;

• a drainage system located around the entire perimeter of the site protects not only the basement of the building, but also other outbuildings and plantings located on the territory.

Stages of work

• The first step is to mark the site for the placement of drainage ditches. To facilitate the process, you can use a special laser rangefinder. Special attention it is worth paying attention to places where moisture accumulates after rain - this means that water exchange is difficult in this area due to the density of the soil or the presence of obstacles.
• Trench. The recess under the drainage trench must be carried out taking into account the height differences. The main task of the prepared ditch system is the rapid and unhindered outflow of water.

Tip: during work, you can use the water hose by running a certain amount of water - make sure that in separate parts trenches do not accumulate water.

• Before installing drainage pipes, the bottom of the trench must be carefully tamped. Then any filter material is laid, while its ends should extend beyond the trench. Next, river sand and crushed stone are poured, first large, then medium fraction, to a thickness of no more than 20 cm.
• Drainage pipes are cut according to the dimensions of the scheme, using a jigsaw or a special device - a pipe cutter. Next, start laying pipes, connecting the joints with fittings. In order for the junction to be strong, it is necessary to dock the parts after preheating the docking sections.
• Pipes must be carefully wrapped with geotextile, securing the joints with a rope or thin wire. The choice of such a material is not accidental, since it must pass the water coming out of the perforation. In addition to the throughput, the function of geotextiles is to protect the perforations of the pipe from clogging.

• Pipe laying must be done at a slope, connecting the ends to manholes. Two types of wells can be used in the system: sealed, allowing the use collected water for technical purposes and absorbing - water will go back into the soil. The slope of the drainage pipes depends on its diameter, the larger it is, the less slope is required.
• The next step in the installation of drainage pipes will be filling the surface with crushed stone and sand. After that, the structure is wrapped with sheets of filter material located on the surface and covered with a layer of soil.

Drainage pipes video

Maintenance of the drainage system

In arranging the site with a drainage system, not only its thoughtful and high-quality installation is important, but also compliance with the operating rules. This will extend the life of the system for as long as possible.

Approximately once every four years, it is mandatory to inspect the condition of pipes and wells, as a preventive measure. In addition, once every two years it is worth measuring the water level in the wells, its significant change may indicate the following factors:

• damage to the integrity of the pipe;
• the formation of a dense blockage;
• the growth of silt deposits on the entire surface of the pipe;
• partial settlement of the pipeline due to soil movement.

In order to avoid such problems, it is necessary to timely inspect the drainage system and clean it from various kinds of pollution.

Errors in the laying of the drainage pipe

The effectiveness of drainage directly depends on the quality of the installation. Any violations during operation contribute to the disabling of the system. In the best case, you can repair the damaged area, in the worst case, you will have to completely reinstall the drainage system.

The most common mistakes include:

• selection of the pipeline system without taking into account the quality of the soil. For example: on loamy soil it is not recommended to use pipes without a filtration system;
• violations associated with a change or absence of the angle of inclination of the drainage system;
• initially, the option of draining water from the well was not provided;
• the technology for arranging drainage pipes is not observed - the installation was made without filtering dumping of crushed stone and sand;
• lack of geotextiles and filter material;
• poor-quality soldering of pipes;
• no perforation.

Choosing the type of drainage system, it is necessary to be based on the location of the site and the quality of the soil. For self-arrangement of drainage, it is necessary to plan in advance the layout of the drainage. When choosing materials, preference should be given to the most practical and durable. These include plastic corrugated pipes with perforation. Observing all the stages of laying the drainage system, you can get a high-quality drainage system. In addition, drainage guarantees the protection of the basement or basement of the house from the harmful effects of groundwater.

Site drainage is large complex measures to remove excess water. The system is a complex of pipes (drains) laid in the ground. With their help, excess moisture is removed from the site. But for drainage to work effectively, it is necessary to choose and lay drains correctly. This will be discussed in the article. Here we will talk about the main types of drains used and how to lay drainage pipes with your own hands.

Which pipes are best used for drainage

For drainage systems, special pipes with many holes are used. Through these holes, water from the soil enters the drains and then is discharged outside the site. Various materials can be used as material for pipes:

• asbestos cement;
• ceramics;
• polymer materials.

Asbestos-cement and ceramic pipes are practically not used today. Such products are quite heavy and difficult to install, and the use metal pipes in the drainage system is impractical. The metal is susceptible to corrosion, so pipes lying in the ground can fail in a year.

The most common are the last materials from the list - polymeric. And there are many reasons for this. Firstly, plastic is much lighter than asbestos cement and ceramics. This factor facilitates pipe laying. At the same time, the strength of modern polymeric materials is often not inferior even to metal. Secondly, such products are cheaper.

In addition, plastic drainage pipes have other positive characteristics:

• have a long service life;
• easily tolerate the impact of aggressive environments and are not subject to corrosion;
• The inner surface of plastic pipes is absolutely smooth. This feature prevents the formation of blockages;
• resistant to silting. If the drains are laid with geotextiles, then small particles do not clog the holes. And this means that water from the soil freely enters the drainage system;
• a wide range of sizes. Plastic pipes can be easily matched to a drainage system of any capacity.

In addition, plastic products do not require special care. During operation, it is only necessary to periodically carry out a visual inspection and, at a maximum, once a year, clean the system using any of the available methods.

Now let's figure out how to lay the drainage pipes yourself. The laying technology is quite simple, and anyone can handle it, even without special skills.

The first step is to design the system. It should take into account the following factors:

• terrain (presence of natural slopes and mounds);
• the location of the site (in a lowland or on a hill);
• soil characteristics (its ability to pass water);
• proximity to groundwater;
• precipitation level.

Calculations are made of the depth of laying pipes and their location. After that, we transfer the markup to the terrain. Now you can start earthworks. Trenches are dug along the marked lines. Their depth must correspond to the calculations, and the width must be 40 cm larger than the outer diameter of the drainage pipes used. This additional space is necessary for arranging the filter in the form of a layer of crushed stone of small and medium fractions.

The next step is to prepare the pillow. Sand 20 cm thick is poured at the bottom of the trench and carefully rammed. After that, we fall asleep a layer of rubble of the same thickness.

It is necessary to observe the slope of the excavated trench towards the drainage well or the place where water is discharged from the site. The slope must be at least 3 cm per meter of pipe.

Now you can lay the drains. In this case, it is necessary to monitor the location of the holes. If the perforation is made on only one side, then the pipe is placed with the holes down. After laying the pipes, we connect them into one system. To do this, you can use plastic fittings used when laying an external sewage system.

At each turn of the system or at the junction of several pipelines, a manhole is installed. It can be purchased at ready-made(as a rule, they are also made of polymer materials) or build it yourself (from concrete rings, brick or other improvised material).

Then a layer of crushed stone, 20 cm thick, is poured over the pipes, then sand (with the same layer). After that, you can backfill with previously excavated soil. Sod is laid on top, which should be cut before digging trenches.

To prevent the drainage system from silting up, it is advisable to use geotextiles. In this case, before laying the first layer of crushed stone, a geofabric is spread. Then crushed stone is poured, a pipe is laid, another layer of crushed stone, and this whole “pie” is covered with the edges of the geotextile. As a result, the entire filter system must be placed in a "wrap" of geotextile.

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