Orthoepic and accentological norms of the modern Russian language. Orthoepy and the concept of orthoepic norm

Studying pronunciation norms orthoepy. Orthoepy means correct pronunciation. Russian orthoepy is a branch of the science of the Russian language that studies the norms of literary pronunciation. In Russian orthoepy, "senior" and "junior" norms are distinguished in the pronunciation of individual sounds, sound combinations, words and their forms. The "older" norm retains the features of the old Moscow pronunciation. The "younger" norm reflects the features of modern literary pronunciation. The listener tries to perceive the meaning of what was said. Mistakes in the pronunciation of certain words “cut the ear”, distract from the essence of the presentation, and can cause misunderstanding and indignation.

By the way a person speaks, how he puts stresses, one can determine, for example, the place of his birth, residence. There are such dialectal features as "akanye" or "okanye", etc. In any case, the correct pronunciation of words is an indicator of the level of education of the speaker.

Among the norms of pronunciation, two of the strongest can also be distinguished. First norm- this is a quantitative and qualitative reduction of vowel sounds in an unstressed position. This rule excludes the so-called okanie, i.e. the pronunciation of the sound [ O] in the unstressed position. You can’t say [milk?, expensive? th, gold], etc. You need to say: [malak?

Attention should be paid to the difficult cases of reduction.

After soft consonants in the first pre-stressed syllable in place of letters a, e, i to pronounce the sound [ ie]: clock. This is called "hiccup". It is found in neutral and conversational styles. "Ekanye" (pronouncing in a given phonetic position of the sound [ ee]) characterizes stage speech: v[ ee]net, t[ ee]new. Pronunciation h[ and]sy- obsolete h[ a]sy- dialect.

In a few words of foreign origin, not completely assimilated by the Russian language, in place of the letter O, unlike the Russian orthoepic norm, in an unstressed position, a weakened [ O], i.e. without reduction: for the sake of[ O]. too clear [ O] is perceived as mannered, on the other hand - a distinct pronunciation [ O] in "Russified" book words ( sonata, novella) is also undesirable, as it gives the pronunciation a colloquial connotation.

Causes difficulty and functioning in speech sound [ O], indicated on the letter by the letter e. letter yo proposed to use the Russian historian N. M. Karamzin, simplifying the complex drawing of a letter that existed earlier in the alphabet. However, the letter yo now we can only meet in primers and textbooks for foreigners studying Russian. The absence of this letter in books and periodicals leads to incorrect pronunciation of words. Pay attention to words in which the vowel [ O], denoted by the letter yo, sometimes erroneously replaced with a percussion [ uh], whitish, maneuvers pronounced like whitish, maneuvers. Sometimes, on the contrary, percussion [ uh] is erroneously replaced by [ O] yo: grenadier, scam pronounced like grenadier, scam. This pronunciation is not standard.

The second strongest pronunciation norm- this is a softening of hard consonants before soft ones and before front vowels.

After the hissing [ well] and [ sh] and sound [ c] unstressed vowel [ a] is pronounced like a short [ a]: jargon, kings, but before soft consonants - like the sound [ ye]: sorry, thirty. On rare occasions [ ye] is also pronounced before hard consonants: rye, jasmine.

Consonants c, w, w- solid sounds, after them in place of the letter and pronounced [ s]: revolution[ s]I, w[ s]zn, sh[ s]p.

There are also a number of rules that regulate the correct use (application), i.e., the pronunciation of consonants (most often combinations of consonants). Let's list some of them.

In masculine nouns – ism consonant [ h] is pronounced firmly in all cases, including when softening the final consonant in D.p. and P.p.: under capitalism.

Voiced consonants at the absolute end of a word and before voiceless consonants are stunned: shares[ With], pre[ T] acceptance.

Consonant [ G] can be pronounced as [ G] – year, [ To] – enemy, [ ? ] – God(r-fricative), [ X] – God, [ v] – whom.

Sound [ ? ] within the modern literary norm is pronounced in a limited number of words, but the pronunciation of [ G]God, but[ G]a, o[ G]o can be considered a variant of the norm.

In the Russian language, there is a tendency for the adaptability of the sound image of borrowed words with e after a hard consonant, many such words have "Russified" and are now pronounced with a soft consonant before e: museum, cream, academy, overcoat, plywood, Odessa. But a number of words retain a solid consonant: antenna, business, genetics, detective, test. Possible variant pronunciation: dean, claim, therapy, terror, track. The hard or soft pronunciation of a consonant is determined in dictionary order.

According to old Moscow norms, the spelling combination ch pronounced like [ sh]. Currently [ sh] is stored in words: of course, boring, scrambled eggs, on purpose, birdhouse, fiddling and in female patronymics on - ichna: Fominichna, Kuzminichna. In a number of words, a double pronunciation is allowed: bulo[ ch]naya and bulo[ sh]naya, although the latter is becoming obsolete.

According to the "older" norm, the combination thu pronounced like [ PC] in a word what and words derived from it: nothing, something etc. Currently, this rule is kept for all the specified words except something[ thu]. In all other words, spelling thu always pronounced like [ thu]: mail, dream.

Combination railway in a word rain and its derivatives were pronounced according to the "higher" norm as [ zh'zh'] (at the end of the word - [ sh'sh']). Modern pronunciation [ zhd'] (at the end of the word - [ PC']) is evaluated as a variant of the literary norm.

According to the "older" norm, spelling combinations zzh and LJ(yeast, later) worn out like [ zh'zh'] - long and soft hissing. Currently in place zzh and LJ pronounced hard hissing [ LJ]. And this pronunciation is evaluated as a variant of the literary norm.

According to the rate of speech, full and incomplete styles of pronunciation are distinguished. The full style is characterized by slow tempo, correct articulation. Sounds are pronounced clearly and clearly, for example: "Hello!" The incomplete style is characterized by a fast pace, fuzzy pronunciation of sounds is allowed, for example: Hello! Incomplete style is appropriate for everyday, interpersonal communication.

According to another classification of styles, high, neutral and colloquial styles. The choice of pronunciation style depends on the appropriateness of its use in a particular situation. In colloquial speech, you can pronounce words "only" like [toko], words "what"[che], etc. It is obvious that such liberties are unacceptable in a public speech or official communication.

You should also pay attention to the placement of the accent. Stress in Russian is not fixed, it is mobile: in different grammatical forms of the same word, the stress can be different: end - final - finish.

In most cases, it is necessary to refer to the "Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language" ed. R. I. Avanesov, which gives the pronunciation of the word. This is the best way to learn the above norms: before using in practice any word that causes difficulties, look into the spelling dictionary and find out how it (the word) is pronounced.

Colloquial speech is a kind of system that exists in parallel with book speech within the national language. One French linguist argued (and rightly!) that "we never speak the way we write, and we rarely write the way we speak." And the famous English writer B. Shaw was sure that "there are fifty ways to say" yes "and five hundred ways to say" no "and only one way to write it." One way or another, but the opposition of two forms of language, oral and written, has sufficient grounds. We will not dwell on the features of everyday speech; but let's talk about something else - about the norms of literary stress and pronunciation, without which one cannot speak of literate speech in the full sense of the word.

Orthoepy called the doctrine of the normative pronunciation of the sounds of a given language, a set of rules of oral speech that establish the uniformity of literary pronunciation. This includes issues of stress and intonation, which are important for oral speech.

WITH loop or with no? aphids?

The question asked in the title will be answered differently by everyone. Some will pronounce no? aphids(which is considered the norm, enshrined in most dictionaries), and others - (and most of them) - with loop.

Most often, fluctuations in stress are explained by the presence of two pronunciation options - book (traditional) and colloquial: ke?ta - keta?, curd? g - your? horn and etc.

The difficulties of Russian stress are connected, as you know, with two of its features. Firstly, it is ambiguous, not associated with a specific syllable in a word, as in some other languages. Secondly, it is mobile, i.e. can move from one syllable to another when changing (declension or conjugation) of the word. It hardly needs to be reminded that the ability to correctly place stress is an essential element speech culture.

Coping with Russian stress is not easy, but difficulties must be overcome. If the stress in the initial form of many, many words has to be memorized (or checked by looking into reference dictionaries), then to determine the place of stress in the derivative forms of words of certain grammatical categories (for example, goose or goose?? re?ku or river??) have their own rules.

Thus, many monosyllabic masculine nouns have an accent on the ending in the genitive case of the singular; bandage - bandage?, pancake - pancake?, bean - bean?, beaver - beaver?, screw - screw?, harm - harm? umbrella - umbrella ?, whale - whale ?, tuft - tuft ?, fang - fang ?, ladle - bucket ?, mole - mole ?, hook - hook ?, sack - sack ?, tench - tench ?, layer - layer ?, fruit - fruit?, sickle - sickle?, whitefish - whitefish?, stack - stack?, trace - trace? and etc.

Concerning goose, then there are two options for stress - and goose?, and goose. And there are many such words: pond? and pru? yes, rogue? and a cheat, wands? and also? evil, gruzdya? and heavy and etc.

Feminine nouns in the accusative singular form are partly stressed on the ending and partly on the stem:

1) trouble?, tops?, armor?(protective lining) , widow?, spring?, count?, gum?, length?, hole?, snake?, ash?, hut?, pick?, goat?, hole?, sheep?, alder?, saw?, stove? ?, dew?, rock?, saliva?, resin?, owl?, plow?, foot?, country?, stanza?, string?, grass? and etc.;

2) beard, mountain, do? sku, earth, winter, po? ru, sleep and etc.

A number of words have two options for stress: harrow and harrow ?, river and river ?, ke?tu and ketu? and etc.

With an accent on the ending, some monosyllabic feminine nouns of the 3rd declension are pronounced when used with prepositions v and on the in circumstance: in a handful?, on the chest?, in bones?, in blood?, in the night?, on the stove?, in connection?, in the steppe?, in the shade?, on a chain?, in honor? etc. However: on the door? and two? ri, in a cage? and in the cage and etc.

Part of the nouns of the 3rd declension in the form of the genitive plural are pronounced with stress on the base, and part - with stress on the ending:

1) eminences, stupidity, insolence, localities, shepherds, honors, profits, preaching, strands, cuts, joys, pranks;

2) branch? th, handful, position, pole? th, brush? th, fortress? th, blade? th, flat? th, square, tale, role, set, tablecloth, speed, degree, sterlet, shadow slot? etc. However, it is possible: about? Industries and industries? etc. Sometimes prepositions take on stress, and then the noun (or numeral) following them turns out to be unstressed: hour about hour, year about year; before? nights before? semi etc. Most often, the stress is pulled over by prepositions:

On the: on the? leg, on mountain, on hand, on back, on winter, on soul, huh? wall, on head, on side; on the? coast, on year, on house, on nose, on corner, on ear, on day, on night, tooth on? tooth; on the? two, on three, na? six, na? ten, huh? one hundred;

Per: per? leg, for head, for hair, for hand, for back, for winter, for soul; per? nose, for year for? town; per? ear, for ears, for night; per? two, for three for? six for? ten for? forty, for one hundred;

By: on? sea, by field, by forest, by semi, by nose, by ear; on? two, by three, by? one hundred, by two, by three;

Under: up the legs, up the arms, up the mountain, up the nose, down the evening;

From: and? from the nose;

Without: without news, without sense, without a year a week.

But: and? from the sight and from the sight, and? from the house and from the house, and? from the forest and from the forest, on? water and water and etc.

Many short adjectives(without suffixes in stem or with suffixes -k-, -l-, -n-, -ok- in most cases, they have the stress on the first syllable of the stem in all forms except the feminine singular (where it passes to the ending). But some of these adjectives have plural parallel form with accent on the ending: pale, pale?, pale, pale?; close, close?, close, close?; striker, striker ?, striker, striker ?; merry, merry?, merry, merry?; harmful, harmful?, harmful, harmful?; stupid, stupid?, stupid? by, stupid? py?; deaf (deaf), deaf?, deaf?, deaf? hungry, hungry?, hungry, hungry; proud, proud?, proud, proud?; bitter, bitter?, bitter, bitter?; rude, rude?, rude?bo, rude?; thick, thick ?, thick? one hundred, thick? sty ?; cheap, cheap?, cheap, cheap; to? log, debt?, to? long, to? lies; to? horn, road?, to? expensive, road? friendly, friendly?, friendly, friendly?; sorry, sorry, sorry, sorry; alive, alive?, alive? in, alive? you; green, green?, green, green?; strong? pok, strong?, strong? pko, strong? pki?; short, short, short, short, short; young, young?, young, young; right, right?, right? in, right? you; empty, empty?, empty, empty, empty?; rare, rare?, rare, rare?; light, light?, light, light; satiated, satiated?, satiated? those? sen, cramped?, those? clear, those? dreams?; stupid, stupid ?, stupid? by, stupid? py ?; cold, cold?, cold, cold?.

Difficulties are caused by the placement of stress in a number of verbs in the form of the past tense. Three groups of verbs can be distinguished here:

1) with an accent on the base in all forms: beat - beat, bi?la, bi?lo, bi?li; shave - shave, br? la, br? lo, br? li; blow - blew, blew, blew, blew, blew; reap - sting, sting, la, sting, sting; put - put, put? La, put? Lo, put? Whether; steal - stole, stole, stole, stole; to cover - wings, wings? la, wing? lo, wings; wash - washed, we? la, we? lo, we? whether; knead - kneaded, mumbled, lathered, wrinkled, wrinkled; mouth - fell, pa?la, pa?lo, pa?li; neigh - neigh, neigh? La, neigh? Lo, neigh? sew - sewed, shi? la, shi? lo, shi?;

2) with stress on the basis in all forms, except for the feminine form (in which the stress goes to the ending): take - took, took ?, took? Lo, took; to be - was, was?, would? lo, would? vit - pitchfork, pitchfork ?, vi?lo, vi?li; heed - heeded, heeded?, heeded? lo, heeded? to lie - lied, lied?, lied? lo, lied; drive - drove, drove ?, drove? Lo, drove? to fight - tore, tore?, to fight, to fight; live - lived, lived ?, lived? lo, lived? call - called, called ?, called? Lo, called? pour - lil, lil?, whether? lo, whether? whether; drink - drank, drank ?, drank? Lo, drank? swim - swam, swam ?, swam? Lo, swam? to tear - tore, tore?, tore? Lo, tore? take off - took off, took off ?, took off? Lo, took off? Whether; sleep - slept, slept ?, spa? lo, spa? etc. However: take - took, took ?, took? lo ?, took; give - gave, gave ?, yes? lo ?, yes? whether, etc .;

3) with an accent on the prefix in all forms, except for the feminine form (in which the stress goes to the ending): donya?t - got it, got it?, got it?, got it; freeze? - for? measures, froze?, for? froze, froze; busy - occupied, occupied, occupied, occupied; lock? - for? lane, locked?, for? bar, locked? hired - hired, hired ?, hired, hired; start - started, started, started ?, started, started; depart(leave) - o? left, departed ?, o? left, o? left; understand - understood, understood?, understood, understood; understood; arrive - arrived, arrived, arrived?, arrived, arrived; accept - accepted, accepted?, accepted, accepted; cursed - cursed, cursed?, cursed, cursed; to wane - y? was, wane?, y? was, y? were; die? - u? died, died ?, u?.

Some of the verbs allow a parallel form with an accent on the root: live? - lived up to? lived? l, lived up?, lived up? drink up - before? drunk? l, finished drinking?, up? ask - for? yes? l, asked?, for? yes? lo, for? yes? nazhi?t - nazhi?l, nazhila? take away - o? take away? l, took away ?, o? otpi?t - o?tpi?l, drank?, o?tpi?lo, o?tpi?li; give? - yes? l, filed?, yes? raise? t - by? day? l, raised?, by? day? lo, by? day? sell? - pro? yes? l, sold?, sold? yes? lo, sold? yes? live? - lived? lived? l, lived?, lived? lived? lo, lived? shed? t - about? or? l, shed?, pro? or? lo, pro? or? and etc.

A similar phenomenon is observed in some passive participles past tense: in the feminine form, in some cases, the emphasis falls on the ending, in others - on the prefix:

1) taken - taken, taken ?, taken? that, taken? you; vi? ty - vit, vit?, vi? then, vi? you; obsolete - outlived? t, obsolete? begun? started - started? chat, started?, started, started, started? chats; accepted - accepted, accepted, accepted, accepted. But: before? given - before? given, before? given, before? given, before? given; about? given - about? given, about? given?, about? given, about? given; with? given - with? given, given? given?, given? given, given? pro? given - pro? given, sold? given?, sold? given, sold? given; born - born, born, born?, born, born, born; created - created, created, created?, created, created;

2) taken - taken, taken, taken, taken, taken; bred - bred, bred, bred, bred; taken away - taken away, taken away, taken away, taken away; tattered - tattered, torn, torn, torn, torn; for? called - for? called, for? called, for? called, for? called; and? chosen - and? chosen, and? chosen, and? chosen, and? chosen; iso-dran - iso-dran, iso-dran, iso-dran, iso-dran; recruited - recruited, recruited, recruited, recruited; called? called - called, called? called, called? called, called; selected? selected - selected? selected, selected? selected, selected? selected, selected; torn off - torn off, torn off, torn off, torn off; recalled - recalled, recalled, recalled, recalled, recalled; picked up - picked up, picked up, picked up, picked up; called? called - called, called, called, called, called; interrupted - interrupted, interrupted, interrupted, interrupted, interrupted; tidied up - tidied up, tidied up, tidied up, tidied up; called? called - called, called, called, called, called; called - called, called, called, called, called; collected - collected, collected, collected, collected, collected; convened - convened, convened, convened, convened, convened etc. However: requested? given - requested? given, requested? given?, requested? given, requested? given.

In verbs in -ing two groups are distinguished: with an emphasis on and(most of them) and with an emphasis on a:

1) ballot, balm, block, guarantee, debate, orchestrate, disqualify, discredit, debate, dispute, distill, discipline, differentiate? to plan, to plan, to illustrate, to stage, to inform, to qualify, to compromise, to compete, to state, to copy, to liquidate, to maneuver, to decoy, mini? vat, operate, parry, ratify, refine, rehabilitate, register, summarize, scalp, summarize, telegraph, third? exaggerate, exaggerate, formulate, force, photograph, quote, shock, evacuate and etc.;

2) bombard, corrugate, engrave, make up, group, drape, seal, lacquer, march, mask, furnish, seal, premium? t, form? etc. However: gaz? rov? t, normalize? rov? and etc.

Similar groups stand out among the passive past participles formed from verbs in –ing: shape on -and? corresponds to the form on -and?, form on -irova?t- form on -iro?bathroom:

1) block? block - blocked, plan? etc. Type Exceptions: distilled - distilled;

2) bombarded - bombarded, lacquered - lacquered, sealed - sealed - bathed, rewarded - rewarded, formed - formed etc. Respectively: Gazi? Rova? T - Gazi? Ro? Bathroom, Normal? Rova? and etc.

In conclusion, let us recall some words, the placement of stress in which causes difficulties.

and? vgustovsky

bus

autograph

agent

agency

agony

agronomy

alcohol

alphabet

anatomist

anoni?m

apartments and apartments

apostrophe

arbu?z, arbu?za, pl. watermelons

argument ? nt

are ? st

aristocrat ? tiya

asbe ? st

astrono ? m

a ? tlas(collection of geographical maps)

atlas ? With(the cloth)

athlete

atomic

scam

pampered bathroom

pamper

barge and barge?

rampant

without y? silence

unprecedented

library

blocked

block? rove, block? ruesh

fear

fraternization

fraternize

delusional

armor(assigning something to someone)

armor?(protective lining made of steel)

bourgeoisie

being?

bureaucracy

gross

sculpture

sculptor

ve?rba

religion? giving

explosive

vision(ability to see)

vision(ghost)

Magic?

thief, thief, pl. the thieves

Gates

temporary? to

second?

gastronomy

hegemony

hectare

genesis

coat of arms, coat of arms?, pl. coats of arms?

hydroplane

hospital

engraver

grapefruit

grenadier

toast

Caterpillar

long-standing

two? native

democracy

department

despot

hyphen

decimeter

activity

diagnosis

dialog

dispensary[se]

extraction?cha

contract, pl. contracts

agreement

call

document

dollar

don?

board?, pl. do?ski, do?juice and doso?k, do?scam and board?m

dramaturgy

nap?

Egyptian

unity

heretic

gland?, pl. same? glands, glands, iron? m

pearl, pl. pearls?

cruelly?

book(attach something to someone)

book(cover with armor)

envious bottom

forever? thai

conspiracy

conspirator

headline

butt? lgo

loan

call? call, call? sh

zai?ndevet and frosty

close up

busy(Human)

busy(House)

zarzha? vet and rust

drought

call? call? sh

health resort

winterer

evil?ba

significance

jagged

hieroglyph

spoiled bathroom

spoil?

chosen one

sculpture

exile

and? for a long time

invention

occasionally

and?canopy

otherwise and otherwise

foreign

pulse

industry

tool

incident

spark

spark and spark

and?

expired

hysteria

run out and (col.) exhaust

flounder and (col.) flounder?

camphor? and camphor

camphor and camphor

catalog

catastrophe

rubber

quarter(part of the city; quarter of the year)

cedar

who? and chum?

ketovy and keto

kilometer

cinema

Cypriot and (col.) tarpaulin?

whale(mustache)

kitchi?

cemetery

pantry

skin?x

whooping cough

college

colossus(giant)

combiner and combine operator

compass

complex

compromise

more beautiful

flint

cooking and chefs? me

kitchen

lasso?

athlete

lazy

lethargy

lithography

lomo?ta

bruise

score

maneuvers

masterfully?

skill?

medications

a little and (col.) finely? m

metallurgy and (colloquial and prof.) metallurgy

meteorologist

mi?grain and (less often) miserable

youth

monologue

monument

carrot

muscular and muscular

drill?

we?kat

cleaning

on? white

maybe

nave?rx

hex

on? naked(cut off)

naked?(hold checker)

need to take

askew

anvil

tax

intention

nao?tmash

arrears

obituary

dumbness?

hatred

nearby

unsurpassed

Necessé?r[nesese?r]

oil?nickname

newborn

normalize and (col.) normalize

madness?

security

depreciate thread

promised

ease

exchanged

encourage

exacerbate

everyday

ogu? scrap

borrow, borrow

embittered

window?, pl. o? kna, o? con

oligarchy

guardianship

lean on

wholesale

refresh

aware

otku?

partly

pa?

paralysis

parte?r[te]

libel

plowing

ashes?

translated

feathery(clouds)

a loop and (col.) a loop?

glider

mold

tale

whitewashed

induce?

cookery(salt)

immersed(per platform)

immersed(into water; into thought)

donate, donate

subtitle

swept up

poedo?m

poi?mka

porous

briefcase

handrails

pedestal? nt

in the morning?(there is)

at a funeral, at a funeral?

thing

reward

claimant

precedent

approximate(to something)

approximate(close)

sentence

dowry

prizes?

conscript? to

invocative(item, age)

invocatory(calling)

adapted

force

principle

acquisition

damn(cursed)

damn(hated)

pro?seka and (less often) pro?sec

percent

alias

developed? th (child), developed? I (industry)

developed (provisions developed in the report)

developed (curl)

crayfish and (colloquial) shell

get angry, get angry

revolver

belt

rust? vet and rust?

novel

mine

lead, lead, lead

ru?slo

lynx

soot? and sa?zhen

salute? be, salute? eat

sanitation

centimeter

beet

flog, past sek, sekla?, seklo?, sekla?(chopping)

strong

silage

symmetry and symmetry

an orphan?, pl. orphan companies

folded(from details)

folded(possessing one or another physique)

happening

swept away

sable? knowledge

perfect(perfected)

perfect(made)

modern

cosas?in

concentration

means, pl. facilities

stable

status

statute

the statue

shorthand

table?r

vessel

happy[sl]

customs

dancer

cottage cheese and (col.) cottage cheese

those?

terror

those fattels and meatballs?

brindle

tyranny

then? plivny

nausea?

trainer

litigation

coal, genus. u?look and coal?

carbonic(from coal)

carbonic(from injection)

Ukrainian

dead

simplification

aggravate and help? beat

uti?l, uti?la

thickened

discounted

facsimile

porcelain

fireworks

phenomenon and phenomenon

fetish

philanthropy

philately

forum

foundation

ha?nzhestvo

chaos(in ancient Greek mythology)

chaos and chaos(mess)

surgery

cotton(plant)

cotton(hit)

cotton

move? mystery

move? hide, move? hide

host?

sleek and sleek

ridge?t

Christian

chronograph

chronometer

cement

citrus

Gypsy

shepherd? n, shepherd?

che?rpat

chassis?

seamstress?

chauffeur

headquarters?(pl.)

sorrel

dandies? ha

smartly?

alkaline

pinch

excursion

expert

expert

export

epigraph

epilogue

Yuro? marvelous

yurt

language(pertaining to the verbal expression of thoughts)

linguistic(referring to an organ in the oral cavity)

barley

Look up to the speaker!

Of course, we will talk about the exemplary literary pronunciation of radio and television announcers, professional dramatic artists.

Normative pronunciation plays a huge role in the process of human communication. Any deviation from the norm in this area distracts the listener from the content of the statement, interferes with its correct perception, and causes a feeling of discontent. Literary pronunciation and stress are the most important components of sounding speech. Therefore, it is necessary to know the basic rules for pronunciation of unstressed vowels, voiced and voiceless consonants, individual sound combinations and grammatical forms.

An important role in our language is played by nasal consonants [m] and [n] and smooth consonants [l] and [p], with which a significant part of the words of the language begin; these consonants have great sonority and musicality. The appearance of many soft sounds in speech is explained by such a phonetic feature of the language as the softening of consonants before the front vowels [u] and [e].

In Russian words, difficult-to-pronounce combinations of sounds are almost absent, as a result of which speech acquires such valuable qualities as lightness and fluency.

Great importance has a mobile multi-place stress, due to which, in combination with intonation diversity, rhythm, musicality, and expressiveness of speech are created.

A few words about the development of Russian literary pronunciation. Its historical basis is Moscow speech, which developed in the first half of the 17th century. By this time, Moscow pronunciation had lost its dialectal features, combining the pronunciation features of both the northern and southern dialects of the Russian language. M.V. Lomonosov considered the Moscow “dialect” the basis of literary pronunciation: “The Moscow dialect is not only for the importance of the capital city, but for all its excellent beauty it is rightly preferred by others ...”

With the development of the Russian national language, Moscow pronunciation acquired the character of nationwide pronunciation norms. The orthoepic system developed in this way, in its main features, has been preserved at the present time as stable pronunciation norms of the literary language.

However, it is impossible not to take into account the fact that over the past century there have been fundamental changes in all areas of the life of our people, that the literary language has become the property of many millions of people and, thereby, the composition of the native speakers of the literary language has significantly expanded. Significantly changed, especially in the second half of the 20th century, the national and social composition of the population of Moscow - in short, conditions were created for the "loosening" of some of the former orthoepic norms and for the emergence of new pronunciation options that coexist today with the old norms.

It should also be taken into account that the styles of the literary language differ from each other not only in terms of vocabulary and grammar: the differences between them also extend to the area of ​​pronunciation. So, we can talk about two varieties of pronunciation style - the bookish (high) style, which finds its expression in public speeches, lectures, etc., and the colloquial style, which manifests itself in everyday speech, in everyday communication. These styles are respectively associated with vocabulary - bookish and colloquial. And between these two styles is the neutral style of pronunciation.

If we ignore the vocabulary and evaluate only the phonetic side of speech, then two styles are distinguished: full, characterized by a clear pronunciation of sounds, a slow pace of speech, and incomplete, characterized by less thoroughness in pronunciation of sounds, a faster pace of speech.

What can interest us in the field of pronunciation? First of all, those cases that obey the literary norm. Then there are such cases when pronunciation options are acceptable, of which one is still preferable and can be recommended: this means the choice between the options old and new, bookish and colloquial. In short, the same question is being solved: “What is the best way to say it?”

If we talk about the main trend in the development of Russian literary pronunciation, then this is the convergence of pronunciation with spelling. The explanation of this process should be sought primarily in such socio-cultural factors as the general literacy of the population, the widespread use of the mass media, craving for books, etc. Acquaintance with the literary language (including standard pronunciation) begins mainly at school. And before the eyes of children from the first days of training, there is always a graphic image of a word, which, with a tenacious childhood memory, is firmly remembered and leaves its mark on pronunciation.

Maybe you noticed the double pronunciation of the suffix -sya / -sya- with soft [s '] and hard [s]? The old Moscow norm recommended a firm pronunciation (it is preserved to some extent on the theater stage, in the speech of radio and television announcers): scared[sa], strive[sa], combat[With], I hope[With]. Currently, the pronunciation with soft [s '] prevails. It is not difficult to explain this change. Even at school, children learn that in letter combinations Xia and camping the vowel letter and the letter "soft sign" indicate the softness of the pronunciation of the preceding consonant (this is illustrated by examples: [s'a] d, ve[With']). How can a schoolchild know that this provision does not apply to verb forms and that in them -sya sounds like [sa], but -ss- how [with]? Much easier to remember general rule, and you can safely pronounce the indicated suffixes (postfixes) softly.

According to the old norm (not yet completely lost), adjectives in -hy, -hy, -hy (strict, distant, quiet) and verbs in - nod, - nod, - nod (stretch, push, push) were pronounced without softening the back-lingual consonants [g], [k], [x] and with a weakening (reduction) of the subsequent vowel (in place of the letter and a sound was pronounced between [a] and [s]). But the schoolboy knows that in the words [g'i] vigor, [k'i] vat, [x'i] three these consonants, according to the laws of Russian pronunciation, sound soft, and there is no need to inform him that in some grammatical forms this rule is not observed. So general position it extends to particular cases. In this case, you can also safely use the new “soft” norm.

You can point to other changes in pronunciation, explained by the same reason - the influence of spelling. Yes, spelling LJ according to the previous norm, it was pronounced as a long soft [zh ']. But the hissing [g] is by nature hard, and it is not surprising that words like reins, buzz now more and more often pronounced with a solid long [g].

Under the influence of spelling, the pronunciation of the letter combination has changed ch. Earlier in book words ( endless, eternal, exact etc.) combination ch was pronounced in accordance with the spelling, but in everyday words - like [shn] ( measles[sn] left, plum[sn] th etc.). Today's pronunciation ch as [shn] was preserved in a few words: of course, boring, laundry, fiddling, mustard plaster, birdhouse, scrambled eggs and etc.

Let us dwell on two more cases: on the pronunciation of double consonants and words of foreign origin. Matching the pronunciation of words gamma - grammar, mass - massage, we notice that double consonants between vowels are pronounced as a long sound if the accent precedes the double consonant ( ha?mma, ma?sa). If the stressed syllable is after double consonants, then they are pronounced as a simple (not long) sound ( grammar? tika, mass?). Hence the difference in the pronunciation of words with double consonants:

1) with a long consonant at the root, the words are pronounced: va? nna, g? mma, group? ppa, cape? lla, ka? ssa, massa, program? mma, then? etc.;

2) with a simple (short) consonant, the words are pronounced at the root: cancel, assistant, influenza, group, correspondent, saturday, terra? sa, terror, tunnel etc.

A long consonant is also pronounced at the beginning of a word before a vowel ( quarrel, loan) and at the junction of morphemes: prefixes and roots ( carefree, seated) or root and suffix ( deep, equestrian).

In the pronunciation of words of foreign origin, we are interested in the pronunciation of unstressed O and pronunciation of consonants before e.

According to the rules of Russian phonetics in place of the letter O in the first pre-stressed syllable [a] is pronounced (compare the literary pronunciation of the words water, leg, time etc.). But in some words of foreign origin, the literary norm recommends pronunciation in accordance with the spelling, i.e. in words boa, bordeaux, necklace, hotel, foyer, highway etc. on the spot O pronounce [o]. In separate words poet, sonnet, phonetics etc.) in place O along with the pronunciation [o] (book version) there is the pronunciation [a] (colloquial version).

As you know, in Russian words (as well as in borrowed words that have long been included in the Russian language), the consonant before e pronounced softly: [b '] white, [v'] cheat, [d'] day, [l’] UTB,[m'] ena, [n'] no, [P'] first, [With'] ery etc. However, in words of foreign origin, insufficiently mastered by the Russian language and perceived as borrowed, the consonant before e not mitigated: for example: ice[b] erg, en[T] enna, [d] elta, ka[f] e, porridge[n] e, ku[P] e, summary[m] e, ti[R] e, chimp[h] e, highway[e].

A very small conclusion

Our joint journey into the world of language is over. But before each of you there are ample opportunities to continue it on your own: there are no limits to the study of your native language.

It is appropriate to recall the statement of the famous French philosopher and enlightenment writer Voltaire: “Learning several languages ​​is a matter of one or two years; and it takes half a lifetime to learn to speak your own language properly.”

Plan:

1. Tasks of orthoepy.

2. Modern orthoepic norms.

3. Russian literary pronunciation and its historical foundations.

4. General and private rules of orthoepy.

5. Deviations from pronunciation norms and their causes.

Orthoepy - it is a set of rules for pronunciation of words. Orthoepy (Greek orthos - direct, correct and eros - speech) is a set of oral speech rules that establish a uniform literary pronunciation.

Orthoepic norms cover the phonetic system of the language, i.e. the composition of phonemes distinguished in the modern Russian literary language, their quality and changes in certain phonetic positions. In addition, the content of orthoepy includes the pronunciation of individual words and groups of words, as well as individual grammatical forms in cases where their pronunciation is not determined by the phonetic system.

Orthoepy is a term that is used in 2 meanings:

1. A set of rules that establish the unity of pronunciation in a literary language (this is the rule of literary pronunciation).

2. A branch of linguistics adjacent to phonetics, which describes theoretical basis, norms of the literary language in terms of pronunciation. Oral speech exists as long as human society. In antiquity and even in the 19th century. each locality had its own peculiarities of pronunciation - these were the so-called territorial dialect features. They have survived to this day.

In the 19th and 20th centuries, there was an urgent need for a unified literary language, including unified general rules pronunciation. So science began to take shape. orthoepy. It is closely related to phonetics. Both sciences study sounding speech, but phonetics describes everything that is in oral speech, and orthoepy characterizes oral speech only in terms of its correctness and compliance with literary norms. Literary norm - This is the rule for the use of language units. These rules are obligatory for everyone who speaks the literary language.

The norms of the literary language are formed gradually, and the possession of norms is a difficult and complex task, which is facilitated by the wide development of means of communication. The norms of the literary language, including pronunciation, are laid down at school. Oral literary speech has the same rules, but it is not uniform. She has some options. There are currently three pronunciation styles:

1. Neutral (medium) This is the usual calm speech of an educated person who owns literary norms. It is for this style that orthoepic norms are created.

2. Book style (currently rarely used, in scientific oratorical introductions). This is characterized by increased clarity of pronunciation.

3. colloquial literary style. This is the pronunciation of an educated person in unprepared situations. Here you can deviate from the strict rules.

Modern pronunciation evolved gradually, over a long period of time. The modern pronunciation was based on the Moscow dialect. The Moscow dialect itself began to be created in the 15-16 centuries, in in general terms formed in the 17th century. In the second half of the 19th century, a system of pronunciation rules was formed. Norms based on Moscow pronunciation were reflected in the stage speeches of Moscow theaters in the 2nd half of the 19th century. These norms are reflected in a 4-volume explanatory dictionary edited by Ushakov in the mid-30s and Ozhegov's dictionary was created. These norms are not fixed. Moscow pronunciation was influenced by: a) Petersburg and Leningrad norms; b) some norms of book writing. Orthoepic norms change.

By their nature, pronunciation norms are divided into two groups:

1. Strictly required.

2. Variant allowable norms

Modern orthoepic norms include several sections:

1. Rules for the pronunciation of individual sounds.

2. Rules for the pronunciation of combinations of sounds.

3. Rules for the pronunciation of individual grammatical sounds.

4. Pronunciation rules foreign words, abbreviation.

5. Rules for setting stress.

The orthoepy of the modern Russian literary language is a historically established system, which, along with new features, to a greater extent preserves the old, traditional features that reflect the historical path traveled by the literary language. The historical basis of Russian literary pronunciation is the most important linguistic features of the spoken language of the city of Moscow, which developed in the 1st half of the 17th century. By the indicated time, Moscow pronunciation had lost its narrowly dialectal features, combining the pronunciation features of both the northern and southern dialects of the Russian language. Acquiring a generalized character, the Moscow pronunciation was a typical expression of the national language. M.V. Lomonosov considered the Moscow “dialect” to be the basis of literary pronunciation: “The Moscow dialect is not ... ... for the importance of the capital city, but also for its excellent beauty, it is rightly preferred by others ...”

Moscow pronunciation norms were transferred to other economic and cultural centers as a model and there they were assimilated on the basis of local dialect features. This is how the peculiarities of pronunciation developed in St. Petersburg, the cultural center and capital of Russia in the 18-19 centuries. at the same time, there was no complete unity in the Moscow pronunciation: there were pronunciation variants that had different stylistic coloring.

With the development and strengthening of the national language, Moscow pronunciation acquired the character and significance of national pronunciation norms. The orthoepic system developed in this way has been preserved to this day in all its main features as stable pronunciation norms of the literary language.

Literary pronunciation is often called stage pronunciation. this name indicates the importance of realistic theater in the development of pronunciation. When describing pronunciation norms, it is quite legitimate to refer to the pronunciation of the scene.

All orthoepy rules are divided into: public and private.

General rules pronunciations cover sounds. They are based on the phonetic laws of the modern Russian language. These rules are binding. Their violation is considered speech error. These are the following.

Orthoepy is a system of norms for correct pronunciation. Orthoepic norms are historically established and accepted in society rules for the pronunciation of words and grammatical forms of words. Orthoepic norms are no less important for the literary language than the norms for the formation of grammatical forms of words and sentences or spelling norms.

It is customary to distinguish between different orthoepic norms: “older” and “younger”, as well as norms of high and neutral pronunciation styles.

The older norm, which primarily distinguishes the speech of educated older people, is characterized by the pronunciation bulo [shn] aya, soft [ky], [z`v`] er. The younger pronunciation norm, observed in the speech of young people who speak a literary language, allows the pronunciation of bulo [ch] aya, soft [k`y], [sv`] vr.

The norms of a high pronunciation style (cf. the measured speech of a radio or television announcer, as well as an artist reading a solemn ode from the stage) allow, for example, the pronunciation of an unstressed sound [o] in borrowed words: p[o]et, s[o]no, nocturne. In a neutral style, these and similar words are pronounced according to the general rule of replacing an unstressed sound [o] with a sound [a]: p[a]et, s[a]no, n[a]kturne.

The system of modern norms of Russian literary pronunciation and the features of the pronunciation of more than 63,000 words and their grammatical forms are reflected in the Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language, edited by R. A. Avanesov (the first edition was published in 1983, after which there were a number of reprints). The compact “Dictionary of Russian Pronunciation Difficulties” by M. L. Kalenchuk and R. F. Kasatkina (M., 1997) is also useful for both the student and the teacher, which contains 15,000 of the most common Russian words, the pronunciation of which can cause difficulties.

To master the norms of correct literary pronunciation, it is important to take into account four sections of orthoepy: orthoepy of consonant sounds; orthoepy of vowel sounds; orthoepy of individual grammatical forms; orthoepy of borrowed words.

Orthoepic norms. Orthoepic norms are also called literary pronunciation norms, since they serve the literary language, i.e. the language spoken and written by cultured people. Literary language unites all Russian speakers, it is needed to overcome the linguistic differences between them. And this means that he must have strict norms: not only lexical - norms for the use of words, not only grammatical, but also orthoepic norms. Differences in pronunciation, like other language differences, interfere with people's communication by shifting their attention from what is being said to how it is being said. Pronunciation norms are determined by the phonetic system of the language. Each language has its own phonetic laws, according to which words are pronounced. For example, in Russian, the stressed sound [o] in an unstressed position changes to [a] (in [o] du - in [a] yes, t [o] chit - t [a] chit); after soft consonants, the stressed vowels [o, a, e] change to an unstressed sound [i] (m [i] so - m [i] sleep, in [e] l - in [i] la, l [e] s - vl [and] zat); at the end of words, voiced consonants change to deaf ones (du [b] s - du [n], moro [s] s - moro [s]). The same change of voiced to deaf ones occurs before deaf consonants (ru[b]it - ru[n]ka, slide - how [s]ko), and deaf consonants before voiced ones change to voiced ones (ko[s]it - kozba, young [t]it - youth [d]ba). Phonetics is the study of these laws. Orthoepic norms determine the choice of pronunciation options - if the phonetic system in this case allows several possibilities. So, in words of foreign origin, in principle, the consonant before the letter e can be pronounced both hard and soft, while the orthoepic norm sometimes requires a hard pronunciation (for example, [de] kada, [te] mp), sometimes soft (for example [d "e] declaration, [t "e] temperament, mu [z "e] d). The phonetic system of the Russian language allows both the combination [shn] and the combination [h "n], cf. bulo [h "n] th and bulo [shn] th, but the orthoepic norm prescribes to speak horse [shn] o, and not horse [h "n] o. Orthoepy also includes stress norms: correctly pronounce a document, not a document, started, but not started, ringing, not ringing, alphabet, not alphabet). The basis of the Russian literary language, and hence the literary pronunciation, is the Moscow dialect. It happened historically: it was Moscow that became the unifier of the Russian lands, the center of the Russian state. Therefore, the phonetic features of the Moscow dialect formed the basis of orthoepic norms. If the capital of the Russian state were not Moscow, but, say, Novgorod or Vladimir, then the literary norm would be “okanye” (that is, we would now pronounce v[o] yes, and not v[a] yes), but if Ryazan became the capital - “yakane” (i.e. we would speak in [l "a] su, and not in [l "and] su). Orthoepic rules prevent a mistake in pronunciation, cut off unacceptable options. Pronunciation variants recognized as incorrect, non-literary, may appear under the influence of the phonetics of other language systems - territorial dialects, urban vernacular or closely related languages, mainly Ukrainian. We know that not all Russian speakers have the same pronunciation. In the north of Russia, they “okayut” and “jump”: they pronounce v[o]da, g[o]v[o]rit, n[e]su), in the south they “kayat” and “yak” (they say v[a] ]yes, n[ya]su), there are other phonetic differences. A person who has not mastered the literary language since childhood, but who consciously masters literary pronunciation, may encounter pronunciation features in his speech that are characteristic of the local dialect that he learned in childhood. For example, people from the south of Russia often retain a special pronunciation of the sound [g] - they pronounce a voiced [x] in its place (the sound denoted by the sign [g] in transcription). It is important to understand that such pronunciation features are a violation of the norms only in the system of the literary language, and in the system of territorial dialects they are normal and correct and correspond to the phonetic laws of these dialects. More in the specified source

The term "orthoepy" is used in the science of language in two meanings: 1) the totality of the norms of the literary language associated with the sound design of words: the norms of pronunciation of sounds, stress and intonation; 2) a science that studies the variation of the pronunciation norms of the literary language and develops pronunciation recommendations (orthoepic rules). Orthoepy ensures the unity of the sound design of the national language, which contributes to quick and easy language communication. The rules of orthoepy have their own long history and develop as language norms, usually late, when various forms of public speech develop and specific gravity oral speech in society. Of great importance in the development of literary pronunciation was the theater, which preserved the norms of orthoepy in the most pure form. Stage speech in many languages ​​is the basis of orthoepic norms. The importance of orthoepy increases with the development of sound films, radio, and television. The orthoepic norms of the Russian language developed in their most important features as early as the first half of the 17th century as the norms of the Moscow dialect, which later began to acquire the character of national norms. The norms of orthoepy finally took shape in the second half of the 19th century and are largely preserved today; only a few private rules have changed.

In general, the current orthoepic norms of the Russian language (and their possible variants) are registered in special dictionaries.

It should be highlighted:

a) rules for the pronunciation of individual sounds (vowels and consonants);

b) rules for pronunciation of combinations of sounds;

c) rules for pronunciation of individual grammatical forms;

d) rules for pronunciation of individual borrowed words.

1. The pronunciation of vowels is determined by the position in pre-stressed syllables and is based on phonetic law called reduction. Due to reduction, unstressed vowels are preserved in duration (quantity) and lose their distinct sound (quality). All vowels undergo reduction, but the degree of this reduction is not the same. So, the vowels [y], [s, [and] in an unstressed position retain their main sound, while [a], [o], [e] qualitatively change. The degree of reduction [a], [o], [e] depends mainly on the place of the syllable in the word, as well as on the nature of the preceding consonant.

a) in the first pre-stressed syllable, the sound is pronounced: [va dy / sa dy / na zhy]. After hissing, it is pronounced: [zha ra / sha ry].

In place of [e] after the hissing [w], [w], [c], the sound [s e] is pronounced: [ts y e pnoį], [zh s e ltok].

After soft consonants in place [a], [e], the sound [and e] is pronounced: [ch٬i e sy / sn٬ and e la].

b) in the remaining unstressed syllables, in place of sounds [o], [a], [e] after hard consonants, the sound [b] is pronounced: [ts'ha voʯ / para vos] After soft consonants in place of sounds [a], [e ] is pronounced [b]: [n" ta b h" ok / h "bma b dan].

2. Pronunciation of consonants:

a) the norms of literary pronunciation require positional exchange paired deaf and voiced in a position in front of the deaf (only deaf) - voiced (only voiced) and at the end of the word (only deaf): [chl "epʹ] / trʹpkʹ / prozʹ b];

b) assimilation softening is not necessary, there is a tendency to lose it: [s"t"inaʹ] and [st"inaʹ], [z"d"es"] and [zd"es"].

3. Pronunciation of some combinations of vowels:

a) in pronominal formations what, to - th is pronounced like [pcs]; in pronominal formations such as something, mail, the pronunciation [h "t] is almost preserved;

b) in a number of words of predominantly colloquial origin, [shn] is pronounced in place of ch: [ka b n "eshn / na roshn].

In words of book origin, the pronunciation [h "n] has been preserved: [ml "ech" nyį / va stoch "nyį];

c) in the pronunciation of the combinations vst, zdn, stn (hello, holiday, private trader), one of the consonants is usually reduced or dropped out: [holiday "ik], [h "asn" ik], [hello]

4. Pronunciation of sounds in some grammatical forms:

a) pronunciation of the form I.p. unit adjectives without stress: [red / s "in" iį] - under the influence of spelling arose - th, - y; after back-lingual g, k, x iy: [t "iх" iį], [m "ahk" iį];

b) pronunciation - sya, - sya. Under the influence of spelling, soft pronunciation became the norm: [n'ch "and e las" / n'ch "and e ls" a];

c) the pronunciation of the verbs na-ive after g, k, x, the pronunciation [g "], [k"], [x"] became the norm (under the influence of spelling): [vyt "ag" ivt "].

5. Pronunciation of borrowed words.

In general, the pronunciation of borrowed words is subject to the phonetic system of the Russian language.

However, in some cases there are deviations:

a) the pronunciation of [o] in place: [boa / otel "/ poet], although [ra ъ man / [ra ҵal" / pra ъ cent];

b) [e] is preserved in unstressed syllables:;

c) before [e], g, k, x, l are always softened: [g "etry / k" ex / ba l "et].

The pronunciation of borrowed words should be checked in a dictionary.

Speech norms act differently in different styles of pronunciation: in colloquial, in the style of public (bookish) speech, of which the first is realized in everyday communication, and the second in reports, lectures, etc. The differences between them relate to the degree of reduction of vowels, simplification of consonant groups (in colloquial style, the reduction is more significant, the simplification is more intense), etc.