Underground cable laying in the country. Basic safety rules for laying cables in the ground How to lay an electric cable in the ground in the country

Practical instructions for laying cables 220/380 V. on the suburban area underground method and what you need to pay special attention to.
1. cable route.
What to look for: The track must pass at least a meter from large trees. Crossing with other cables is undesirable. it is undesirable to cross places with an increased load on the ground, such as parking lots or a platform for the arrival of a sewage truck. It is better to bypass such places around the perimeter, a few extra meters of cable will not make the weather.
2. Dig a trench.
What to look for: the depth of the trench should be nowhere shallower than 70 cm. Better than 80, because you have to make a pillow.
3. Clear the trench of objects that could damage the cable sheath.
What to look for: Everything hard and sharp must be removed from the bottom and walls of the trench - stones, bricks, pieces of iron, glass fragments, etc. If some object is too large to be removed - for example, a piece of concrete slab - it does not matter, just have to make a case.
4. Make a sand cushion.
What to look for: the cheapest sand, quarry, is suitable for a pillow. Make sure that the pillow fills the entire bottom of the trench and is no thinner than five centimeters everywhere. The standard for a pillow is 10 cm, but it is not always possible to withstand it.
5. Prepare the cable.
My personal recommendation is as follows - for small sections and low powers, VVG is used, for medium and large ones - AVBbShv. That is, if you get 1.5 or 2.5 or 4 square meters according to the calculation. mm - use VVG, if more - use AVBbShv. You can also use an armored copper cable VBBSHV, but for small sections this will not give any special advantages, but both work and materials will rise in price significantly.
What to look for: Carefully check the integrity of the outer sheath of the cable. If there are damages - eliminate them in advance.
Check the condition of the cable insulation. According to the rules, this requires a megger, but in practice, for vinyl-insulated cables, a conventional digital tester with an ohmmeter will be sufficient. Your task is to make sure that there are no short circuits between the conductive wires, and if there is armor, then with the armor.
6. Put the pipes and cases on the cable in advance.
What to look for: Theoretically, you can lay the cable just in the ground without any protection, the rules allow this in places where there is no threat of damage, but I still strongly recommend using a HDPE corrugated hose. There are many reasons for this, which I wrote about elsewhere. I won't repeat myself here, it's just so much better. Put cases on top of the corrugation in advance, they will be needed in places where it was not possible to remove solid objects, near trees, at places where paths cross, at places where water and gas pipelines cross, in places where the trench depth is less than 50 cm. and etc. It is also necessary to protect the intersections with the entrances of cars into the yard with pipes, with drainage pipes, ditches, trays, etc. - regardless of the type of cable used.
7. Lay the cable in the trench
What to look for: In no case do not put the cable under tension, it must necessarily lie with slack, undulating twists. This is one of the most important conditions! If there are cases on the cable, place them in the places provided for this. If you forgot the case somewhere - it does not matter, good detachable cases are obtained from asbestos-cement pipes, cut lengthwise into two half-cylinders. They are put on the cable in the right place and then connected in any way, for example with adhesive tape.
8. Draw a plan for the cable layout.
What to look for: Measure the distances to the exits of the route of their houses and the turns of the route from reliable fixed objects - corners of buildings, poles, large trees, etc. Also mark on the walls of buildings those points under which the cable goes into the ground.
9. Fill the cable with sand. The sand is the same as on the pillow, the layer thickness is 10 cm.
What to look for: So that the cable does not stick out of the sand. If someone speaks somewhere, press him down with a wooden peg.
10. Cover the cable with soil with a layer of 15 cm and tamp it down
What to look for: Ensure that the soil used for backfilling is free of solid objects. It is necessary to ram the soil without fanaticism, it is enough to walk on it with your feet.
11. Lay a warning tape.
What to look for: The middle of the signal tape must be above the cable. The tapes are single-sided - make sure that the warning label is on top throughout the route.
12. Backfill the trench completely
What to look for: The soil will settle a little, so make a small hump.
13. Re-measure the insulation resistance of the cable
What to look for: Check the cable not only for the absence of short circuits between itself and the armor (if any), but - most importantly! - for the absence of ground faults. If there are such closures, all work must be redone.
A few notes:
1. Almost all modern cables are one way or another suitable for laying in the ground, it is difficult to single out the best one for suburban conditions. Only avoid laying PUNP and KG in the ground.
2. Lay the cable in whole pieces only. If this is not possible in any way - do not muff, without experience it is impossible to make a reliable clutch. Better make an overhead junction box.
3. If the cable runs parallel to the foundation of the house, then the minimum distance between them is 60 cm. Cables should not pass under foundations of any type.
4. If you need to lay two or more cables in one trench, then the distance between them must be at least 10 cm.
5. If you need to go under the roots of a large tree, which cannot be bypassed, dig holes on both sides of the tree, drive a metal or asbestos-cement pipe under the barks and lay in it.
6. If the new cable crosses the previously laid cable, then there must be at least 15 cm distance between them, and both cables must be put in cases at a distance of 1 m. on each side of the intersection.
7. If you are using an armored cable - do not forget to ground its armor.
8. I strongly warn against the independent use of AABL type cables and the like with oil-impregnated paper insulation - even if it is possible to get hold of them for free. These are good cables, but they are very rigid and uncomfortable, working with them requires special skills, end cuts must be installed at the ends of the cables, and they can only be checked with a megger (a tester is not good).

Dacha is not only cozy house. The dacha is also a skillfully broken site. A well-planned homestead territory implies the presence street lighting along the entire area, as well as the presence of additional facilities. It can be a bathhouse, a summer kitchen, a garage, and so on.What is needed in order to provide the above objects with energy? That's right - an electrical network from a cable laid in the ground, in special trenches.

Let's figure out how to lay a cable in the ground with your own hands, and how to do it efficiently, without violating standards and safety precautions.

A little about electrical work

Any work, especially related to the laying of an electrical cable in the ground, begins with special regulatory documents. First of all, these are SNiP, GOST and PUE. We strongly recommend that you familiarize yourself with them.

Depth of the cable. It must be at least 70 centimeters. It is possible to lay the cable higher - at a depth of 50 centimeters - only if the electric cable itself is protected by a pipe, and the total length of the line running under the earth layer will not exceed 5 meters.
You can not lead the cable under the foundation of the house! The closest allowable distance from the power line to the foundation should be 60 centimeters. It is possible to lay a line through the foundation only if the cable is protected by a metal pipe.
Distance from one cable to another in a common trench should be at least 10 centimeters. Based on this condition, it is customary to determine the width of the ditch.
Keep at least 2 meters away from trees., while from shrubs - not less than 75 centimeters. The condition can be neglected if the cable is protected.
From the water supply line (or sewerage) to the electric cable line must be more than a meter. From the gas pipeline to the cable - more than two meters.
In conditions where the intersection of two cable lines within the same ditch is provided, the layer of soil between them should be at least half a meter.
The conductor itself must have a special armor layer. The main task of such protection is to protect the wiring from mechanical damage, as well as rodents.
Are you going to lay a cable in the ground with a winch? According to SNiP, the mechanism must be equipped with a limiter. Such a device makes it possible to lay the cable in a free position with a margin (to prevent excessive tension, and in the future - damage).
To independently connect one electrical cable to another, you need to use special couplings.

Usually, how many buildings are erected on a summer cottage: country house, bathhouse, summer kitchen, economic block etc. etc.

Initially, electricity was supplied to one of them, and everything needs to be electrified. Yes, and outdoor lighting want to do. And there is a problem of choice - which of the methods of laying electrical communications, air or underground, is more suitable for your dacha.

Choose a method

The aerial method is simple and cheap if the distance between objects is small. If the distance is large, then you will have to put an additional pole, support. And hanging garlands above your head do not decorate the country landscape at all.

The underground method of laying cables in the country is more aesthetic and suitable for laying over long distances or for outdoor lighting equipment.

In order to lay the cable underground in the country, all necessary requirements safety rules, and you should also study the features of your summer cottage.

Rules for laying cables underground

First you need to choose the best way to lay the cable underground at their summer cottage. It is important here that the cable runs at least a meter (and usually more!) From large trees and in places where digging will certainly not be carried out. The cable path should not run under places where there is an increased load on the ground, for example, a platform that is used to park your car in the country. Think over the laying route so that communications do not interfere with you during further construction. Let the communications be a little longer than holding them under arable land or a future building. It is best to lay the cable under the tracks, and best of all next to them. We strongly recommend drawing a plan for its location.

You should not use the same cable to connect buildings and external lighting - first make communications between buildings. They must be done once and for all. When everything is done, start experimenting with outdoor lighting: this is a creative job and does not always work the first time.

Cable laying underground in the country begins with the marking and excavation of the trench. Its optimal depth should be at least 70 centimeters, and given the pillow, it is better than 80 centimeters. This is for communication between buildings. For cable laying underground for external lighting, these figures are usually 40-50 cm.

After the trench has been dug, it must be cleared of objects such as stones, pieces of iron, or pieces of glass that can damage the cable insulation. Then you need to make a pillow out of sand. The thickness of the pillow should be at least 5, and best of all 10 centimeters, and the sand itself should be fairly evenly distributed along the entire length of the trench.

Material used

It's time to choose a cable. Everything modern views cables and wires have the necessary water resistance for laying in the ground. Even conventional installation wires of the series (PBPP / PUNP, PVS, ShVVP) can be safely laid underground or in water.

Power cables VVG(especially VVGz), KG are even better suited for these purposes. All these wires do not require any additional waterproofing.

But still, it is better to lay these cables in HDPE pipes. If it became necessary to lay a cable protected by a case, then HDPE technical pipes are an ideal technical solution. The most popular use of these pipes is to protect electrical, television and telephone (internet) cables. The use of a GOST HDPE pipe in this case is possible, but impractical, because. the high cost of raw materials and compliance with all standards for the production of drinking pipes increases the cost of the project at times. In the manufacture of HDPE technical pipe, various polyethylene additives are used (the basis is secondary raw materials and defective "pipe" production), which significantly reduces its price.

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The base color of the pipes is black, but the presence of recycled materials can give various shades. According to technical requirements, the presence of recycled polyethylene of low and high pressure certain brands. Pipes must be round, smooth and even both outside and inside.

HDPE pipes they are connected by couplings (fittings), but this does not guarantee 100% tightness - it is better to put them in one piece from building to building.

There is also a special armored cable for underground installation - VBBSH. The steel sleeve is already built into this cable and it has a very good waterproofing. It can be placed without additional protection.

For laying a cable underground in a country house between buildings, it is highly recommended to use it.

Carefully inspect the cable from all sides in order to check the integrity of its sheath. It is necessary to lay the cable in a trench (or in a pipe) in such a way that it lies freely, and not stretched.

You can already start backfilling. The cable must be covered with sand 10 centimeters thick. The cable must not protrude anywhere from the sand layer. A 15-cm layer of soil is poured on top of the sand. Then you can (at an amateur) lay the signal tape in such a way that the middle of the tape is located just above the cable.

We fill the entire trench, while leaving a small mound, since the soil tends to settle. When using HDPE pipes, the outlet to the building should be provided with fittings.

A few additional tips. Firstly, when laying a cable underground in a country house between buildings, use a cable with a cross section of at least 4 mm. Secondly, lay only one-piece cable underground, do not make connections.

The question often arises before the owners of private households, is it possible to lay a power cable underground? What is the best wire to use? What rules must be followed?
The main way of laying power lines to a private house, a summer residence is - air or underground. To transfer electricity to the point of consumption, a method such as laying a cable in the ground is used. This is an economical option for installing power lines. The advantage of this method is the secrecy of the wiring, which does not spoil the appearance of the building, the wires do not clash in the wind, and when moving oversized cargo, the wires will not interfere. Well, as a bonus, the cable is cooled in the ground, which prevents it from overheating and damage.

Laying wires and cables in the ground has many advantages. When installing this wiring, special technological process. The following advantages can be distinguished:

Profitability, the cost of work will not exceed the cost of the materials used. The most acceptable option, in comparison with the laying of an overhead line, which requires special approval, additional materials, equipment;
To avoid damage to the cable, a deep trench is not made and material and other funds for line maintenance will not be required;
The ability to lay the cable with your own hands without the help of installers and without involving special equipment in the form of a tower;
The wiring place is hidden from view, so it does not spoil the appearance of the area;
This method allows the use of electrical high-voltage cable of various cross-sections, without the use of suspension reinforcements.

Rules that must be observed for laying wires underground

Installation is carried out in compliance with PTEEP as well as PUE, regardless of the purpose and type of wire used. The following points must be observed:

The cable is laid at a depth of 70 cm or more. If the power line is short (less than 5 meters) and the cable is protected in the form of a pipe, then laying at a depth of 50 cm is allowed;
It is not allowed to lay wiring under the foundation of the building. At least 60 centimeters should be measured from the foundation for the installation of the line. If a wire is pulled from one building to another through the foundation, then it must be protected with a steel pipe. Such protection is mandatory since any cable is subject to all sorts of harmful effects;
The distance in the trench between the wires is usually at least 10 centimeters. Based on this, the size of the trench is calculated;
When laying a cable, it is worth retreating at least 2 meters from the trees on the site, the distance from the bush is required -75 cm. These rules can be violated if there is additional protection, for example, in the form of a steel pipe;
From communications such as sewerage, water supply, it is necessary to make a distance of -1 meter or more, from a gas pipeline -2 meters or more;
If cables intersect in trenches, then they should be isolated from each other with an earthen layer, 50 cm or more in size;
If an underground wiring method is used, then the wire should be chosen armored, specially designed for this purpose. This is necessary to create protection from the influence of physical influences and underground pests;
When laying using a winch that unwinds the drum, it is necessary to equip the mechanism with a limiter. In this case, installation with a snake is possible, then the line will not have a stretch;
If it is necessary to connect an electrical wire, metal couplings are used independently. This connection method gives good contact for a long time;
For additional protection of the power line, an asbestos-cement pipe or a special brick construction is used;
After laying the wiring, a signal tape is laid on top with a designation and a warning about the wiring.

The choice of electrical cable for wiring underground

In underground wiring, types of armored cables are used - VB 6ShV, as well as VB6ShVng, these products have steel protection. This option is resistant to mechanical damage and will not allow rodents to damage the wiring.
With such protection, the cable will last for many years. The armored cable is laid without a pipeline, but the use of a pipe is recommended in order to avoid damage to the wiring by government employees. organizations in the course of work.
The electric wire for laying in the ground should be selected, taking into account the required power of the consumers of the facility. For instance:

- Cable VBShvng 4x6 is designed for power 11kW;
- Cable VBShvng 4x10 is designed for power 15kW;
- The VBShvng 4x16 cable is designed for a power of 21 kW.

Work order

There is a certain sequence when laying leashes in the ground:

Designation of the location of the power line;
The choice of a cable suitable for this type of work;
Arrangement of a trench for wiring;
cable laying in the ground;
Arrangement of wires sewn up with a pillow, then with soil and signaling tape;
Holding verification work on the functioning of the line;
The final stage is the digging of the trench.

Stages of work on laying electrical wiring

To create wiring underground, you need to have special knowledge:

The first thing is the marking of the route on the ground for a power line in a summer cottage, suburban area, etc .;
When marking, it is possible to use all kinds of stakes, ropes. It is necessary to carefully monitor that there is no intersection with communication networks;
It is worth creating a cable layout plan. The drawing indicates the distance of the cable exit from the ground, as well as its turns. It is important to check whether the wiring is disconnected from the mains voltage before laying;
Then a trench is dug according to the markup. As a rule, its depth is 80 cm, the width for laying one cable is 20 cm. The bottom of the dug trench should be rammed;
There is an option - the bottom of the trench is laid out with red brick;
If you plan to conduct electrical wiring across the road, then in this case the depth should be at least 120 cm;
When laying the cable into the ground, it is necessary to clear the trench from branches, stones and other objects;
Next, a pillow of sand is poured -12 cm. It will protect against the possibility of a wire break;
The de-energized wire must be laid so that it is not too tight. As a rule, a whole wire is laid without connecting sections;
The final step is backfilling the trench with electrical wiring. After that, the cable is checked for a short circuit and its armor is grounded.

How to properly lay the cable in the ground, be sure to watch the video:

Allowed in winter underground laying wiring lines, the following must be taken into account:

Before laying the cable warms up in the living room. The heated cable is laid, preventing freezing. If the frost is more than 20 degrees, the possibility of installation is excluded;
If the air temperature is minus 5 and above, it is possible not to carry out the warm-up procedure if the high pressure wire;
At a temperature of minus 7, it is permissible to lay a conductor protected by insulation;
If the temperature is minus 15 and above and the conductor is protected by a PVC film or a rubber sheath;
Laying at minus 20 degrees is possible, if the wire is protected by PVC or rubber insulation and if there is a lead sheath on top.

There are details that are worth considering, they will help to carry out the work more correctly:

These rules for laying underground wiring must be observed for safe work and subsequent operation. If the rules are violated, troubles may arise that will be difficult to correct.

A country house and a summer cottage daily delivers a lot of trouble that needs to be dealt with and not shelved, as unresolved issues will accumulate like a snowball. When the owner of a summer cottage faces the task of connecting any device or structure located near the main house, then knowing the rules and requirements for conducting an electrical network, you can easily solve it.

Cable laying methods

There are three main laying methods:

Air.
Underground.
Puncture method.

Cable laying in the suburban area by air the simplest, and does not require large financial investments, provided that the remoteness of the connection object from the house is small. With a significant distance when laying the cable, it will be necessary to install additional supports in the form of poles or other structures that will support the cable sagging in the air. Appearance suburban area, of course, will not improve from a hanging cable.

Underground cable laying at their summer cottage is an the best option, since the cable will be in the ground in a protective pipe, it will not interfere with anyone, and violate the natural design of the site. This method is currently the most popular.

Cable laying at the dacha by puncture method also used to perform a branch of the electrical line on the site country house or cottages. This method makes it possible to overcome obstacles if it is impossible to dig a trench due to the rocky structure of the soil.

Cable laying requirements

In order for the lines of the electrical network to be quickly accepted by the representative of Energosbyt, it is necessary to coordinate all work in advance. To do this, it is better to invite a specialist to the site, or draw a line plan and provide it to this organization. But the best option would be to fully provide all the work of this organization.

The advantages of this option are:

All work will be performed in accordance with SNiP.
The organization will carry out the installation itself.
Direct connection and drafting of the act also falls on this organization.
The completed branch of the electrical network will also be serviced by Energosbyt.

When independently conducting the power line, it is necessary to plan all the work in advance.

Cable laying in a summer cottage should not be carried out at a depth of less than 700 mm. If the expected cable length is less than five meters and the cable will be laid in a protective pipe, then a trench depth of 500 mm is allowed.

It is forbidden to lay the cable under the foundation of the house. The smallest distance of the cable line from the foundation should not be less than 0.6 meters. If it is necessary to lay a cable from the main house to another structure through the foundation, then the section of the cable line passing through the foundation of the house must be placed in a segment of a steel pipe.
If several cables will be laid in the trench, then the distance between adjacent cables should not be less than 0.1 meters. From this calculation determine the width of the trench.
The distance of the electric line from shrubs should be at least 0.75 meters, and from trees - 2 meters. If the cable is laid in a protective tube, then this rule is no longer valid.
Remoteness of the cable from the sewerage and water pipes should be more than 1 meter, from the gas pipeline - more than 2 meters.
It is not recommended to lay cables in a trench with their intersection with each other. If it is impossible to do without it, then when crossing the cables they should be separated by a layer of soil of at least 0.5 meters.
The cable must be equipped with metal armor and is intended for laying in the ground. An armor layer is required to protect the cable from mechanical damage and rodents. Usually for such work it is used with copper conductors. Its cost is high due to the availability of armor. It is allowed to use a cheaper cable without armor, for example, a brand with laying in a protective pipe.
The vertical section of the line from the switchboard to the ground is recommended to be placed in a metal pipe. The height of the protected vertical section is not allowed to be less than 1.8 m.

On horizontal sections of the line, plastic protective pipes are used, regardless of the length of the branch, since the pipes can be connected to each other of arbitrary length.
If the laying of the line will take place using a special winch that spins the drum, then it must be equipped with a special limiter, provided for by the rules of clause 3.58 of SN and P. This restrictive mechanism will make it possible to lay the cable with a margin, along a wavy line, so that there is no tension effect.
If it is necessary to make cable connections in the ground, special couplings are used.
To create auxiliary protection of the cable line in the ground, for example, from possible subsidence of the earth, it is allowed to use an asbestos-cement pipe or a brick cable structure, which is located across the trench. In this case, the use of hollow bricks is prohibited, due to its insufficient strength.

Cable entry into the house must be carried out through a metal sleeve installed in the wall or foundation to prevent damage to the cable in case of shrinkage of the foundation and the house.
On top of the cable laid in the ground, it is necessary to lay a special signal tape warning that an electric line passes in this place.

Cable laying in a summer cottage should be carried out taking into account these basic rules and requirements, then you can be sure of the safety of the laid line for people and household electrical wiring.

Cable laying at the dacha by puncture method

This type of laying is called a puncture. This does not mean a puncture with the help of special equipment, but with a do-it-yourself sledgehammer and a pipe. Therefore, this method is only suitable for physically strong people. A well in the ground is created by piercing the ground. A puncture is the creation of a channel by pressing a metal rod into the ground in the form of a pipe with a tip. At the same time, the soil around the pipe is compacted.

Work is carried out from one (starting) trench or pit to another (reception).

On both sides of the area along which it is necessary to lay the cable, it is necessary to dig holes and place them along the axis of the proposed puncture.
Teeth are cut on the pipe, and the end of the pipe is obtained in the form of a crown. Such cutting is performed using a grinder. The pipe diameter is selected according to the cable diameter, but not less than 20 mm.
A pipe with a crown tip is placed in the starting hole on one side of the section with a crown into the ground. On the other side, it is necessary to beat with great force with a sledgehammer. This work is more convenient to carry out together.
After passing every 50 cm, the pipe must be pulled out and its inside washed out with a strong pressure of water. At sandy ground the inner cavity can be cleaned by tapping the pipe against the wall with a heavy object and pouring out the sand.
If the length of the pipe is not enough to the receiving pit, then an additional piece of pipe can be welded to it, securing it with additional fittings. If this is not done, then the welding may burst from impacts, and the second section of the pipe will remain in the ground. And getting it will be very difficult. We'll have to dig a trench.
When the teeth of the crown appear in the receiving pit, this completes the process. The teeth of the crown can be cut off with a grinder, as well as the other protruding end of the pipe on the opposite side. The pipe does not need to be pulled out of the ground, as it will be a protection for the cable.

Advantages of puncture styling

There is no need to dig a trench.
The natural environment at the place where the line is laid is not disturbed.
The cost of work is reduced.

Cable routing according to site (lighting)

The cable to the ground can run from an overhead line or from a switchboard mounted on a wall.
Draw a diagram of laying the line in the trench, marking the distance from the house of plantings and buildings on it, in accordance with the rules and regulations. If underground cable laying in a summer cottage will be carried out to power outdoor lighting, then it is necessary to indicate on the diagram the location of the lamps.
The territory of the site must be marked with a rope with pegs.
Dig a trench according to the markup. Clean it from stones, debris, metal elements that may damage the cable insulation in the future.
Install lamp stands.
Tamp the bottom of the trench and make an even sand cushion 10 cm thick.
Lay the cable in the trench as described above.
The laid line of electrical wiring for the serviceability of the resistance and the absence of a short circuit.
Remove the accumulated electrostatic charge from the cable by shorting the cores with the armor and with the ground. It is necessary to use rubber gloves and boots. It is recommended to invite an assistant.
The cable must be protected according to the requirements for underground laying. If an asbestos-cement pipe is chosen for protection, then it must be cut to length and the cable laid in it. The cut pipe must be wrapped with tape. This will enable quick dismantling of the cable in the event of a malfunction.
It is recommended to take a picture of the finished electrical network line in order to save its location in the summer cottage for the future. It is also better to save the drawn drawing (you can take a picture and save it electronically), since all the necessary dimensions are indicated on it.
Fill the trench with sand with a layer of at least 15 cm, tamp.
Lay signal tape on top as required.
Pour the remaining soil into the trench, creating a hill that will level out and settle after a few rains.
Carry out control electrical measurements of the line with a megohmmeter.

Most of the time with this method is spent on digging a trench. The diameter of the pipe passing through the foundation of the house should have a diameter greater than the diameter of the cable by 2-3 times. To protect the line in the ground, it is prohibited to use a corrugated plastic pipe, since it quickly collapses in the ground. It is not recommended to lay the cable under a car park, playground or site paths.