The vertical plane has. The use of laser measuring instruments in construction. About laser devices for construction and decoration

Imagine that you need to quickly choose a cupcake.

What do you think is the most attractive layout of the assortment on the screen?

Or vertical:

Each of us faces both on a daily basis. Everything around: from supermarkets to online stores - attack us with different options for presenting products:

But which one is better? And can this factor really be important and influence something?

Maybe. And in this article, you will learn about which product presentation is more effective and when.

First, we see the world horizontally. We have binocular vision, and our eyes are horizontal, which gives us a wide horizontal view - about 190 degrees.

This is why computers and monitors are made wider (rather than taller).

Secondly, horizontal scanning is physically easier.

Due to the peculiarities of the human muscle structure, it is easier to move the eyes horizontally. Our head naturally tilts slightly forward, which makes moving our eyes up and down more laborious.

In 2016, a study was conducted in which subjects were offered two options for the location of lollipops. To study the nature of the participants' eye movements were used. It was possible to find out that the nature of eye movement corresponded to the type of presentation of products. The eyes made movements in the horizontal plane with the horizontal presentation of goods and in the vertical plane with the vertical one.

But more importantly, since horizontal movements are easier to make, people covered more objects per second exactly when viewed horizontally (3.26 when viewed horizontally and 2.77 when viewed vertically).

3. Horizontal Product Range Seems More Diverse

Since a person can see more items at a time, he erroneously concludes that the choice of goods is wider.

4. Horizontal display increases the likelihood of selection

In turn wide choose is a factor contributing to the transaction. Customers have a natural tendency to seek variety, which is why they prefer product ranges that meet this criterion.

In addition, viewing a more diverse assortment takes people more time. As a result, people browse more units and form a wider pool of options available to choose from (consider buying more options). Not surprisingly, a horizontal view ends up with more purchases (and more multi-item purchases).

A few caveats

1. Use vertical view on vertical screens

The presentation of goods on smartphones should not be horizontal. It's just smart. No other explanation is needed here.

2. Use vertical display when you need to reduce product variety

Horizontal presentation is effective because the range of products presented in this way seems to be wider.

But sometimes having a wide selection can be counterproductive.

If customers know exactly what they need, they are unlikely to want to browse too many products.

Let's take Amazon for example.

It is right. When people are "just watching," variety is helpful.

However, if you look at the search results - the area where people are looking for a particular product - you will notice that here the products are presented vertically.

If users are looking for a specific product, you should reduce the apparent variety and just help them find the right product. Therefore, a vertical representation is most preferred.

Conclusion

Horizontal presentation of products is good because it increases the breadth of choice, gives the impression that the product range is more diverse. However, if your goal is to shorten and speed up the selection, use the vertical view.

You can follow the example of Amazon or even Walmart. On the latter's website, if you search not for a specific model of a particular product, but give a query for all categories (for example, humidifiers), the proposed results will be presented horizontally.

And this is also correct. Walmart understands that a person searching for such common term, is in the early stages of the sales funnel, where a wide selection is an advantage, and the horizontal presentation of products just contributes to this. But if you search for a specific product, the search results will be displayed vertically.

Vertical presentation focuses the buyer's attention on a specific product that is of interest to him. In addition, these goods will occupy the most advantageous location on the page - the buyer’s eye will fall there first of all.

The spirit level, also called bubble level, is very often used on a construction site, as it allows you to quickly determine the deviation even by a small degree from the horizontal or vertical plane. Sometimes these errors can be critical for the result, so this tool is indispensable at the construction site.

Spirit level level - instrument device

As a rule, such a level looks like a rectangular bar, in which one or two (sometimes more) flasks with liquid are built in, you can also see a small air bubble in them, which is an indicator. When this ball occupies a place between two marks on the flask, then the surface under study is vertical or horizontal. If it stands for some kind of risk, then you can estimate the approximate degree of deviation.

Each flask (they are also called a peephole) is filled with a low-viscosity liquid so that the bubble can move easily, and an important requirement is the non-freezing of such a filler in the cold. Therefore, the main material for cones is alcohol, it is tinted a little more to make it easier to observe the measurement. The marks on which readings are taken are also applied to the flask, sometimes there are not two, but more, for increased accuracy.

The household bubble level rarely has more than two measuring flasks: one for examining the horizontal plane (180 degrees), and the second perpendicular to it for measuring the vertical (90 degrees). You can meet the third flask, which is adjusted to 45 degrees and fixed. Professionals can see a more bizarre instrument, where there are much more flasks, they duplicate the main ones to reduce the error, or measure other angles (for example, 60 degrees). Moreover, an instrument of any level is available for understanding to every master; there are never any difficulties with how to use a spirit level.

There is an electronic spirit level, which has a convenient display that shows the measurement results. This is determined not “by eye”, but with the help of acoustic effects, which makes the numbers more accurate, and the error is significantly reduced.

In addition to the main structural elements, useful additions can be found on the body, often helping out the builder during work. For example, a ruler located at some end of the level, or a milling surface, so that when installing the tool it is more stable and it would be easier to hold it (for example, when measuring vertically). You can also find on one side a notch-bend for sloping surfaces, such as pipes, to make it convenient to measure and their location in space.

Bubble level settings

Some bubble levels are adjustable. These are two inconspicuous screws on either side of the flask. Springs are hidden in the body under them, which set the flask to the required level, which you check with your own hands. As practice shows, a rare tool is really set up correctly, and many of these "unsuccessful" options do not have the ability to adjust, and those who know how to check the quality often part with a newly purchased tool. Moreover, even a properly adjusted level can go astray if it is dropped, from changes in temperature and humidity, or even from time to time.

To check the correct location of the flask in the body, put the level on any horizontal surface, if the bubble is in the correct position, turn the tool 180 degrees so that the ends just swap places, and put it again on the same surface. Evaluate the location of the bubble again, and if it has not changed, then everything is set up correctly. And it's not scary if the bubble is not strictly in the center, the main thing is that it does not fall out of the lines, and most importantly, that in these two positions it should be in the same error. If, for example, it is not strictly in the center, but slightly shifted to some kind of risk, then after the turn it should also be shifted in the same direction to the same extent.

In cases where such a check showed a different result, tighten the screw on the problem side and again conduct such a survey. For a vertical flask, the measurements are similar, the only difference is that you need to turn the tool a little differently, apply it to the surface first with one side, and then with the one that looked at you when measuring. That is, rotate the level around its axis relative to the floor. And the results are analyzed in the same way.

How to choose a spirit level?

Since the choice of levels is extremely large, having entered the store, we begin to gradually discard one selection criterion.

How to choose a spirit level - step by step diagram

Step 1: Length

First, let's select the length that our tool should be, it should be enough to measure in one step the plane of your building object. For example, when installing a window with a width of 1 m, the level should be just about this length. For small jobs fit the size of the palm. In the case of ceilings and walls, rather long tools are needed, 2 meters or more. But in the case of such a purchase, be prepared to diligently protect it from falling, because for such a "shaft" it will be the first and last. There are even giants (about 4 m), but they are telescopic, i.e. are put forward during operation, and are stored in a somewhat reduced form, but we suspect the presence of large errors in its operation, since it is desirable to have a solid body.

Step 2: Case material and profile

Next, choose a material, it must be rigid, preferably from some kind of alloy, because plastic is extremely short-lived. Today, there are many alloys that are light in weight, but strong enough to make the body of the level, and rigidity is achieved by a certain structure of the tool profile. Most often there are T and H profiles, the second option is more reliable.

Step 3: Flasks

We have already talked about their device, it remains to present practical requirements for them. Firstly, find the indication of the measurement error from the manufacturer, and secondly, check the adjustment directly in the store and do not forget to do this at the beginning of each cycle construction works. Pay attention to how sensitive the flask is, for this, put something thin under the level, the bubble should change its position, and so that it is noticeable to the eye. For professional models, you can even use a sheet of paper for this purpose, since their sensitivity should be quite high. This parameter depends on the curvature of the bulb, and hence on its material and shape. It would also be nice if the risks were applied to the flask from the inside, as they are quickly erased from the outside, and the device becomes useless.

Step 4: Case Assembly

In the end, you should turn the future purchase in your hands, see how well the case is assembled, whether it has any distortions, backlashes. Especially important is the place of fastening of the plugs along the edges and fixation of the flasks. All this should be fixed in an understandable way, and quite securely, so that even a hint of a shift cannot be observed with a slight pressure. The flask mount should be accessible for adjustment, and it is better to choose the plugs on the body from rubber, so damage to it is less likely if careless.

On laser devices for building and finishing.

Laser plummet and level, laser level and rotary laser, laser marker and builder, laser tape measure and rangefinder - all these names are related to a modern and efficient tool used in the breakdown of land, building construction, interior decoration, installation of communications. These devices allow you to build a basic horizontal, vertical or inclined plane, directly on the wall, floor, ceiling and control them visually or with the help of special receivers and leveling rods.

Tasks of the LP

A completely flat laser beam successfully replaces a plumb line, spirit level, metal square, building string or cord, and even a tape measure, especially at distances up to 200 meters. How much easier and more accurate it is to build a wall, a column, to install door frame or a window, when you can visually control the deviation from the vertical with the help of a red line of a laser beam passing through them, accurately tied to the vertical, and with a laser tape measure, which allows you to measure distances to inaccessible areas. LP allow you to quickly and conveniently check the horizontal and general level of the foundation, design the slope water pipe or drain, plan the slopes of the land, install the fence and siding, supervise the laying of bricks and tiles, mark the beacons for the installation of ceilings and pour the floor, install telescopic gates and roofs, help everyone, without exception, to do their job efficiently.

How LPs work

Many people are already familiar with the laser pointer, which children often use to point the red dot of the laser at objects. It is this principle that laser devices use to project a horizontal, vertical, inclined plane or point directly onto the work surface. Pictures show this best:

Inside the device, a red laser LED is usually installed, with a power of about one mW and a wavelength of 633 - 670 nm, belonging to the second class of lasers, assuming no additional eye protection. The LED is in a fairly durable housing and with the help of electronic circuit communicates with the control panel and receives power. In order to focus the radiation of the LED to a point or get a line, optical elements are used. different forms(cylindrical, conical, etc.)

The laser emitter can be rigidly fixed inside the instrument or be free-hanging for self-alignment. In self-leveling lasers, the "pendulum principle" is used - the emitter is suspended inside the device and, when installed on the surface, aligns itself with respect to ground level and produces an accurate horizontal, vertical or oblique beam projection. To reduce the balancing time of the pendulum with the emitter, magnetic cushions are often used, formed by magnets built into the bottom of the device. In more complex LPs, a system similar to a gyroscope is used, which electronically controls the emitter servos built into the device, allowing it to balance and even set the required slope.

Instruments with a self-balancing transducer are often equipped with an automatic alarm for critical case tilt (typically more than 5% of the horizontal), which helps to avoid erroneous projections and measurements. Simply put the device on a relatively flat surface and turn it on - the device will automatically balance the emitter relative to the horizon within a few seconds and ... Let's get to work!

Laser level

Inside the laser level (hereinafter referred to as LU), the emitter is fixed relative to the alcohol bubble and can project a point to a remote distance at the same level and in the same vertical plane, simultaneously acting as a level and a stretched string between the level and the projection point. The Stabila 70LJ level with one emitter can be purchased at a price of 2250 rubles.

One of the most popular LU models, Stabila 70LJ P+L, is manufactured by the German company Stabila and has two transverse emitters, which allows it to be used for a wider range of applications (Fig. 1). Another novelty presented on the Russian market by the German company Geo-Fennel is the MultiDigitPro goniometer with a built-in laser emitter and a digital protractor / level, which allows you to simultaneously design a level point, measure the angle and deviation of the measured surface from the horizontal (Fig. 2). Geo-Fennel also produces a Pocket Laser Level/Long Linner cord for fixing shelves, pictures, etc. on the same level. It is enough just to lean it against the wall and it will project a straight line on it with an LED at the angle you need - just turn the device to the desired angle (Fig. 3).

Laser builders of the horizontal and vertical plane (hereinafter LPP)

The palm among the LP for finishing is occupied by devices that allow you to build different variants intersecting horizontal and vertical beams at an angle of 90°. The simplest intersection of a vertical and a horizontal plane forms a "laser cross" on the working surface with two red line projections. Each BOB model can build:

from one to four vertical lines (for the projection of planes immediately onto 4 walls of the room);
one horizontal line with a sweep of up to 360 ° (to close the projection of the line along the horizon on the wall and intersect it with vertical projections);
projection of the point upwards onto the ceiling (upper laser plummet);
projection of a point down onto the floor (lower laser plummet)

Laser plane builder BOIF APL-1

The main LPP manufacturers in Europe are Geo-Fennel, Stabila (Germany), Agatec (France), Zircon, Trimble (USA). Most LLPs sold in Russia under other brands are either copies of the products of these companies (in a different case or color) and are made to order (usually more expensive), or are made in China or Taiwan, often with lower build quality. But in China there are also high-quality devices. We are talking about the LLP, produced at the Beijing Optical and Mechanical Plant (BOIF) - APL-1, offered on the Russian market for a little more than 4100 rubles. It is made of high quality plastic and has a rubberized outer case that protects the device from falls. LLP can simultaneously project three lines - one horizontal and two vertical lines projected onto the walls at an angle of 90° relative to the center of the device's emitter. This device is used for simultaneous marking of two vertical walls located at an angle of 90°. The APL-1 is one of the most affordable, and its driver is covered with a black plastic overlay with slots for beams in the form of a cross, which makes the glass less vulnerable to accidental bumps and drops than similar Triax LS series devices.

The laser beam projection sweep is limited by the pendulum and emitter lens mounting. This means that the laser plane projected in one direction is limited horizontally by a circle with an angle of 0-90° (depending on the model of the device) and can be increased using additional emitters located perpendicular to each other. When turning the device around its axis, it can lead to a displacement of the horizon if the LLP is not equipped with a special swivel mount with a limb and a fine-tuning knob, such as the FL-50 Multi-Linner and FL-50 Plus models of the German company Geo-Fennel. By the way, the latter gives a sweep with an approximate angle of 270° of the horizontal line and the vertical line, as well as 360° of the second vertical line located perpendicular to the first, which makes it practically inaccessible to competitors.

Laser square (right angle builder)

The laser square belongs to the category of plane builders with a fixed emitter and projects two lines at an angle of 90 ° relative to each other on the floor or wall (work surface). He is a good remedy for control of working axes and is widely represented on the Russian market by two models - Square Linner of the German company Geo-Fennel and LT-80 of the Triax company. Unfortunately, this device cannot replace plastic crosses that allow you to maintain the seams between tiles in the same dimension and is used only to control the working axes (it is installed for checking and then removed for the laying of the next tile many times during work). The LT-80 is too heavy (3.4kg) to constantly put, lift and retract for inspection, performs to a claimed 4mm accuracy at 10m, and is more than three times the price of the Square Linner (claimed 3mm accuracy at 10m). m), which makes the Geo-Fennel device more practical.

Multibeam laser tool

From the name of this group of laser builders, it is clear that these devices project laser dots onto the surface and are designed to mark holes that are perpendicular to each other on several surfaces at once. The most advanced models of this type use a system of five points: two vertical up and down from the device, two horizontal to the right and left, and one directly in front of the device, which allows you to mark any frame structure located to the right, left, top, bottom and in front of the device.

Multi-Pointer Laser Pointer

So far, there are three similar devices on the Russian market - RT-7610-5 (Robotoolz), PLS-5 (Pacific Laser System) and Multi-Pointer from Geo-Fennel. According to the declared characteristics, the most accurate is the German Multi-Pointer (Fig. 4), and the multifunctional mount included in its kit (allows you to mount the device to the wall, tripods with a 5/8 "or 1/4" screw, wooden surfaces on nails or metal when help of a magnet), bring it forward. It should be noted that with the price of analogues in the region of 12-13 thousand rubles, the price of the Multi-Pointer looks more attractive.

Laser level (full horizontal plane builder)

Laser builders of a horizontal or vertical plane with a projection radius of 360 ° are called levels, which have almost completely replaced the builders of planes from this segment of laser builders. After all, a laser builder with a compensator suspended inside can only give a horizontal projection, at the same time, almost any laser level can be used both in a horizontal and vertical position, often work in different modes (point, line and laser cut) and use it with receiver and/or remote control.

Laser level Agatec M-10

One of the latest builders on the Russian market is the builder PLS-360 (Pacific Laser System) with a cost of more than 14 thousand rubles today. Its direct competitor is the M-10 laser level of the French company Agatec. At a cost of less than 9 thousand rubles, this device can:

be used to build both horizontal and vertical planes;
work in the mode of a point, a closed line and a laser cut;
be controlled from the remote control, which is included in the delivery;
be attached to different surfaces and on a sling using the built-in multifunctional attachment;
set an inclined plane;

The closest analogue of this level is an almost exact replica from Triax with the LT-60 model at a price almost 40% higher than the price of the French Agatec M-10.

How to choose a device

The most widely represented on the Russian market are the German companies Geo-Fennel, Stabila, the French company Agatec, the Beijing Optical and Mechanical Plant, which indicates a steady demand and high popularity for these manufacturers' LPs. When choosing a laser builder, the following aspects should be considered:

It is necessary to fully and clearly define the tasks for which a laser builder is needed;
Our consultants will help you with the search and processing of information about devices;
Visit our showroom and see the device itself;
Do not save on versatility at the expense of the quality of work;
Do not buy devices of poor external performance from an unknown seller, you should give preference famous brands equipment;
Do not overpay extra money for a more expensive European device, if there is an analogue manufactured by a well-known factory in China - this will save you money, allow you to learn how to work with the device and be a great gift to your friend when you are going to buy a more prestigious and advanced model of a European manufacturer.
Check the error with which the device builds planes. Very often, especially for laser levels, high accuracy can lead to a limited number of functions;
Keep in mind that devices that work with the receiver have a different wavelength emitter, which may cause a lighter beam of radiation.
Laser ray best seen in special glasses that can be purchased from the seller of the laser builder, they will really help you in your work for the small remuneration that the supplier receives;
Remember - accuracy is never superfluous! This will help you save time, money and nerves, as well as make a good impression on the customer.

To determine the evenness of a horizontal or vertical surface, a building level is used. There are several varieties: water, laser, but most of all they use a bubble level, or spirit level. How to use the level, we will tell further.

Device

Structurally, the bubble level is a rectangular rail made of metal or plastic, equipped with special transparent inserts, the so-called "eyes", or sights. Usually there are two or three of them: each is necessary to check a particular plane. So, with the help of sights, the evenness of a horizontal, vertical, and angled surface is determined. These inserts are made in the form of a flask with a colored alcohol liquid and an air bubble. On the walls of the "eye" there are special marks that serve as a guide for right position air bubble.

Building levels are used both during home repairs and in capital construction. Therefore, they come in different sizes and types. More reliable are rails with a metal case, which protects the tool during falls and from other mechanical damage on the construction site. In addition, the metal rails are made of a special alloy that is resistant to corrosion. Plastic levels are less durable, more accurate, but cheaper. In order for the tool to show the most accurate measurements, it is recommended to purchase it from a specialized store.

In addition to standard, rectangular models, there are round levels. They are made in the form of a sealed capsule with an air bubble inside, which is placed in a small case. Typically, such devices are used in industrial enterprises to comply with the technological conditions of the equipment.

How to use

The bubble level has a working surface - the one that is applied during the measurement to the wall, floor, foundation. It can be identified by the lack of paint, unlike the rest of the body surface. If you apply the building level not with the working, but with the opposite surface, the device may show a slight error during measurement. The side of the tool is not used at all.

To check the horizontal plane, use the sight, which is located in the middle of the rail. For verification of vertical surfaces there is a sight located closer to the end of the instrument body. The length of the tool should be chosen based on what kind of work will be done with it. It can vary from 20 cm to 4 meters. A 20 cm long level is used to determine the accuracy of small surfaces, for example, the location of sockets, switches. Reiki up to 1 meter long are used when carrying out work of a larger nature, for example, during laying tiles. Long building levels are used as control rails.

Terms of use

To talk about the rules for operating a bubble level, it is necessary to consider 2 options for its use:

Checking horizontal surfaces

The rail is laid horizontally ( flooring, window sill, timber, etc.) working surface down. In this case, the air bubble inside the sight should be exactly in the center between the two risks. During the measurement, accuracy to the millimeter is important, i.e. if the bubble deviates even by one millimeter, this is an indication of unevenness. If it deviates from the center to the left, this indicates the need to raise the right side of the horizontal surface to the desired height until the bubble falls into place. When it is in the middle, the horizontal is fixed in this position.

Checking vertical surfaces

Often check the evenness of the plastered walls. To do this, apply the rail with the working surface to the wall and observe the readings of the sight located near the edge of the rail. If you notice the deviation of the air bubble in the direction “away from the wall”, then the plaster layer below is thicker than at the top. If it deviates “towards the wall”, then there is not enough mortar from below the plastered surface.

Despite the fact that the tool is usually made of metal, glass eyes are sensitive to mechanical damage. The device after falls or impacts often shows inaccurate measurements. Immediately after purchase, you need to set it up: attach it to a perfectly flat surface horizontally. To adjust the error, you need to rotate it around its axis.

Without the help of this a simple tool indispensable even during the usual cosmetic repairs not to mention capital construction. Simple operation, lack of special care, combined with the accuracy of readings, are the main advantages of bubble building levels.