Lesson "Orthoepy. The main rules of Russian orthoepy. Intonation.". What is orthoepy? Russian pronunciation rules

You can learn about what orthoepy is from dictionaries and reference books. literary language. All languages ​​of the world have certain lexical norms, which are an example of the correct use of words.

Science of orthoepy

Orthoepy studies the laws and rules of pronunciation of words. It is very similar to spelling, which considers the laws of the correct spelling of words. The term "orthoepy" includes two Greek words: orthos - "true", "correct", "straight" (direction) and epos - "speech", "talk". Therefore, the question of what orthoepy is can be answered directly translated from Greek: correct pronunciation.

Orthoepy rules

Various deviations from the norms of use and pronunciation interfere with communication, distract the listener from the meaning of the spoken speech and significantly complicate the assimilation of the spoken text. Adhering to the rules of pronunciation of words is just as important as adhering to the rules of spelling. Orthoepy will tell the correct pronunciation of a particular lexical unit. The rules of this science allow you to determine how to pronounce a particular word, and the scope of its lexical application. Indeed, in a world where oral speech is a means of wide communication, it must be impeccable, from the point of view of the rules of orthoepy.

History of Russian orthoepy

Russian orthoepy developed already in the middle of the 17th century. Then the rules for the pronunciation of certain words were approved, the norms for constructing phrases and sentences were laid down. Moscow became the center of the new literary language. On the basis of northern Russian dialects and southern dialects, Moscow pronunciation was formed, which was taken as the basis of the lexical norm. The science of how to pronounce this or that word correctly went from Moscow to the remote hinterlands of Russia.

At the beginning of the 18th century, the new capital of Russia, the city of St. Petersburg, became the center of the political and cultural life of the country. Gradually, the norms of pronunciation changed, among the intelligentsia, a clear, letter-by-letter pronunciation of words became the rule. But among the general population, the Moscow pronunciation continued to be considered the norm.

Orthoepy studies such norms of pronunciation of the Russian language as stress, the norm of pronunciation of individual sounds and combinations, melody and intonation of colloquial speech.

stress

About what orthoepy is, you can consider the rules for placing stress in Russian words. The question is not as simple as it might seem. In French speech, in the vast majority of cases, the stress is placed on the last syllable. In Russian, the stress is mobile, it can fall on an arbitrary syllable, change its location depending on the gender and case given word. For example, a city, but a city, a train, but a train, will be accepted, but accepted.

Sometimes incorrect pronunciation is so ingrained in colloquial speech that it takes a lot of effort to eradicate the error. For example, everywhere we hear calls instead of calls, contract, instead of the correct contract. The orthoepy of the word insists on: catalog, obituary, quarter instead of well-established incorrect versions of these words.

Sometimes surprise helps to correct the stress. For example, in the mid-1950s, the use of the word “youth” instead of the correct “youth” was widespread. The widely popular song "Hymn of Democratic Youth" helped to correct the mistake. The song was created by the composer Novikov to the verses of the poet Oshanin. In the chorus of the anthem were the words: "Young people sing this song." The widespread "youth" did not fit into either the rhythm or the text of this piece of music, so the incorrect pronunciation of the popular word was replaced by the correct one.

Transcription

The spoken word can be recorded using transcription. This is the name of the recording of audible words and sounds of the language. In transcription, along with ordinary letters, special ones are also used, for example, the letter [æ] denotes an open stressed vowel, something between “a” and “e”. This sound is not used in Russian speech, but is often found in the study of languages ​​of the Germanic branch.

Currently, special dictionaries will help to put the correct stress in the word.

Pronunciation of individual sounds

To explain what orthoepy is, you can use the example of the pronunciation of vowels in the words of the Russian language. For example, the norm in Russian is reduction - the weakening of the articulation of vowels in some words. For example, in the word "box" only the third sound "o" is clearly heard, and the first one is pronounced muffled. The result is a sound that resembles both [o] and [a] at the same time.

If an unstressed [o] is at the beginning of a word, it is always pronounced as [a]. For example, in the words “fire”, “window”, “glasses”, [a] is clearly worn out in the first case. The stressed [o] does not change its meaning: the words "cloud", "island", "very" are pronounced with a pronounced [o] at the beginning.

The sound of some consonants

The existing rules of orthoepy say that voiced consonants at the end of spoken words sound like paired deaf ones. For example, the word "oak" is pronounced as [dup], "eye" - [voice], "tooth" - [zup], and so on.

The consonant phrases "zzh" and "zhzh" are pronounced as a double soft [zhzh], for example, we write I'm coming, we pronounce [I'm coming], rattling - [rattling] and so on.

The exact pronunciation of a particular word can be found in special spelling dictionaries.

For example, Avanesov presented a fairly serious work on orthoepy. The deeply elaborated editions of linguists Reznichenko, Abramov and others are interesting. Orthoepic dictionaries can be easily found on the Internet or in special sections of libraries.

In general, the current orthoepic norms of the Russian language (and their possible options) are registered in special dictionaries.

It should be highlighted:

a) rules for the pronunciation of individual sounds (vowels and consonants);

b) rules for pronunciation of combinations of sounds;

c) rules for pronunciation of individual grammatical forms;

d) rules for pronunciation of individual borrowed words.

1. The pronunciation of vowels is determined by the position in pre-stressed syllables and is based on a phonetic law called reduction. Due to reduction, unstressed vowels are preserved in duration (quantity) and lose their distinct sound (quality). All vowels undergo reduction, but the degree of this reduction is not the same. So, the vowels [y], [s, [and] in an unstressed position retain their main sound, while [a], [o], [e] qualitatively change. The degree of reduction [a], [o], [e] depends mainly on the place of the syllable in the word, as well as on the nature of the preceding consonant.

a) in the first pre-stressed syllable, the sound is pronounced: [va dy / sa dy / na zhy]. After hissing, it is pronounced: [zha ra / sha ry].

In place of [e] after the hissing [w], [w], [c], the sound [s e] is pronounced: [ts y e pnoį], [zh s e ltok].

After soft consonants in place [a], [e], the sound [and e] is pronounced: [ch٬i e sy / sn٬ and e la].

b) in the rest of the unstressed syllables, in place of sounds [o], [a], [e], after hard consonants, the sound [b] is pronounced: [ts'ha voʯ / para vos] After soft consonants in place of sounds [a], [e ] is pronounced [b]: [n" ta b h" ok / h "bma b dan].

2. Pronunciation of consonants:

a) the norms of literary pronunciation require positional exchange paired deaf and voiced in a position in front of the deaf (only deaf) - voiced (only voiced) and at the end of the word (only deaf): [chl "epʹ] / trʹpkʹ / proʹ bʹ];

b) assimilation softening is not necessary, there is a tendency to lose it: [s"t"inaʹ] and [st"inaʹ], [z"d"es"] and [zd"es"].

3. Pronunciation of some combinations of vowels:

a) in pronominal formations what, to - th is pronounced like [pcs]; in pronominal formations such as something, mail, the pronunciation [h "t] is almost preserved;

b) in a number of words of predominantly colloquial origin, [shn] is pronounced in place of ch: [ka b n "eshn / na roshn].

In words of book origin, the pronunciation [h "n] has been preserved: [ml "ech" nyį / va stoch "nyį];

c) in the pronunciation of the combinations vst, zdn, stn (hello, holiday, private trader), one of the consonants usually decreases or drops out: [holiday "ik], [h "asn" ik], [hello]

4. Pronunciation of sounds in some grammatical forms:

a) pronunciation of the form I.p. unit adjectives without stress: [red / s "in" iį] - under the influence of spelling arose - th, - y; after back-lingual g, k, x iy: [t "iх" iį], [m "ahk" iį];

b) pronunciation - sya, - sya. Under the influence of spelling, soft pronunciation became the norm: [n'ch "and e las" / n'ch "and e ls" a];

c) the pronunciation of the verbs na-ive after g, k, x, the pronunciation [g "], [k"], [x"] became the norm (under the influence of spelling): [vyt "ag" ivyt "].

5. Pronunciation of borrowed words.

In general, the pronunciation of borrowed words is subject to the phonetic system of the Russian language.

However, in some cases there are deviations:

a) the pronunciation of [o] in place: [boa / otel "/ poet], although [ra ъ man / [ra ҵal" / pra ъ cent];

b) [e] is preserved in unstressed syllables:;

c) before [e], g, k, x, l are always softened: [g "etry / k" ex / ba l "et].

The pronunciation of borrowed words should be checked in a dictionary.

Speech norms act differently in different styles of pronunciation: in colloquial, in the style of public (bookish) speech, of which the first is implemented in everyday communication, and the second in reports, lectures, etc. The differences between them relate to the degree of reduction of vowels, simplification of consonant groups (in colloquial style, the reduction is more significant, the simplification is more intense), etc.

Topic: The main rules of Russian orthoepy. Intonation.

Goals and tasks:

give an idea of ​​the subject of study of orthoepy;

to acquaint with the features of Russian stress;

introduce the concept of orthoepic norm;

summarize information about the features of the pronunciation of some sound combinations;

Developing:

develop cognitive abilities;

develop logical thinking(the ability to analyze, compare, generalize and identify the main thing);

develop the ability to coherently and competently express their thoughts;

Educational:

to form a respectful, careful attitude to the native language;

to form a sense of responsibility for the preservation of the Russian language as an integral part of the general national culture;

influence the motivational sphere of the personality of students;

to form the ability to rationally use time;

Lesson progress

Org. moment

Announcement of goals and objectives, lesson plan. Formulation of the problem.

Frontal discussion with the class.

In "The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs" A.S. Pushkin there is an episode that tells about the first meeting of the heroes with the princess, remember:

"The elder said:" What a marvel! Everything is so clean and beautiful. Someone tidied up the tower Yes, the owners were waiting. Who? Come out and show yourself, Be honest with us."

Did you notice that the princess in the forest tower of the heroes did not behave like the daughter of the king, but rather like a peasant girl?

"And the princess came down to them, Honored the hosts, Bowed low from the waist; Blushing, she apologized, She came to visit them, Although she was not invited."

But how did the heroes guess that the king's daughter was in front of them?

"In an instant, from the speech, they recognized that they received the princess:"

Output: It turns out that sometimes it is enough to hear how a person speaks in order to understand who he is, what he is. It is the pronunciation that we will devote our lesson today. A studies this branch of linguisticsorthoepy. So we will consider the object of study of orthoepy, get acquainted with the features of Russian stress, with such a concept as the orthoepic norm; summarize information about the features of the pronunciation of some sound combinations; we systematize and generalize knowledge about the placement of stress in adjectives, verbs, and some participles. During the lecture, take brief notes to create reference materials for yourself that you can use in the following classes when completing tests.

III. Teacher lecture with conversation elements

Classification of norms oral speech

Speech rules include:

orthoepic norms.

Accent rules.

intonation norms.

1. Orthoepic pronunciation norms

Orthoepy - the system of pronunciation norms of the language.

[G] pronounced like[X] in combinations gk And hh (light - le [x] cue, lighter - le [x] che).

Assimilation when combinedssh, And zsh . They are pronounced like a long hard consonant.[w¯] (lower - not [shsh] y, highest - you [shsh] y, make a noise - ra[shsh] be able to)

Similar assimilation in combinationsSJ And Learn - [w¯] (unclench - ra [lzh]at, with life - [lzh] life, fry - [lzh] fry).

Combination MF And ZCH pronounced like [SCH ] (happiness - [w] astier, score - [w] et), (prikazchik - prik [sh] ik, sample - obraz [sh] ik) .

Combinations PM And DC- how [h] (speaker - report [h] ik, pilot - le [h] k).

Combinations Tts And DC- how [ts ] (twenty - two [ts]at , gold - gold [ts] e).

Combinations PM And DC- how [h] (speaker - report [h] ik, pilot - le [h] ik).

Combinations Stn And Zdn - they have consonant soundsT And d fall out (charming - charming, late - knowledgeable, honest - che [sn], sympathetic - teaching [sleep] ive).

9. In modern Russian pronunciation[SHN] considered obsolete, the norm -[H`N].

Combination CHN , usually pronounced according to the spelling(anti [h`n] yy, ve [h`n] yy, yes [h`n] yy, ka[h`n] ut, milky [h`n] yy, but [h`n] oh, different [h`n] oh, poro [h`n] yy, then [h`n] yy).

There are traditional deviations from the norm, legitimized by modern dictionaries and reference books.

An exception : In some words[sn] : kone[shn] o, sku[shn] o, naro[shn] o, yai[shn]itsa, empty[shn], square[shn]ik, laundry[shn]aya, Savvi[shn]a, Nikiti[ shn]a, Fomini[shn]a, etc.

double pronunciation allowed in the words:bulo [shn] ([ch]) th, drain [shn] ([ch]) th, yai [shn] ([ch]) th, sin [shn] ([ch]) left.

10. Combination Thu , basically the same as the pronunciation(ma[th]a, me[th]a, not [th]o, nothing [anything], after [th] and, about [th] and, at [th] and)

But: in union what and in the pronoun that (to, something, something) pronounced [PCS].

11. In reflexive verbs at the end is written– to be or – tsya , but pronounced the same[tsa]

12. Features of the transition [E] to [O] in the modern language.

general trend - the transition of E into O under stress after soft consonants (Russification).Whitish - whitish, crossbill - crossbill, firebrand - firebrand, faded - faded.

Along with this, there are numerous facts of conservation of [E](Expired, deadwood, guardianship, fishing line).

Words of foreign origin:

Softening consonants before E .

In accordance with the norms of pronunciation in Russian before a vowelE pronounced soft consonant : text [t´e], brunet [n´e], term [t´e] , specifically [r´e], therapist [t´e].

But usually in book words and terminology continues to be pronouncedwith a hard consonant (integral [te], tendency [te], artery [te], asepsis [se], phonetics [ne], Voltaire [te], Descartes [de], Chopin [pe], La Fontaine [te], steak [te] , scarf [ne], timbre [te], thermos [te]).

In many foreign words ah after consonants is writtenE , and consonants are pronouncedfirmly (atelier [te], atheist [te], dandy [te], scarf [ne], cafe [fe], desk [te], resume [me], stand [te], masterpiece [she]).

But in a number of words, consonants are pronounced softly.(decade [d´e], academy [d´e], demagogue [d´e], museum [z´e], plywood [n´e], flannel [n´e])

A double consonant is pronounced double in one word (va [nn] a, ka [ss] a, ma [ss] a, cape [ll] a) , in others - like a single (neatly - a [k] hurriedly, accompaniment - a [k] accompaniment, chord - a [k] ord, allocate - a [s] ignore, gram - gra [m]).

Accentological norms/mistakes. The main trends in the development of stress norms.

Accent options:

Accent options – double stress :

A short list of equal accentological options:

apartments - apartments;

basilica - basilica;

barge - barge;

bijouterie - bijouterie;

delusional - delusional;

rustyAvet - rusty;

Otherwise - otherwise;

sparkle - sparkle;

kirza - kirza;

dropped - armored;

loop - loop;

meatballs - meatballs.

Semantic options - these are pairs of words in which the heterogeneity of stress is intendedto distinguish the meaning of words (homographs - the same in spelling, different in stress).

A short list of words that differ in their meaning depending on the stress:

Book (assign something to someone) - book (cover with armor);

armor - armor;

busy (person) - busy (house);

salted (about vegetables) - salted (about soil);

sharpened (pencil) - sharpened (prisoner);

naked (cut) - naked (hold checkers);

bypass (leaf, path) - bypass (maneuver);

portable (radio receiver) - portable (value);

transitional (score) - transitional (age);

submerged (on the platform) – submerged (in water);

approximate (to something) - approximate (close);

draft (age) - draft (calling);

damned (cursed) - damned (hated);

developed (child) - developed (mentally) - developed (hair);

inclined (to something) - inclined (in front of someone);

folded (from details) - folded (having one or another physique);

haos (in ancient Greek mythology) - haos and haos (disorder);

characteristic (person) - characteristic (act);

linguistic (verbal expression of thoughts) - linguistic (related to the organ in the oral cavity);

Bite (common word) - bite (special);

silk (common) - silk (poetic).

Normative-chronological options are pairs of words in which heterogeneity is associated withtime period the use of this word in speech:

spare (modern) - spare (obsolete);

Ukrainian (modern) - Ukrainian (obsolete);

angle (modern) - angle Urs (obsolete).

« vocabulary words". Main accentological norms.

Trends in norms at the place of stress:

nouns - tendency towardsmobile stress (folk language invades literary);

at verbs - trendanchoring accents onroot syllable (influence of South Russian dialects);

general trends - is detectedmultidirectional movement of the accent :

regressive - moving the stress from the last syllable to the beginning or closer to the beginning of the word;

progressive - moving the stress from the first syllable closer to the end of the word.

3. Intonation norms/mistakes.

Intonation - this is a rhythmic-melodic and logical articulation of speech.

Intonation is one of the means of expressive speech.

But the intonational norms in the Russian language concern, first of all,correct rise / fall / intonation towards the end of the sentence depending on the purpose of the statement and the correct formulation logical stress in a phrase.

Towards the end of the declarative sentence, the intonation drops.

Nurse Natasha had a very hard day today.

By the end of the interrogative sentence, the intonation, on the contrary, rises.

She's tired?

intonation errors.

1. Intonation errors are relatedwith wrong intonation (inappropriate increase or decrease in intonation).

2. In addition, intonation errors include:incorrect setting of pauses and logical stress. This often leads to a distortion of meaning, especially in poetic works, for example:

For example: Setting pauses.

Not right: In the heavens / the earth sleeps solemnly and wonderfully / in the radiance of blue.

Right: In the heavens / solemnly and wonderfully / / the earth sleeps in a blue radiance.

IV. Orthoepic workout. ).

Key

1. When climbing stairs, hold on to the handrails. Go through the customs check. The customs office has already begun its work. A load divided by two is twice as light. After lifting the suitcase, place it on the conveyor. The expert, who understood his task, began to act. The train arrived at the station on time. Arriving at the place of destination, get your luggage.

Test yourself

1. When climbing stairs, hold on to the handrails. Have you passed customs clearance? Customs has already begun its work. A load divided by two is twice as light. After lifting the suitcase, place it on the transporter. The expert, who understood his task, began to act. The train arrived at the station on time. When you arrive at your destination, don't forget to collect your luggage.

V. Performing training exercises.

Exercise 1. Read correctly.

but)

live for / city,

climb on / mountain,

deliver to / House,

pull for / leg,

take under / arms,

walk on / forest.

b)

Alive - alive, alive, alive.

Right - right, right, right.

Pitiful, pitiful, pitiful, pitiful.

Green - green - green - green.

Tough - tough, tough, tough.

in)

Accepted - accepted, accepted, accepted.

Raised - lifted, lifted, lifted

Sold - sold, sold, sold.

Given - given, given, given.

Busy - busy, busy, busy.

v. Independent work(ex. ____)

VI . Teacher's word. In the first part of our lesson, we noted that the subject of the study of orthoepy is also "literarypronunciation of individual sounds and sound combinations. Let's pay attention to the pronunciation rules of some combinations. We will take them into account in everyday life.

1. Combinationmid orzch (at the junction of the root and the suffix starting with the letterh) usuallypronounced like a letterSCH , that is, like a long soft [u"u"] - ra[u"u"] from, [u"u"] astute, different [u"u"] ik, sign [u"u"]ik, uka[ u "u"] ik.

2. In place of the letterG at the end-th (-his) the sound [in] is pronounced: big [in] o, blue [in] o, ko [in] o, th [in] o, second [in] o, other [in] o, revived [in] o. Consonant [in] in place of a letterG also pronounced in wordstoday, today, total .

3. The combination of consonants in verbs in-tsya And- be pronounced as double [ts].

4. Combinationch It has interesting story. "Back in the 18th century, the spelling combination ch was consistently pronounced as [shn], as evidenced by the phonetic spellings recorded in the dictionary of the Russian Academy (1789-1794): tie, cap, kopeeshny, lavoshnik, button, factory, etc. However, over time, this option begins to be supplanted by the pronunciation [h "n], which arose under the influence of writing. "Today, words with a combinationch are pronounced differently: 1) as a rule, the pronunciation corresponds to the spelling, that is, it is pronounced [h "n]:durable, country, eternal, start, swing ; 2) in some words in placech pronounced [shn], for example:of course, boring, on purpose, birdhouse, Savichna, Fominichna (the number of such words is decreasing); 3) in a number of cases today both options are considered normative - [h "n] and [shn], for example:candlestick, bakery, dairy (note that in some cases the pronunciation [shn] becomes obsolete:creamy, brown ). "In some cases, pronunciation options distinguish between different lexical meanings:cordial [h "n] attack - friendcordial [shn];pepper pot [h "n] (pepper vessel) - damnpepper pot [shn] (about an evil, grumpy woman)."

5. "Combinationthu pronounced like [pcs] in a wordwhat and its derivative forms (something, something ). In the word something is pronounced [h "t], in the wordnothing both options are acceptable" [Ibid.].

6. "Fricative"[?] in the literary language is allowed in wordsOh God, accountant, yeah, by God, Lord .

7. The final [r] is replaced by the sound [k] (not [x]!): creative [k], dialogue [k], the exception is the wordthe God [boh]". [Ibid.]

VII. Exercises for the pronunciation of individual sound combinations.

1. Read the given words aloud. Pay attention to the pronunciation of ch as [ch] or [sh]. In what cases is double pronunciation possible?

Bakery, mustard plaster, creamy, shopkeeper, comic, maid, milkmaid, of course, laundry, boring, match, penny, loser, bachelorette party, on purpose, bribe taker, trifling, decent, unprofitable, Ilyinichna.

2. Based on the rhymes of poetic texts taken from the works of A.S. Pushkin, determine the pronunciation of the combination of ch. How would you explain the discovered orthoepic phenomenon?

1.

On the winter road, boring
Troika greyhound runs
Single bell
Tiring noise.

2.

It's sad, Nina: my way is boring.
Dremlya fell silent my coachman,
The bell is monotonous
Foggy moon face.

VIII. Summarizing.

Pronunciation of vowel sounds:

Remember a few rules that reflect modern orthoepic norms.

Rule 1: letterG at the end of a wordthe God pronounced like [x].

Rule 2: -th/-his in masculine and neuter adjectives are pronounced likeo [c] o / e [c] o.

Rule 3: zzh Andszh pronounced like[f] (at the junction of morphemes or

official word with a significant one).

Rule 4: AF Andmid pronounced like [w "] (at the junction of morphemes).

Rule 5: dh AndPM pronounced like [h "] (at the junction of morphemes).

Rule 6; -tsya And- be pronounced like[ca] (in verbs).

Rule 7: ds Andts pronounced like[c] (before k in adjectives).

Rule 8: train pronounced like[PCS"] And[w "] (in the word rain and derivatives). The pronunciation of such combinations in case of difficulties should be clarified in the spelling dictionary.

Rule 9: h pronounced like [h "n] - in most words, but pronounced like[sn] in wordsboring [shn] o, kone [shn] o, na-ro [shn] o, laundry [shn] aya, square [shn] ik, Ilyini [shn] a and etc.

Rule 10: Thu" pronounced like [pcs](for what etc.), butsomething [Thurs].

Rule 11: gk pronounced like [x "k"] - in wordslight, soft.

Rule 12: hh pronounced like [hh "] - in wordslighter, softer.

Rule 13: stn, ntsk, stl, ndsk, zdn, rdts, lnts, stv, lvs - contain

unpronounceable consonant. In case of difficulty, please contact

spelling dictionary.

Rule 14: double consonants in loanwords are pronounced

usually as a long consonant, but a number of words can be pronounced

double consonant as one sound(bath [n],flu [P]).

Rule 15: in an unstressed position, the sound [o] is not pronounced. After

hard consonants in the first pre-stressed syllable, as well as at the beginning of a word in

the place of the letter o is pronounced [a](kSchza -k [o \ zy, [writing - [o] writing).

Therefore, for example, they are pronounced the same way, with the sound [a], the wordsoxen And

shafts, catfish Anditself, although spelled differently.

Homework.________ ex. ___________

Introduction

Orthoepy (from the Greek orthos - correct and epos - speech) is a science that studies the pronunciation norms of oral speech.

Native speakers learn pronunciation norms from birth; we do not need to explain how to say correctly: zu[b] or zu[p]. But foreigners studying Russian face difficulties. In English, for example, there is no stunning of consonants at the end of a word, the sound [d] in the word friend sounds loud. So the English also read the Russian words plant, year, fruit. We, without noticing ourselves, strive to stun the consonants in English words: This is my frien[t] Bo[p].

Pronunciation features are so firmly seated in our minds that even people who have lived in another country for a long time usually speak with an accent. By accent, it is easy for a specialist to determine where the speaker came from. But even those who speak the same language since childhood often speak it differently. Everyone knows examples of northern okanya (m[o]l[o]ko, s[o]baka) or South Russian fricative [ ?].Orthoepic features can complicate the perception of speech, distract the attention of listeners.

Maintaining uniformity in pronunciation is essential. Spelling errors always interfere with the perception of the content of speech. Pronunciation, corresponding to orthoepic norms, facilitates and speeds up the process of communication. Therefore, the social role of correct pronunciation is very great, especially at the present time, when oral speech has become a means of the widest communication in various fields. human activity.

Modern Russian literary language

The Russian national language is the language of the Russian nation, of all Russian people. The level of its development reflects the level of development of the people, conveys the features of the national culture. All social trends and processes can be traced in the national language, it serves a wide variety of communicative spheres, therefore the national language includes all the diversity of its territorial and social varieties. This and local dialects, and vernacular, and jargon of different strata of society. The literary language is also a part of the national language, its highest, written form.

The literary language is the main written form of the national language.

The time of existence of the modern Russian literary language is often defined as follows: from Pushkin to the present day. A. S. Pushkin is called the creator of the Russian literary language in that general view in which we use this language now. How did it happen that one person could so influence the entire national language?

Pushkin, as is often the case with people of genius, caught the trends that emerged in the language of that time, was able to comprehend, systematize and approve these trends in literature. Of course, literature in Russia existed even before Pushkin. But the language of pre-Pushkin literature was very different from the language spoken by people. On the one hand, church literature was strong, written in the Old Slavonic language, which even then many did not understand. On the other hand, secular literature is focused on confronting harsh reality, and therefore is often distinguished by excessive ornate syllable. And, finally, scientific literature (philosophical, political) generally existed not in Russian, but mainly in French, German, English.

In everyday communication, the speech of educated people, who speak more French than Russian, sharply differentiated from the colloquial speech of peasants and urban residents. It can be said that the richness of the Russian language was not realized and not used by the educated part of the then Russian society. Remember, for example, Pushkin's Tatyana, who1:

... didn’t know Russian well,

Didn't read our magazines

And expressed with difficulty

In your native language.

Pushkin's innovation was especially clearly manifested in the central work of his work, the novel in verse "Eugene Onegin". The poet describes the life of people as it is. Here Eugene begins to settle in the estate of the late uncle:

He settled in that peace,

Where is the village old-timer

For forty years I quarreled with the housekeeper,

He looked out the window and crushed flies.

But Tatyana meets with relatives:

“How Tanya has grown! How long ago

I think I baptized you?

And so I took it!

So, Pushkin's contribution to the formation of the modern literary language is to involve colloquial speech in literary works, to simplify the syntax, to strive for the accuracy of word usage and the expediency of choosing a word, as well as to use the entire richness of the language to achieve communicative and aesthetic goals.

2. Orthoepy and accentology of the Russian literary language

Orthoepy (from the Greek orthos - “correct” and epos - “speech”) is the science of correct literary pronunciation1.

Orthoepic norms are the rules for pronouncing vowels and consonants.

The pronunciation norms of the modern Russian literary language have evolved over the centuries, changing. Moscow and subsequently St. Petersburg were the capitals of the Russian state, the centers of the economic, political and cultural life of Russia, therefore it turned out that the Moscow pronunciation was taken as the basis for the literary pronunciation, on which some features of the St.

For successful mastering of orthoepic norms it is necessary:

) learn the basic rules of Russian literary pronunciation;

) learn to listen to your own speech and the speech of others;

) listen and study the exemplary literary pronunciation, which radio and television announcers, masters of the artistic word must master;

) consciously compare your pronunciation with the exemplary one, analyze your mistakes and shortcomings;

) correct mistakes by constant speech training in preparation for public speaking.

) incomplete (colloquial colloquial), which is common in everyday communication.

The complete style is characterized by:

) compliance with the requirements of orthoepic norms;

) clarity and distinctness of pronunciation;

) correct arrangement of verbal and logical stress;

) at a moderate pace;

) correct speech pauses;

) neutral intonation.

With an incomplete pronunciation style, there is 1:

) excessive abbreviation of words, loss of consonants and whole syllables, for example: right now (now), a thousand (one thousand), a kilogram of a tomato (kilograms of tomatoes), etc .;

) fuzzy pronunciation of individual sounds and combinations;

) inconsistent pace of speech, unwanted pauses.

If in everyday speech these features of pronunciation are acceptable, then in public speaking they must be avoided.

Accentology (from lat. accentus - “stress” and gr. logos - “word, concept, teaching”)2 is a section of linguistics that studies the stress system of a language.

Accentological norms of the Russian literary language are the rules for placing stress in words.

word stress- this is the selection of one of the syllables of a non-single word. The stressed vowel in a syllable is distinguished by greater duration, strength and tone movement.

3. Orthoepic and accentological norms of literary pronunciation to be followed

In Russian, the main norm for the pronunciation of vowels is reduction - the weakening of the sound of unstressed vowels. Stressed vowels are pronounced with full articulation, unstressed - with weakened, less clear and long than stressed ones. Moreover, the farther the sound is from the stressed syllable, the weaker this sound.

The vowels [o] and [a] in the first pre-stressed syllable are pronounced as weakened [^]: ravine, castle. In other unstressed syllables, this is a very short obscure sound, close at the same time to [a] and [s]. Conventionally, it is denoted by [b]: g[b]l[^]va, d[b]p[^]goy. In some dialects in place [b] one can clearly hear [s], in others [a], such features of speech are called, respectively, yak and akan.

The pronunciation [o] in unstressed syllables is typical for some foreign words: oasis, poet, radio, cocoa, surnames Voltaire, Flaubert, Shope

The vowels e and i in the first pre-stressed syllable denote a sound that is middle between [i] and [e]: straight, log.

The main laws of pronunciation of consonants are stunning and assimilation. We have already given examples of stunning. Here are a few more: pillar, pilaf, cottage cheese. In words ending with the letter r, sometimes you can hear the sound [x]: smo [x] (instead of smo [k]). This is mistake. The only word in which such a stun option is literary is God. The use of the fricative [x] will also be the norm, for example, in the phrase “Be afraid of Bo[x] a!”. The pronunciation of [g] in the word [g] Lord is also correct. Sound [x] is in Greek, it was also in Old Church Slavonic, and in Russian it was supplanted by explosive [r], preserved only in a few words of Christian themes.

Stunning is also noted in the middle of a word, before a deaf consonant: lo [sh] ka, ry [n] ka. And before the voiced consonants, the deaf ones are also pronounced loudly: to do, to give. This phenomenon is called assimilation. Before [l], [m], [n], [r], [c] there is no assimilation. Words are pronounced the way they are written.

You should pay attention to the combination of ch, since mistakes are often made when pronouncing it. In the words absentee, eternal, careless, the pronunciation of this combination does not cause difficulties. But, for example, in the word bakery, options are already possible: [ch] or [shn]. In accordance with the norms of the Russian language, the double pronunciation of ch in words is permissible: milky, decent. In the words diner, creamy pronunciation [shn] is obsolete. But in many words it remains the only possible one: mustard plaster, of course, scrambled eggs, birdhouse, in patronymics Ilyinichna, Fominichna, etc.

Difficulties are often caused by the pronunciation of hard or soft consonants before e in loanwords. If the words have long been mastered by the Russian language, then, as a rule, the consonants before e are pronounced softly: museum, overcoat, rector, theory. But sometimes the hardness of consonants is preserved: plug, square, model, dumping, energy. A short list of such words is given in the textbook "Russian language and culture of speech", published in our academy. The word manager is so often used in modern Russian that the old norm [mene]dzher is gradually giving way to the new [mane]dzher.

A common orthoepic error is associated with the indistinguishability of the letters e and e in writing. Remember: scam, guardianship, bigamy, but bigamy; mockery, nonsense.

And in the word bile, both options are acceptable. The norms of orthoepy are adjoined by accentological norms - the rules for setting stress.

Stress in Russian is free. It can fall on any syllable, which is different from the stress in some other languages, such as French or Polish. In addition, the stress in Russian can be mobile, that is, move to different forms one word: for example, Order - OrderA.

Thanks to freedom and mobility, stress can perform a semantic function (distinguish words and word forms).

For example: book (cover with armor) - book (assign to someone);

drive (from the verb to lead, for example, to the police) - drive ( technical device);

These same characteristics of Russian stress lead to the fact that sometimes we find it difficult to choose the correct pronunciation. This is especially true for words that we use infrequently: sparkle or sparkle? white or white? girlish or girlish? (In these words, both options are valid.) Such words are called accent options. The difficulty of using accent variants lies in the fact that there are no uniform rules for their use. In some cases, both options exist within the literary pronunciation: barge and barge, fonts and fonts, poor and poor, aggravate and aggravate. In other cases, there is one preferred option, and the other belongs to a limited area of ​​\u200b\u200buse. For example, in the following words, the first option is common, and the second is obsolete: bills - bills, combiner - combiner, ChristianIn - Christianin,

Previously, these options were also the norm, you can hear them in the speech of older people, but today they are no longer relevant and are falling into disuse. And in the next group of words, on the contrary, the second accent variant exists in colloquial speech. This option has never been the norm, but perhaps someday, under the influence of most speakers, it will become it: hunk - hunk, camphor - camphor, keta - keta. It happens that one of the accent options becomes a part of professional speech. Many have heard a line from a song about sailors: “We are not talking about a compass, but a compass ...”. Here are more examples:

complex - complex (math.) 1, diopter - diopter (med.) 2, fingerprinting - fingerprinting (forensic), report - report (in the speech of sailors), foil - foil (eng., military).

In dictionaries, such variants are accompanied by special marks, by which you can understand whether the word is normative or obsolete, or colloquial, or used only in certain professional circles. But still, most words have a clearly defined stress rate, and if invalid options are given in the dictionaries, they carry the prohibitive mark not. sounding (not sounding and not sounding), pullOver (not pullover).

They often make mistakes in the words sorrel, tunica, mulberry, seal (do not seal) ( correct option participles - sealed), rinsed.

In participles and adjectives, often an accentological mistake is adjacent to the indistinguishability of e and e. In the following words, ё is written and, naturally, the corresponding sound is stressed:

longhaired

newborn

convicted

offered

The current state of the Russian accent system is characterized by:

) strengthening the grammatical function of stress, as a result of which there is a clearer opposition of the grammatical forms of the word (r.p.s.

) fixing outdated accent options for stable combinations of words and phraseological turns (in the morning, on the forehead).

) in some cases, the stress performs a semantic function (happily - happily, castle - castle).

In order to avoid mistakes in setting the stress, it is necessary to know not only the norm, but also the types of its variants. Three cases of correlation of accentological variants are possible:

only one option is the norm, the rest are prohibited (document, Ukrainian),

one option is the norm, the second option is acceptable (cottage cheese and cottage cheese, cooking and cooking),

both options are equal (salmon and salmon).

In many nouns, the stress is fixed in all forms, it can be fixed either on the base or on the ending (bant, tulle, ski track, bench). There are five groups of nouns with mobile stress:

) the accent from the stem in the singular moves to the ending in the plural for masculine nouns, which in the form plural have endings

and / s, -a / i (ball - balls, poplar - poplar);

) the stress from the ending in the singular moves to the stem in the plural for feminine nouns on -a / ya and the neuter gender on -o (goat - goats, window - Windows);

) the stress from the stem in the singular moves to the ending in the oblique plural of feminine and masculine nouns ending in a soft consonant (horse - horse, dove - pigeons);

) the stress from the ending in the singular moves to the stem in three plural cases (nominative, genitive, accusative) for feminine nouns on -a / ya (wave - waves);

) the stress moves from the ending in the singular to the stem in the accusative case of the singular, in the plural there is no stable pattern of stress movement (cheekA - cheek).

In adjectives, the stress is the least stable in short forms. In most adjectives, the stress in the short form falls on the same syllable as in the full form (golden - golden, trouble-free - trouble-free). Mobile stress is characteristic of adjectives with monosyllabic stems (white - white, white, important - important, important). The short form of the plural is stressed depending on the ratio of the short forms of the feminine and the neuter. If the stress coincides in these forms, then it is also preserved in the plural (bogAta, bogAto - bogAty). If these forms are stressed on different syllables, then in the plural the stress is placed according to the model of the neuter form (pale, pale - pale).

The stress in the forms of the comparative degree is determined by the short form of the feminine gender. If in this form the stress falls on the ending, then in the form of a comparative degree it appears on the suffix -ee (visible - more visible, needed - needed). If in a short form the stress is on the basis, then in the form of a comparative degree it remains there (beautiful - more beautiful).

The predominant type of stress in verbs is a fixed stress falling on the root or suffix. Some groups of verbs are characterized by mobility of stress in the forms of the present tense (walk - walk). In the past tense, the stress is usually the same as in

infinitive (run - ran, ran). If the form of the infinitive ends in -ch, -sti, the stress in all forms of the past tense (except for the masculine) falls on the ending (vesti - led, led, led).

In the group of verbs with monosyllabic stems, the stress in the past tense moves to the ending in the feminine form (byl - byla, were).

Conclusion

Russian literary language orthoepic

The language norm is the rules for the use of speech means in a certain period of development of the literary language, that is, the rules for pronunciation, word usage, the use of traditionally established grammatical, stylistic and other language tools accepted in social and linguistic practice.

The characteristic features of the norms are relative stability, prevalence, general use, universal validity, compliance with the capabilities of the language system.

The sources of the norm are cultural traditions, the internal properties of the language and the trends of its development, the recognition of the norm by authoritative writers and journalists, the degree of use, prevalence, general use, general obligatoryness. The value of the norm lies in the fact that it ensures the uniformity of the use of a speech unit, restrains language changes and regulates the speech behavior of people.

The culture of speech involves the observance of language norms with varying degrees of obligation.

Orthoepic norms are pronunciation norms of oral speech. They include pronunciation norms and stress norms.

Pronunciation norms determine the choice of acoustic variants of the phoneme. The basic laws of pronunciation of consonants are stunning and assimilation.

Stress norms determine the choice of options for the placement and movement of a stressed syllable among non-stressed ones. The features and functions of stress are studied by a section of linguistics called accentology. Stress in Russian is free, it can fall on any syllable, so it is called heterogeneous.

List of used literature

1.Big orthoepic dictionary of the modern Russian language / / Ed. Kasatkin. - M.: AST-Press, 2012.

.Dobrycheva A.?A. Russian speech culture: textbook. allowance. - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: publishing house of SakhGU, 2013.

.Esakova M.N. Russian language and culture of speech. Norms of the modern Russian literary language: textbook. guide for translators. - M. : FLINTA: Nauka, 2012.

.Kamenskaya O. G., Kan R. A., Strekalova E. T., Zaporozhets M. N. Russian language and culture of speech.: Tutorial for students. - M .: Publishing House of the Togliatti State. un-ta, 2005.

.Russian language and culture of speech: Course of lectures / G.K. Trofimova - M.: Flinta: Science, 2004 - S. 50

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Orthoepy(from the Greek orthos - correct and epos - speech) - a department of linguistics that studies the rules of exemplary pronunciation ( Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language D.N. Ushakov). Orthoepy is the historically established norms of Russian literary pronunciation of individual sounds and sound combinations in the flow of oral speech.

Russian orthoepy is based on the patterns of formation and interaction of individual sounds in the phonetic system of the Russian language. The pronunciation features of the Russian literary language developed by the middle of the 17th century on the basis of the Moscow urban spoken language.

To prepare for the unified state exam there is no need to study in detail all the rules of Russian orthoepy (and educational standards for the Russian language do not require this), so we will only touch on the main of the orthoepic rules. If we talk about the sections of the science of language that are closest to the “orthoepy” section, then phonetics is the closest to orthoepy, but since 2009 tasks on phonetics have been excluded from KIM.

1. As in most languages ​​of the world, vowels in Russian they are divided into stressed and unstressed, and stressed vowels have the most distinct sound and are pronounced with a clear distinction between the corresponding rows and rises. In the unstressed position, there is some reduction in the duration of the sound of vowel sounds and the relief of their acoustic pattern is erased (less clear pronunciation).

Stress in the initial form of words can be dealt with by memorizing them (you need to “read” spelling dictionaries more often), to determine the place of stress in derivative forms of words ( bluna or pancakes) has its own rules:

Most monosyllabic (consisting of one syllable) masculine nouns in oblique cases have stressed endings ( pancake - pancake - pancake, horse - horse - horse¢ etc.), however, in some words in the form of the genitive case of the singular, two variants of stress are possible ( goose¢ And goose, breast¢ And gruzda, wand And wand, rogue And pluta, pond And pond etc.).

For feminine nouns of the 1st declension in most oblique singular forms, the stress falls on the ending ( spring - spring - spring, armor - armor - armor etc.), however, some feminine nouns with endings in -and I in the accusative singular form, they have an accent on the stem ( beard, mountain, board, earth, earth, pora, back, wall, price, cheek etc.), and in a number of words two variants of stress are possible: harrow And harrow, river And river, ketu And kety.

Some 3rd declension nouns when used with prepositions in And on the in the meaning of circumstances are pronounced with an emphasis on the ending ( in a handful, in bone, in blood, at night, in a bond, in the steppe, in the shade, in honor, on the chest, on the stove, on the chain etc.), others suggest two variants of stress ( on the door And on the door, in the cage And in the crate and etc.).

Nouns of the 3rd declension in the genitive plural form can be pronounced either with an accent on the stem or with an accent on the ending, and some of them suggest both variants of the accent (see examples in the table):

The place of stress for nouns of the 3rd declension in the form R.P., pl.

The rule of Russian orthoepy

Orthoepy (from the Greek orthos direct, correct and epos speech) is a set of rules that, unlike spelling, determine the pronunciation norms of oral (sounding) speech and ensure the sound of all language units is uniform and obligatory for all literate native speakers in accordance with the peculiarities of language phonetic systems, as well as uniform (or in the form of strictly regulated variants) pronunciation of certain language units in accordance with the norms of pronunciation for the literary language that have historically developed and entrenched in public language practice.
The rules (norms) of pronunciation in the Russian literary language may refer to the pronunciation of individual sounds in certain phonetic positions, as part of certain combinations of sounds, in different grammatical forms, to the phonetic word and rhythmic structure (correct stress). Thus, for the convenience of the user, the main orthoepic rules of the Russian language can be divided into those that determine the pronunciation of vowel sounds (in different positions in a word, as well as when determining the place of stress) and the pronunciation of consonant sounds (also in different positions in a word, in consonant combinations). , in combination with some vowel sounds, in different grammatical forms). The trend in the field of orthoepy is also the phonetic of foreign words (borrowings) - a process that is constantly intensifying, then fading, depending on the changing degree of intensity of the borrowing process itself. The borrowing language always strives to subordinate borrowings to its orthoepic, spelling and grammatical rules and laws; it is believed that from the degree of "subordination" of foreign borrowing language norms depends on his "mastery" of the given language.

For one reason or another, pronunciation norms can begin to “loose”: fluctuations in pronunciation norms arise, which, if they acquire a mass character, lead to the emergence of variants of the literary norm, and then to the emergence and strengthening of a new pronunciation norm. Orthoepy, along with obligatory pronunciation norms, primarily studies variants of pronunciation norms that coexist in the language at some point in time, when the old (historically determined) pronunciation variant is still actively used along with the new variant. Yes, the combination ch pronounced as [ch] in the words floral, colorful, as [shn] in the words scrambled eggs, boring, and variable pronunciation is allowed (both options - [ch] and [shn] - are correct) in the words bakery, laundry, gingerbread. At the same time, the variant with the pronunciation of this combination as [shn] is currently perceived as obsolete.

The pronunciation norms of the Russian language have developed historically. This was Long procces. Modern Russian literary pronunciation was formed on the basis of the oral speech of Moscow (Moscow vernacular), which reflected the features of northern and southern Russian dialects (dialects).

Modern pronunciation norms developed gradually on the basis of a variant clash of pronunciation in different territorial dialects, in different social groups, and partly in different styles. From a chronological point of view, the difference in pronunciation options can be assessed as "younger" And "old" norm. The following situation is visible here: the new pronunciation replaces the old one, but it may be that both pronunciations coexist in parallel for quite a long time.

Non-compliance with the uniform rules of pronunciation (orthoepic norms) can lead both to the complete impossibility of speech communication, and to its significant difficulty. It is traditionally believed that ignorance of orthoepic rules indicates an insufficiently high cultural level of a person. In addition, the unity of pronunciation norms is also supported by spelling rules (orthographic rules), which thereby ensure adequate perception of the written text.

phonetica.philol.msu.ru

Modern Russian

In general, the current orthoepic norms of the Russian language (and their possible variants) are registered in special dictionaries.

a) rules for the pronunciation of individual sounds (vowels and consonants);

b) rules for pronunciation of combinations of sounds;

c) rules for pronunciation of individual grammatical forms;

d) rules for pronunciation of individual borrowed words.

1 . Pronunciation of vowels is determined by position in prestressed syllables and is based on a phonetic law called reduction. Due to reduction, unstressed vowels are preserved in duration (quantity) and lose their distinct sound (quality). All vowels undergo reduction, but the degree of this reduction is not the same. So, the vowels [y], [s], [and] in an unstressed position retain their main sound, while [a], [o],

[e] qualitatively change. The degree of reduction [a], [o], [e] depends mainly on the place of the syllable in the word, as well as on the nature of the preceding consonant.

but) In the first prestressed syllable the sound [Ù] is pronounced: [in Ù dy ́ / with Ù dy ́ / n Ù zhy ́] . After hissing, [Ù] is pronounced: [ f Ù ra ́ / w Ù ry ́] .

In place [ e ] after hissing [ f ] , [ w ] , [ q ] the sound [ s e ] is pronounced : [ ts e pno ́ į ] , [ zhy e lto ́ k ] .

After soft consonants in place [a], [e], the sound [and e] is pronounced:

[h ٬ u e su ́ / sn ٬ u e la ́].

b ) In other unstressed syllables in place of sounds [o], [a], [e] after solid consonants, the sound [b] is pronounced: [kulk Ù la ́ / ts'h Ù in ́ į /

par ٨ in ́ s] After soft consonants in place of sounds [a], [e] it is pronounced [b]: [p't Ù h'o ́ k / h'm Ù yes ́ n] .

2. Pronunciation of consonants:

a) the norms of literary pronunciation require a positional exchange of paired deaf and voiced in a position in front of the deaf (only deaf) - voiced (only voiced) and at the end of the word (only deaf): [chl'e ́ p] / tr ́ pkъ / pro ́ з 'b ] ;

b) assimilative softening is not necessary, there is a tendency to lose it: [s't'ina ́] and [st'ina ́], [z'd'e ́ s'] and [zd'e ́ s'] .

3. Pronunciation of some combinations of vowels:

a) in pronominal formations what, to – thu pronounced like [pcs]; in pronominal formations like something, mail, nearly the pronunciation [h’t] is preserved;

b) in a number of words of predominantly colloquial origin, [sh] is pronounced in place ch: [k Ù n’e ́ shn / n Ù ro ́ shn] .

In words of book origin, the pronunciation [ch'n] has been preserved: [ml'e ́ h'nyį / in Ù one hundred ́ h'nyį];

c) in the pronunciation of combinations sun, zdn, stn(hello, holiday, private trader) usually there is a reduction or loss of one of the consonants:

4. Pronunciation of sounds in some grammatical forms:

a) pronunciation of the form I.p. unit adjectives without stress: [kra ́ snyį / s'i ́ n'iį] - under the influence of spelling arose - th, - uy; after back-lingual r, k, x ® iy: [t’i ́ x’iį], [m’a ́ xk’iį];

b) pronunciation - sya, - s. Under the influence of spelling, soft pronunciation became the norm: [ n'ch'i e la ́ s ' / n'ch'i e ls'a ́ ] ;

c) pronunciation of verbs in - ive after g, k, x, the pronunciation [g’], [k’], [x’] (under the influence of spelling) became the norm: [vyt’a ́ g’ivt’] .

5. Pronunciation of borrowed words.

In general, the pronunciation of borrowed words is subject to the phonetic system of the Russian language.

However, in some cases there are deviations:

a) the pronunciation of [o] in place of [Ù]: [boa ́ / ote ́ l’ / poe ́ t] , although [ p Ù ma ́ n / [ p Ù ĵ a ́ l’ / pr Ù tse ́ nt] ;

b) is preserved [e] in unstressed syllables: [Ù tel ' ĵ e ́ / d'epr'e ́ s'iįb] ;

c) before [e] g, k, x, l are always softened: [g'e ́ try / k'e ́ ks / b Ù l'e ́ t] .

The pronunciation of borrowed words should be checked in a dictionary.

Speech norms act differently in different styles of pronunciation: in colloquial, in the style of public (bookish) speech, of which the first is implemented in everyday communication, and the second in reports, lectures, etc. The differences between them relate to the degree of reduction of vowels, simplification of consonant clusters (in colloquial style the reduction is more significant, the simplification is more intensive), etc.

1. What is the subject of study of orthoepy?

2. Describe the basic rules for the pronunciation of vowels.

3. Describe the basic rules for the pronunciation of consonants.

4. Indicate the main features and pronunciation variants of certain grammatical forms acceptable by the literary norm.

5. Indicate the features of the pronunciation of some combinations of sounds and doubled consonants.

6. Describe the main features of the pronunciation of vowels and consonants in foreign words.

7. What are the main reasons for the appearance of pronunciation options and violations of the norms of literary pronunciation?

1. Avanesov R. I. Russian literary pronunciation. M., 1972.

2. Avanesov R. I. Russian literary and dialectal phonetics. M., 1974.

3. Gorbachevich K. S. Norms of the modern Russian literary language. M., 1978.

§ 29. Basic rules of Russian orthoepy and their changes.

Classical ("old Moscow") Russian pronunciation determined by the following basic rules.

In the region of vowels, it is obligatory to observe two degrees of reduction of vowels in the form described in § 19.

There are also some grammatical features of Moscow speech, which, according to tradition, are usually considered together with questions of orthoepy. This is, firstly, that verbs with unstressed endings are all conjugated according to the 1st conjugation, that is, in the 3rd person plural, numbers have an ending

ut: , , , as t , , and with the base into soft ones - /*-«/: , , , , , and , . Thirdly, the fact that in the verbal suffix of multiplicity after solid, in particular back-lingual ones, is pronounced [d]: , , . Fourthly, the fact that endings and suffixes with vowels after soft case forms in stressed syllables are aligned according to the pattern of endings with vowels after hard ones: [рѴд] — as in im.-vin. case cf. kind of unit numbers; [rdGt], - as in creative work. case cf. and husband. kind of unit numbers; [gys'dk], [klr 'ё] dk] - as in the genus. case of wives. genus pl. numbers. Fifth, the fact that the reflexive affix of verbs has a solid [s]: , . (For more on these forms, see the Morphology section.)

Such, in in general terms, the classic Russian pronunciation, as it developed to early XIX century and as reflected in the works of A. S. Griboyedov, A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, N. A. Nekrasov.

But already during the 19th century (and not in the post-October period, as is often believed), some new features appeared and accumulated in the Russian pronunciation norm, gradually replacing the old ones, but nevertheless continuing to coexist with them. They arose partly under the influence of the St. Petersburg pronunciation! somewhat more artificial and bookish compared to Moscow I, partly under the influence of vernacular and dialects, but mainly due to the internal development of the literary language system *- These new features are as follows.

In the field of vowel pronunciation, the number is reduced

borrowed^-words from. unstressed [o] and [e]: for example, instead of the old one, [klya 7 * yt] is now pronounced, instead of

If the number of vowels decreases and their positional dependence increases, and, conversely, the number of consonants increases and their positional dependence weakens, it becomes clear that these changes are not accidental.

At the same time, one should not prematurely write off the old Moscow pronunciation to the archive. It was reflected in Russian classical literature, and it should retain the status of a high standard as long as all other features of the language of Krylov and Griboyedov, Pushkin and Lermontov, Nekrasov and Turgenev remain a model.

In conclusion, it should be emphasized once again that the development of the orthoepic norm is primarily and most clearly determined by the internal development of the phonetic system. Any external influences, such as the influence of spelling, are of secondary importance. It is completely unfounded that the widely held opinion is that in the era of universal literacy the leading

Even in this “we repeat” artificial text, there are more cases of discrepancy between the new pronunciation and orthography than cases of convergence (30 versus 25), while in natural texts this preponderance is apparently immeasurably greater, i.e.

We did not say anything about the rules of Russian orthoepy in the area of ​​stress. At first glance, it seems that the Russian language has no rules at all in this area, since the stress can be on any syllable of a word. In reality, of course, this is not the case. All words of the Russian language are distributed according to the so-called accent paradigms - lists of word forms, taking into account the place of stress. Accent paradigms are distinguished within each part of speech and are indicated by Latin letters (sometimes with a digital index). Within each paradigm, the stress behaves in the same way: either it is constantly on the same syllable (as, for example, in the words cow, road, sopoma)\u003e or moves according to a certain rule that operates within this particular paradigm.

From this it is clear that the rules for setting the stress, although they exist, do not lend themselves to any compact presentation, they are formulated very complicated and cumbersome, so that in practice, if you have difficulty in setting the stress, you have to turn to the dictionary every time. It is better to use special orthoepic dictionaries and stress dictionaries, since in dictionaries of other types usually only the “initial”, dictionary form of the word is given ( nominative for inflected words, infinitive for verbs), and difficulties can also arise in the forms of indirect cases, various persons and tenses, etc. For example, in verbs with roots -yes, -nya, -rarely there are errors in the pronunciation of an indefinite form ( except perhaps for the pronunciation common in southern dialects to start instead of start). But in indirect forms, errors are constant, since in this group of verbs the stress moves quite difficult: in the infinitive, real participle, gerund, it is on the root (sell, start, hire; sold, started, hired; having sold, started, nanny'v), in passive communion and in the past tense of the masculine and neuter gender and plural - on the prefix (sold, started, hired; sold, started, hired; sold, started, hired; sold, started, hired), and in the past tense of the feminine gender and in the future tense - at the end (sold, started, hired; they will sell, they will start, they will hire). Orthoepic dictionaries give all forms that are difficult from the point of view of the place of stress.

The intonational features of Russian literary pronunciation are not described with sufficient clarity, so listening to exemplary speech plays an important role in mastering literary intonation, as well as orthoepy in general. The main propagandist of the Russian orthoepic norm is the Maly Theater of Moscow. high speech culture the actors of other leading theaters, the announcers of Moscow television and especially radio are distinguished.

Overcoming dialectal and vernacular features in pronunciation requires a lot of work on oneself, and for its success, one needs, first of all, a psychological attitude, the conviction that mastering the norm of literary pronunciation is the professional duty of everyone who has to teach a language or, for other purposes, communicate with a wide audience.

Matusevich M.I. Modern Russian language: Phonetics. M, 1976. S. 6-7.9-10.

Avanesov R K Russian literary pronunciation. M., 1950 and next. ed.

Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language: Pronunciation. stress. Grammatical Forms / Ed. R. if Avanesova. M., 1983 and next. ed.

Gorbachevich K S Changing the norms of the Russian literary language. L., 1971. S. 41 - 107.

Verbitskaya L. A. Russian orthoepy. L., 1977.

Panov M. V. The history of Russian literary pronunciation of the XIX - XX centuries. M., 2002.

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Orthoepic norms (pronunciation of consonants, stress)

Orthoepic norms (pronunciation of consonants, stress).

Even though I looked in the old days

In the Academic Dictionary.

A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin".

Really, the best remedy successfully cope with task A1 (orthoepic norms) - constantly look into dictionaries, where the correct pronunciation of words is indicated. Look at the page for the correct accents for a few hundred words.

In no case when completing a task not costs lean on the own an experience! Most of the words of the orthoepic minimum in everyday speech we pronounce it wrong!

Orthoepy is a set of rules that determine the pronunciation norms of our speech and ensure the sound of all language units, which is uniform and obligatory for all literate native speakers, in accordance with the peculiarities of the language phonetic system, as well as the uniform pronunciation of language units in accordance with the pronunciation norms that have historically developed and entrenched in language practice. . Orthoepic norm - this is the only possible or preferred option for the correct pronunciation of the word.

Rule.

I. Stress in the initial form of verbs.

1. In verbs ending in I-TH, the suffix -I- is most often stressed