Sewerage slope in a private house - what should be. Minimum, maximum slope of the sewer pipe: optimal calculation

The sewerage system is divided into two parts: internal and external. The internal system consists of outlets (from bathrooms, showers, sinks, toilets), a riser and an outlet from the house. External system - from the pipeline and storage tank or septic tank. The internal pipeline, in turn, can be divided into vertical (risers) and horizontal (branches).

Sewer pipes

The vertical part requires ventilation and protection against clogging. Horizontal sections are called so conditionally, since in practice they are mounted at a certain angle with respect to the horizontal surface.

The rate of slope of sewer pipes - snip 2.0401-85. This document also defines the conditions for installing the system from the exit from the house to the first well, which must be located at least 12 m.

Sewer pipe slope calculation: basic concepts

If the sewer is gravity-flowing, then its efficiency in transporting wastewater due to the laws of gravity depends entirely on the angle of inclination. It is believed that wastewater should move through the pipeline at a speed of 0.7-1 m/s. Only in this case the flow is able to remove solid particles from the system. To keep the flow rate indicator, for each individual diameter, it is required to calculate the slope angle of the sewer pipe.

At first glance, it may seem that the angle should be measured in degrees. But in building codes and reference books on sewerage, this parameter is defined as a decimal fraction. These figures represent the ratio of level reduction to the length of a particular section of pipeline.

For example, on a pipeline section 5 m long, one end is 30 cm lower than the other. In this case, the slope of the sewer pipe will be 0.30/5=0.06.

Formula - determining the maximum, minimum value

The formula for calculating the slope of the sewer pipe

wherein:

V speed of fluid flow (m/s);
H filling pipeline;
d pipe diameter;
K is the calculated slope factor.

To determine the coefficient (slope), you can substitute V \u003d 0.7-1, d is the value of the diameter of a particular section of the pipeline, H \u003d 0.6xd (according to building codes and rules). It turns out that for a pipeline with a diameter of 100 mm per meter, a slope of 2 cm is required, with a diameter of 50 mm - 3 cm per meter.

It can be seen from the formula that the wastewater flow rate directly depends on the angle of inclination (coefficient). For optimal speed you need minimum slope sewer pipe 0.02 and maximum - 0.03. If the roll is less than 0.02, large particles will settle and form a blockage.

If the bank is too large, the speed will increase, which will also lead to the formation of precipitation, since the water will leave too quickly, not having time to carry away the heavy particles of effluent. Increasing the flow rate can also lead to disruption of siphons and constipation.

Required standards in the apartment

When constructing a sewer, there is no need to use a formula for calculations. There is a table that defines the slopes for all taps from plumbing fixtures.

The optimal slope of the sewer pipes in the apartment
device	Drain diameter (mm)	Distance to siphon (cm)	Incline
Bath	40	100-130	0.033
Shower	40	150-170	0,029
Toilet	100	no more than 600	0,05
Sink	40	Up to 80	0,08
Bidet	30-40	70-100	0,05
Washing	30-40	130-150	0,02
Combined drain for bath, sink and shower	50	170-230	0,029
Riser	100
Withdrawal from the riser	65-754

Each section of the sewerage system in the apartment must have a siphon in the form of a device or a bend at the end so that unpleasant odors. To determine the required values, the principle of the golden mean is important - 1.5-2.5 cm per meter. This is quite enough for an apartment or country house. The use of formulas is necessary when building large facilities with a maximum volume of wastewater.

In addition, for domestic sewage, the formula is difficult to use, since there is no constant flow. Here it is better to pay attention to another indicator - the ability to self-clean (remove solid particles).

Since domestic wastewater contains waste with different weights, for heavy components the flow rate is the determining factor, for floating ones it is the filling of the system diameter. When determining the correct slope, it should be borne in mind that it will be different in each individual section.

The slope of the outer and inner parts of the system

In private country house it is necessary to arrange not only internal, but also external sewage. In addition, we need outlets for water, which is formed as a result of melting snow and precipitation in the form of rain. Storm sewers can be installed together with the main system or separately.

The slope of the internal sewer pipe is strikingly different from that of the external system. Tubular products are required for storm drainage large diameter(from 100 mm) and gratings, since various vegetable contaminants will certainly get into this system. The slope of the sewer for storm water should also be greater - 0.05-0.07, but not more than 0.15.

External waste from the house is usually directed to the central sewer or septic tank and is laid underground. The diameter of this pipeline is most often 100-150 mm. The minimum slope is 0.02. Based on this, a trench should be dug. If at earthworks inaccuracies were made, you can correct the situation with a sand cushion.

Any sewage system must provide unobstructed flow to drains and guarantee a high level of self-cleaning. It should certainly be borne in mind that the standards and textbooks indicate averages, so common sense and practicality will never interfere.

It’s impossible to lay pipes according to the “how it goes” principle, because most houses have a gravity drain system. It is capricious: if the slope is insufficient, then the sewer pipes will soon be clogged. And too much sewer slope of 1 meter will increase noise and cause leaks. These problems will entail the need to clean the system, which can be problematic.

Due to the fact that waste water may contain fats, food residues and debris, plaque forms on the inner surface of the pipes, it grows over time. Therefore, the angle of inclination is indicated in centimeters, and not in degrees, as is customary in everyday life. If you also decide to start arranging the sewerage system, you should familiarize yourself with the standards and features of the calculation.

Determining the slope value

The slope of the external sewer in reference books and other specialized literature has the form of a decimal fraction. The ratio of the height of the decline to the length of the drainage system is indicated by the numbers 0.07 and 0.003. These data can be easily converted into units of measurement. In this case, we are talking about 7 cm or 3 mm per meter.

In order to determine the slope of the sewer by 1 meter, it is necessary to multiply the slope by the length of the pipe. As an example, consider a specific case where the length of the pipe will be 5600 mm, and the slope will be 0.07. To determine the slope of the sewer pipe, these two values \u200b\u200bare multiplied, as a result, it will be possible to obtain 392 mm. The most suitable height difference between the end and the beginning of the drainage system will be a value of 39.2 cm.

The main parameters in determining the slope are the length and diameter. But in the design process, many forget that it is necessary to take into account the joints of the drainage system and the number of turns. It is recommended to take into account the number of discharge points and the features of drains. For the washbasin and toilet, they will be different. The slope of the sewerage by 1 meter depends on the diameter of the drainage system. If this value is 50 mm, then one side of the pipe must be lowered by 30 mm per meter.

For an 11 cm pipe, the slope will be 20 mm per meter. With a diameter of 16 cm, the minimum slope will be 0.008 m, which is equal to 8 mm. The calculation can also be carried out for pipes of impressive diameters. This parameter can be 200 mm. In this case, the pipe inclines at each meter by 7 mm.

Slope for internal piping

After studying the sanitary norms and rules, you can understand that the slope of the pipe will depend on its diameter. This should be understood as communications in the apartment. Bathrooms and kitchens use different products, so there are normal and minimum values. Within these limits, you should work. For kitchen sink and sinks, bathtubs, urinals and washbasins, pipes with a diameter of 40 or 50 mm are usually used. For them, the normal slope is 0.035. As for the minimum value, it is equal to 0.025.

The minimum slope of the sewer must also be taken into account when installing the toilet. A 100 mm pipe is used for the branch line. The minimum slope in this case is 0.012, while the normal one is 0.02. To determine the angle of inclination, it is recommended to use a bubble or laser level. The standard of horizontality should not be considered the floor. It is cheaper to purchase a special tool than to redo the sewer system or repair yourself or your neighbors after.

Sanitary norms and rules for external sewer pipes

By looking at the building codes (2.04.03-85), you can find out what are optimal dimensions slope for external pipes. Their diameter will be larger compared to the internal drainage. It is impossible to significantly exceed the recommended values, otherwise the sewage system will not work properly, the pipes will silt up and quickly clog. The maximum sewer slope for a 150 mm pipe is 0.008 m or 0.8 cm per meter of length. If the pipeline has a diameter of 200 mm, then this value will be less, it will be 0.7 cm or 0.007 m.

Conditions may arise when it is not possible to create a normal slope. In this case, the minimum values should be used. For the first case, they are equal to 0.007 m or 0.7 cm. If we are talking about a 200 mm pipe, then they are equal to 0.005 m or 0.5 cm. For each meter, the maximum allowable slope is 15 cm or 0.15 mm.

Sanitary norms and rules for the fullness of sewer pipes

The sewerage system must be equipped in accordance with the rules that determine the fullness of the pipes. To calculate, use the formula K = H / D, in which the letter K means the fullness of the pipe. The letter H determines the height of the level of drains. The diameter of the sewer pipe is D.

The indicator of fullness is equivalent to one if the pipe is filled. For an empty drainage system, the value of K is understood to be zero. The optimal value is in the range from 0.5 to 0.6. This is true if the system is operating normally. The value may vary within these limits, which will depend on the materials in the basis of the products. They differ in the ability to form a boundary layer.

For ceramic or asbestos-cement pipes, the fullness index is 0.6. They are characterized by roughness, which cannot be said about plastic products. The recommended fullness for the latter is 0.5. If these values are met, then the wastewater will pass at a speed equal to 0.7 m/s. This is enough to keep the solid particles in suspension and not settle or stick to the walls.

About sewers

The sewer riser must also be mounted taking into account sanitary norms and rules. When the element moves from a vertical position to a horizontal pipeline, it is not allowed to use a 90 ° bend. The following variations can be applied:

three 30° elbows;
two 45° elbows;
four elbows of 22.5° each.

In each case, the angle of inclination of the system from the riser to the horizontal pipe must be carried out by more than one transition. If this rule is observed, then it will be possible to reduce the turbulence of the flow and eliminate frequent blockages. The sewer riser is equipped according to a different principle, if the wiring is carried out using several plumbing fixtures, the number of which sometimes reaches six.

Sewerage scheme of a private house

Sewerage in a private house, the scheme of which will be described below, should be equipped in accordance with SNiP. Concerning internal system, then its main riser should be installed closer to the wall through which the sewer is brought out. This wall should be located as close as possible to the sewer well, which is located at the lowest point of the site.

The sewerage system provides for a vertical joint, which is usually represented by a 110 mm pipe. Pipes are connected to it, which are connected to plumbing fixtures. For a toilet, these are usually straight sections using 100 mm pipes. There is another scheme that provides for the arrangement of sections with tees, bends and crosses, the diameter can vary from 32 to 80 mm.

As for the external sewage system, it must be connected to the internal pipes without bends and bends. It is better to use plastic products. They are located taking into account the level of freezing of the soil. The pipeline is laid below this line so that the products do not freeze during frost. External sewerage provides for the presence of a well, the volume of which is calculated taking into account the drains.

Sanitary norms and rules

When arranging the described system, SNiP must be used. Sewerage inside at the same time implies the need for a water seal when installing plumbing fixtures. When laying internal networks, cast-iron or polymer pipes are usually used. The diameter of the outlet from the house should not be less than 110 mm. Internal networks are usually equipped with ventilation. Ventilation of networks is provided through the joints; for this, an exhaust part must be located above each of them.

If you decide to do the described work yourself, then you must be guided by SNiP. Sewerage outside must be laid using pipes with a diameter of 150 mm or more. In this case, the depth of the tray is 1.1 m. Wells must be provided for cleaning and maintaining networks. For gravity flow schemes, it is necessary to use asbestos-cement, polymer and ceramic pipes.

You can independently equip a sewerage system in a private house, the scheme of this system may suggest the presence of a treatment plant. It is an integral part of the autonomous sewage system. Among the main treatment facilities should be highlighted:

storage septic tank;
cleaning type septic tanks;
stations for deep biological treatment or aeration tanks.

Conclusion

A sewer slope of 1 meter must be observed. This was discussed above. If the slope angle is made too large, then the gravity system will not be able to work correctly. Deposits of fats and other substances will occur on the walls of the pipes. If you make the slope too high, you will have a system that cannot function correctly. The liquid will effectively go outside, but the solids will remain inside.

The calculation and installation of sewerage are carried out in compliance with the necessary standards. Only in this way will you get an efficient and durable system. It is especially important to observe the slope of the sewer pipe when installing a gravity system (this is the option for removing wastewater that is used in an apartment and a private house). This parameter depends on the diameter and length of the sewer. It is selected in accordance with SNiP 2.04.03-85 and 2.04.01-85. Insufficient, as well as excessive, pipe slope can lead to many problems. In our article we will tell you what slope of the internal and external sewerage is needed, how to calculate it and what to look for.

To determine the minimum sewer slope, home craftsmen use the following methods:

In order not to make a calculation, some masters try to make the angle of inclination as large as possible.
Some craftsmen generally miss this moment or make the minimum excess, which is specified in SNiP for pipelines of a different diameter.
To correctly determine the slope of the sewer pipe, you need to make a special calculation, guided by the standards from SNiP and other regulatory documents.

As it may seem, too much slope of the sewer pipeline will help drains to drain faster into the common house system. However, with a very fast flow of effluents, they do not have time to wash away all the solid particles, and they are deposited on the inner surface, forming a blockage. In addition, at high speed, the drains block the entire lumen of the product and cause a breakdown of the water seal in the siphons. As a result, gases from the sewer pass into the room. That is why even the maximum slope of the pipeline is strictly limited by SNiP.

Important: it is forbidden to make the slope of the sewer pipeline more than 150 mm per linear meter.

The lack of slope or the smallest slope of the sewer pipe can lead to silting of the pipeline. Such a system will not be able to be cleaned naturally during the flow of water. As a result, it will regularly become clogged and require repair, which will significantly reduce the life of the entire sewer.

Attention: in order for the sewer to serve you without breakdowns and for as long as possible, it is necessary to make a preliminary calculation taking into account the norms from SNiP, according to which the excess is selected depending on the diameter and length of the pipe.

Purpose

The angle of inclination of the sewer pipe is made when installing the internal and external systems in the apartment and house, because thanks to this you can insure against many problems during the operation of the networks:

If the system becomes silted due to insufficient slope or its absence, then the sewer clearance will narrow, and when a large amount of water is drained, a water hammer will occur, breaking the water seals in the siphons. If there is no water seal in the siphon, unpleasant sewer gases will begin to penetrate into the apartment.
Silting of the main pipeline will lead to the failure of the entire system.
The normative slope of the sewer pipe will protect against breakthroughs and leaks that form in the basement of the house.
If you install cast-iron sewer elements subject to corrosion without tilting, then fistulas and holes may form in the system due to stagnant water.

Important: The inclination of the pipeline is necessary to obtain the optimal speed of movement of wastewater, at which solid particles will be transported to the end point without settling at the bottom of the product. According to the norms of SNiP, the flow rate of wastewater through the system should be 0.7 m / s.

Choosing the optimal value

To calculate the required excess, you need to know the length of the entire pipeline and its purpose. In order not to make a calculation, you can use ready-made tables from SNiP, which gives the standard slope for drain systems from various sanitary appliances:

For draining from the bathroom, elements of 40-50 mm are used. The maximum distance from the drain to the siphon without ventilation is 1 ... 1.3 m. The slope is 1 to 30.
The drain from the shower must be made of pipes 40-50 mm. The maximum distance is -1.5 ... 1.7 m. Excess - 1 to 48.
The drain from the toilet is made from a pipeline measuring 10 cm. The maximum distance is up to 6 m. The slope should be 1 to 20.
Sink: elements with a size of 40-50 mm, distance - 0 ... 0.8 m, excess - 1 to 12.
Bidet: products with a diameter of 30-40 mm, distance - 0.7 ... 1 m, slope - 1 to 20.
Washing: pipeline with a diameter of 30-40 mm, distance - 1.3 ... 1.5 m, excess - 1 to 36.

The combined drain from the sink, shower and bath is made of products with a size of 5 cm. In this case, the maximum distance should be no more than 1.7 ... 2.3 m, and the slope should be 1 to 48.
The optimal and minimum slope for pipes of a certain diameter connected to specific devices is also normalized:

A pipeline with a diameter of 4-5 cm coming from the sink can have a minimum slope of 0.025 ppm, and 0.35 ppm is considered optimal.
Products with a cross section of 10 cm, coming from the toilet, should have a minimum slope of 0.012, and the optimal one - 0.02.
Elements with a size of 5 cm, laid from the sink, may have a minimum excess of 0.025, and the optimal value is 0.035.
Pipes with a cross section of 4-5 cm are laid from the washbasin and bathroom with a minimum slope of 0.025 and an optimal slope of 0.035.

Excess per running meter

As a rule, the sewerage slope per 1 meter according to SNiP is determined not in degrees, but in a value that is expressed as the ratio of the excess of one end of the pipeline over the other to a linear meter of length.

So that you know what pipe slope to make per linear meter, you can use the following data:

For elements with a cross section of 50 mm, the minimum value is 0.03 ppm, that is, one edge of a meter product must be 30 mm higher than the second.
A pipeline with a diameter of 110 mm must have an excess of 0.02. This means that one edge is 20 mm higher than the other with a length of 1 meter.
The 160 mm piping must have a minimum slope of 0.008 ppm. This means that the excess of the meter section is 8 mm.
Elements with a size of 200 mm should have an excess of 0.007 ppm, that is, one end of a meter segment is 7 mm higher than the other.

Important: the larger the diameter of the pipeline, the lower the excess value.

To calculate the slope of a sewer pipeline of a certain length, it is necessary to multiply the minimum slope, which is determined taking into account the section of the element, by its total length. For example, the beginning of an element with a diameter of 110 mm and a length of 10 m should be 20 cm higher than the end, since 10 m x 0.02 (minimum slope for a 110 mm pipeline) = 0.2 meters or 20 cm.

Outdoor networks

When determining the sewer slope in a private house, one should not forget about the external network, which must be mounted with a slope to remove wastewater by gravity. Usually, for laying external networks, products of a larger diameter are used than inside the house. When determining the slope, they are guided by the following standards:

If elements with a diameter of 150 mm are laid, then the recommended slope is 0.008 ppm. If for some reason it is not possible to observe such an excess, then it can be reduced to a value of 0.007.
In the case of laying a pipeline with a cross section of 200 mm, the minimum excess should be 0.007 ppm. It can be reduced if necessary to 0.005.

The indicator of the maximum slope of the external pipeline is also normalized. For elements of any diameter, it cannot be more than 0.15, that is, an excess of no more than 15 cm. With a large slope, the system will not be able to function correctly, as blockages will form.

Occupancy calculation

When performing the calculation, the filling of the pipeline is necessarily found. This value will help determine the flow rate, which is very important for finding the optimal excess at which the system can operate efficiently.

Important: to determine the filling level, the water level in the pipe must be divided by the diameter of the pipeline. The minimum occupancy according to the norms is 0.3, and the maximum is 1.

Having received the level of calculated filling, it is necessary to use a verification formula, that is, to compare the obtained value with the coefficient of optimal filling for elements from certain materials:

for plastic and glass products it is 0.5;
for systems made of cast iron, asbestos cement and ceramics, this value is 0.6.

For comparison, the square root is taken from the calculated value and multiplied by the minimum flow rate, which is 0.7 m/s. The resulting number must be compared with the optimal filling capacity of the system (based on the material). It must be greater than or equal to it.

Over the years of designing water supply and sewerage networks, you communicate with many people: with customers, architects, designers, installers, designers of other sections. And the most frequently asked professional question is:

- With what slope should the sewerage be laid?
Of course, the answer to this question must be justified. Well, it is best to look for the basis in the regulatory documentation. Inside buildings, pipes of small diameters are almost always used; we will use SNiP for internal networks.
Clause 18.2 of SNiP 2.04.01-85 * "Internal water supply and sewerage of buildings" says:

"... non-calculated sections of pipelines with a diameter of 40-50 mm should be laid with a slope of 0.03, and with a diameter of 85 and 100 mm - with a slope of 0.02."

For external sewerage, larger pipe diameters are used and they have their own standards. Paragraph 2.41 of SNiP 2.04.03-85 “Sewerage. External networks and structures" says the following:

"The smallest slopes of pipelines for all sewerage systems should be taken for pipes with diameters: 150 mm - 0.008, 200 mm - 0.007."

Well, clearly:

Usually, after silently listening to lines from SNiP on the phone, installers ask the second most frequent question:

- Well, if you really need to make the slope less?
Well, in SNiP there are several reservations on this topic. Regarding the internal water supply, we are talking about "unaccounted sections" of pipelines. In the same paragraph 18.2 of SNiP 2.04.01-85 * there is a formula:

“Calculation of sewer pipelines should be made by assigning the speed of fluid movement V, m/s, and filling H/d in such a way that the condition

here K = 0.5 - for pipelines made of plastic and glass pipes;

TO= 0.6 - for pipelines made of other materials

At the same time, the velocity of the liquid must be at least 0.7 m / s, and the filling of the pipelines must be at least 0.3. "That is, theoretically, if you calculate the flow rate of effluents, then filling and, by checking the speed of effluents, you can get some other result.
You can also use the fundamental work of Lukinykh A.A. and Lukinykh N.A. “Tables for the hydraulic calculation of sewer pipelines and siphons according to the formula of A.A. Pavlovsky". By the way, these tables are also suitable for external sewer networks with their large diameters.
However, for pipes 150-200 mm for external sewerage networks in SNiP 2.04.03-85 there is a direct clause:

"Depending on local conditions, with appropriate justification for individual sections of the network, it is allowed to accept slopes for pipes with diameters: 200 mm - 0.005, 150 mm - 0.007."

That is, having the justification “very necessary” and a great desire, you can save as much as 2 millimeters of slope per meter for pipes with a diameter of 200 mm.
Do not forget that, in addition to the minimum slope, there is also a maximum slope for laying sewer pipes. According to clause 18.3 of SNiP 2.04.01-85*

"The largest slope of pipelines should not exceed 0.15 (with the exception of branches from devices up to 1.5 m long)".

That is, a slope of 15 centimeters per meter. If this angle is exceeded during laying, then silting of the sewer pipeline is possible. Or, more simply, the water will quickly leave, and everything else will remain.
Keep the rules, Lord.

More useful information:

In most cases, sewers are made gravity-fed. This means that all drains leave on their own, under the influence of gravitational forces. But in order for them to move, the pipes must not be laid evenly, but with a slope, and with a certain one. What should be the slope of the sewer pipes and we will talk further.

What is the slope of the sewer pipe for?

Everyone has probably heard that sewer pipes must be laid with a slope, and even with a certain building codes- SNiP. Why exactly? Because it is necessary that the speed of movement of wastewater through the pipes be such that water and solid particles move together.

At self-laying or repairing an existing sewer, I often make two mistakes:

What should be the slope

How to understand what a pipe slope is? In SNiP, it is written in fractions - in the form of decimal dobies. It looks like this: 0.03 or 0.008. The numbers are deciphered as follows: this is the height difference between the two ends of a meter-long piece of a laid sewer pipe. The number 0.03 means that one end of the meter pipe is raised by 3 cm. Accordingly, the number 0.008 indicates that one end is raised by 0.8 cm or 8 mm.

The pipeline is usually much longer than one meter. You can calculate how much one end of it should be higher than the other by multiplying the selected slope by the length of the pipeline. For example, we will lay a sewer with a slope of 3 cm / m, its length is 25 m. This means that its far end will be lowered by 3 cm * 25 m = 75 cm.

Dependence on pipe diameter

Sewer systems are divided into internal - mounted in an apartment or house, and external - which are laid on the street. In both cases, it is necessary to maintain the required slope of the sewer pipe. When they say so, they mean the indicator recommended by sanitary standards. It depends on the diameter of the pipes used: the smaller the cross section, the greater the slope must be given.

Sewer pipe diameter	Normal slope	The smallest allowable
50 mm	0.035 (3.5 cm)	0.025 (2.5 cm)
100 mm	0.02 (2 cm)	0.012 (1.2 cm)
150 mm	0.01 (1 cm)	0.07 (7mm)
200 mm	0.008 (0.8 cm)	0.005 (0.5 cm)

The table shows the slope of the sewer pipe, which will ensure the normal operation of the system. If for some reason it is not possible to make the required angle of inclination (it happens in areas with complex terrain), you can reduce the slope angle to the specified boundary norm. The chance of getting problems increases, but not by much.

What to do if the slope is more than required

Sometimes it is not possible to make the required slope - there are different conditions. In this case, there are two solutions:

The first option is cheaper in the device, but it involves frequent blockages in the pipes. Of course, with intensive use of sewage ( a large number of water), there may not be any problems, everything can work without problems. But this is rather an exception. By the way, when using plastic pipes the likelihood of blockages becomes lower - they have smooth walls, on which precipitation rarely forms. The second option is more expensive and time consuming, but it guarantees the system's performance.

How to maintain the required slope

Determining the slope of the sewer is not enough. It still needs to be held while laying. Most convenient option- the presence of a special level with a goniometer. If professional equipment no, you have to be smart.

There are ways to control the angle of the sewer pipe using the usual level:

Having drawn a line on the wall with the desired slope, apply a building level to it, make a mark on the plastic in the place where the edge of the bubble is located. When placing the tubes, arrange them so that the bubble is in the desired position.
If you take a meter level, you can attach a lining of the required width on one side. In short sections, this method does not work, but it is convenient to expose an extended pipeline.

Internal sewerage

When laying the pipeline, it is necessary to maintain a given slope, to prevent deflections and sagging. By the way, when laying outlet pipes from different plumbing fixtures, it is required to withstand different slopes (see photo below).

When laying an internal pipeline, you can draw the required slopes on the wall, and put pipes along them. You should not focus on the floor level, it is better to beat off the horizontal line. It is easier to do this if you have a level, if it is not, you can use a bubble level. After that, having calculated the required difference (described above), you “lift up” the far end. Once again check the accuracy of the calculations and the applied lines. After you can proceed with the installation.

In bathrooms and toilets, the required level is usually laid out with a thick sand-cement mortar. Anyway, then the pipe gets off - a drywall box is placed, on which the tiles are then glued. More modern version- laying pipes in a strobe is not available to everyone - in panel houses no wall thickness. When laying sewer pipes from the kitchen, stands and wedges are more often used. After the pipeline laid with the required slope is fixed to the walls with the help of special holders. They are installed in increments of no more than 40 cm.

Advice! When installing, turn the sewer sockets against the flow. So less likely to get leaky joints.

Outdoor sewerage

Sewerage on the site is laid in trenches. When laying the track, try to make it as straight as possible. Any turns are a potential site for clogging. If you can’t do without turns, install a tee next to it, bring the pipe out just above the ground level and plug it with an airtight lid. This will be the right decision - you can quickly and without problems clean the traffic jams.

When laying an external sewer, they dig a trench with a flat bottom. The depth of the trench - 20 cm more than necessary - is a place for a sand cushion. With a small length and a small drop, the bottom can be left as it is - even. If the difference is large, you will have to form a slope. At this stage, there is no need to maintain the slope too much - do it approximately. Then the bottom is leveled, all stones and roots are removed, the pits are compared, compacted. There should be an even solid base.

Sand is poured onto the leveled bottom. It must be poured in layers of 5 cm, leveled, compacted (spill with plenty of water). Having laid 4 layers in layers, we get a pillow of 20 cm. Pipes are laid in the sand, forming a given slope. The slope can be checked with a long building level (1.5-2 meters or more). If this is not the case, you can attach a bubble level to a long even rail (beam) in the middle with adhesive tape. This way you can achieve the minimum error.

After the pipe is laid and its slope is checked, it is covered with sand. It should close it almost halfway. The sand is carefully leveled and spilled. After that, the pipe is 1/3 covered with dense sand (it is possible that the level is higher). Then you can fill it with soil.