fire retardant materials. Basalt fire retardant material Universal refractory insulation expanded clay: application

In the climate in which we live, the issues of thermal insulation and insulation of premises will always be relevant. To do this, manufacturers are developing a variety of different different types heaters that can be found in stores. They are made from various materials and have distinctive properties. Each of them has its pros and cons. One of the main indicators of an insulating material is its ability to ignite.

Heat-resistant insulation: varieties of material

Heat-resistant non-combustible thermal insulation materials have the widest range of applications. They are used in the installation of ceilings, walls, roofs, ventilation and pipelines. It is also not replaceable in the construction of baths and saunas. However, not all insulating materials can be equally applied to all objects. There are preferred application features.

Types of non-combustible heaters:

1. Basalt mineral wool. Fire-resistant fibrous soundproofing material, which is obtained by melting mixtures of metallurgy waste. It is not only incapable of burning, but also does not undergo any changes under the influence of high temperatures. To date, this material is most actively used for insulation of ceilings, houses, facades, and other building elements. However, when choosing, pay attention Special attention on the cost of cotton wool - cheap varieties have lower fire safety rates. This material is environmentally friendly and safe for health.
2. Foamed glass. A material that consists of tiny cells. It is made from cullet glass. The low flammability of the insulation allows it to be used on any operating units.
3. Glass wool. This material also does not burn and at the same time has a reasonable price. It is also made from cullet. However, it has disadvantages, which include danger to humans if the production technology is not followed. However, cotton wool has strength, heat resistance and hygroscopicity, much greater than its basalt counterpart.
4. Perlite. This material is widely used in construction. It has excellent "fluidity", perfectly fills the voids of the masonry. It is not subject to corrosion and decay, and cockroaches, ants, and other insects start up.

It should be noted that for each purpose of application, it is necessary to choose a certain non-combustible insulation. This also determines the form of release of this building material. In terms of shape and structure, it can be foil material, backfill, blocks, wadding, mats, rolls, mats, slabs, as well as liquid.

Refractory thermal insulation: material oxygen index

The oxygen index of the insulation is the degree of fire safety of the material, showing the minimum amount of oxygen per unit volume of the insulation.

The oxygen index has several flammability thresholds:

• 40% - high level, polymers of a composite sample;
• 31% - cellular and fibrous and non-combustible heaters;
• 20% - building materials that burn well in the air.

When choosing a heater for your needs, first of all, you need to pay attention to this indicator.

Expanded clay universal refractory insulation: application

Expanded clay, as a non-combustible heat insulator, has a huge advantage over other materials, and it can be used in any construction work, including during the installation of fire hazardous objects. It has long been widely used in the construction of factory furnaces. And only it was used before modern mineral wool insulation appeared on the market.

Expanded clay application:

• They are used as an underlying base when constructing a blind area made of concrete;
• Lay as an insulating layer for floors on the first floors of multi-storey buildings;
• When arranging attic floors;

When erecting roofs on especially large construction sites, such as buildings of industrial workshops, supermarkets, social and cultural institutions, a layer of expanded clay is poured as a heater before arranging the screed and roof.

Rigid insulation for walls and ceilings

Each building material has its pros and cons. But then what, and even non-combustible, to choose for the walls?

One of the most important characteristics thermal insulation material is an indicator of thermal conductivity. The lower it is, the better. It is for this factor that it is worth choosing an insulating coating for walls in the first place. However, it must be remembered that only 20% of heat loss falls on the walls. In this regard, in order to achieve the desired effect, it will be necessary to insulate the rest of the house.

Experts say that it is most effective to insulate the house from the outside. To do this, it is important to know such a material's ability as vapor impermeability. It is also necessary to pay attention to how the material resists environmental influences. If you want to insulate the house from the inside, then you should pay attention to the environmental safety of the material, as well as the absence of toxic substances in its composition.

In private construction, non-combustible insulation is used during the installation of the following objects:

• flue;
• Ceiling;
• wooden houses;
• Cars;
• Sauna;
• Baths;
• Fireplaces;
• Kotlov.

In addition, this type of insulation is used in the construction of garages.

Non-combustible thermal insulation materials: the principle of choice

Considering that there is a market a large number of heat-resistant and insulating materials, it is usually difficult for a person to figure out what kind of material is better to purchase for carrying out certain installation work. To do right choice, you need to decide on the type of work and find out which heat-resistant insulation is suitable for it.

The price will be important in making your choice. You should know that the quality of the material directly depends on the price and vice versa. The more requirements we meet the material, the more expensive it will cost.

Properties that a non-combustible material must comply with:

• Heat resistance
• Heat resistance (high temperature indicator);
• moisture resistance;
• fire resistance;
• Vapor barrier;
• Waterproofing.

All these qualities must be present in the right insulation, which will not require replacement in the near future and will give the desired effect.

Types of non-combustible heaters (video)

Non-combustible insulation makes it possible not only to protect the microclimate of the house from heat exchange with cold outdoor air. It also provides him with security as protection against fire and fire, the likelihood of which is minimized. fire resistant modern materials can be used in the construction of any buildings, whether industrial facilities or residential premises.

Peat thermal insulation products are produced in the form of 1000x500x30 mm slabs, segments and shells to enhance the thermal resistance of brick, cinder-concrete and stone walls, for thermal insulation of pipelines, the temperature of which does not exceed 100 ° C, as well as for thermal insulation of refrigerators. Peat slabs are moisture-absorbing and combustible, the ignition temperature is 160°C, so they must be protected from direct exposure to moisture and fire. The bulk density of peat slabs averages 170 kg/m 3 and water-resistant slabs 220 kg/m3, bending strength is not less than 3 kg/cm 2 , thermal conductivity coefficient is 0.05 kcal/mhgrad.

The raw material for the manufacture of peat slabs is a young homogeneous peat with a pronounced fibrous structure, consisting of mosses and medium. The degree of decomposition of these mosses must not exceed 12% and must be at least 5%. Peat is mined in quarries mainly by excavators.

Peat heat-insulating boards are produced mainly by the wet method. To do this, lump peat is crushed into crumbs on the so-called dragging machine, which is a toothed roller (one of the rollers rotates at a speed of 60 rpm, the second - 300 rpm). Crushed peat in a dragging machine enters the cooking vats to obtain hydromass, consisting of 5-6% dry fiber and 94-95% water. This hydromass in vats is heated with live steam to 60-65 ° C and mixed or impregnated with some chemical reagents (sodium fluoride NaF, ammonium salt, phosphoric acid (NH4) 3PO4, sodium fluorosilicone Na2SiF6, etc.) to increase water and biostability, and also to reduce the flammability of products. The duration of hydromass cooking is on average 20-25 minutes.

Peat slabs of various sizes are made from peat hydromass on presses of various designs. Pressing of plates is made in the metal forms supplied with the corresponding devices for a drain of water. The final moisture content of molded boards is 85-88%.

Subsequently, the plates are dried in dryers of various systems. During drying, excess moisture is removed, colloids in peat become irreversible, and resins released from peat stick together its fibers, which increases the strength and water resistance of products. The maximum temperature of the coolant in the dryer should not exceed 150-160 ° C. The drying time is about 30 hours. Dry products with a moisture content of 12-15% are first kept in a warehouse, and then sorted and processed in a cold way (cut, glued, etc.) to give them the appropriate shape and size.

Reeds are called heat-insulating plates made from reeds, the stems of which are fastened with galvanized steel wire. The dimensions of running reed slabs are: length 2400, 2600 and 2800 mm, width 550, 950, 1150 and 1500 mm and thickness 30, 50, 70 and 100 mm. Bulk density of reed is in the range of 175-250 kg/m 3 . Humidity is on average 18% "and flexural strength is 5 kg / cm 2 (Yu-1 MPa). Depending on the location of the stems, reed slabs can be with a longitudinal and transverse arrangement.

The raw material for the production of reeds is the stems of an annual mature reed with a diameter of 7-15 mm. In addition, products such as reeds can be made from stems of lake reeds, rushes and similar plants that have flexible stems with longitudinal air channels in them.

Stems for obtaining reeds are harvested in the autumn-winter period of the year in such a way that they do not stop the winter in the bud. The slabs are made by mechanized presses, on which the supplied stems are first cut along the length with circular knives, placed in slabs, pressed and stitched in eight rows of 1.6-2 mm diameter piercing steel galvanized wire. Pressed plates can be sent to the consumer for use in filling the frames of the outer walls of low-rise buildings, for the installation of internal partitions and insulation of floors. To reduce the air permeability of the outer reed walls, they are plastered.

Thermal insulation of enclosing structures reduces losses through the floor, walls, ceiling and roof of the house in winter, protects from solar radiation in summer. This energy saving method saves fuel and electricity for space heating and cooling. Safety requirements for building materials oblige to use non-combustible insulation. Fire-resistant properties, in addition to its direct purpose, allow the use of thermal insulation to protect buildings from fire.

The fire resistance of the insulation depends on the physical and chemical properties of the feedstock, the degree of its environmental and fire safety. According to the structure, non-combustible thermal insulation is divided into three types: loose, fibrous and cellular. Thermal conductivity, vapor permeability, density and moisture resistance of the material affect the area of ​​\u200b\u200bits use and laying methods. To choose and buy a heater for country cottage, baths on personal plot, garage or exterior walls of a city apartment, you need to match it specifications, cost and applications.

Description of different types

1. Non-combustible bulk insulation:

• Vermiculite is a foamed crushed volcanic rock with a caliber of 0.25 to 8 mm. Basement and attic floor slabs, flat roofs, voids in walls and building blocks are covered with environmentally friendly, light, non-combustible granules. The thermal conductivity of vermiculite is lower than expanded clay, perlite and mineral wool. The insulation can be laid in a thin layer, which eliminates the high cost of the material. Pressed plates are used for insulation from the inside of the room, they have an aesthetic appearance, are easily processed with ordinary tools, and are fastened with self-tapping screws and staples. The disadvantage is the ability of porous vermiculite to absorb moisture; waterproof films are used to protect it.
• Perlite is thermally expanded pieces of volcanic glass. Light backfilling with grains from 1 to 10 mm is used as a non-combustible insulation for floors, walls, pitched roofs. Fractions up to 1.25 mm in the form of sand and powder are added to the solution for facade plaster and screeds on ceilings. Low thermal conductivity, good vapor permeability, fire retardant properties and reasonable price make it possible to use perlite in large quantities for filling the well masonry of external walls. The porous structure easily absorbs and releases moisture, creating a favorable microclimate in the premises. The disadvantage of perlite is fine dusting, which requires protective equipment during the installation of thermal insulation. On the surface of the floor, the bulk material is covered with a thin layer of cement mortar to form a retaining crust.
• Expanded clay - porous clay granules with a durable smooth shell that do not decompose, do not burn or deform. The size of the fractions affects the density and thermal conductivity of the layer. As a light, refractory insulation for the ceiling and wooden floor, coarse gravel with a diameter of 20 mm or more is chosen. A mixture of medium and fine expanded clay from 5 to 20 mm is poured into a concrete floor screed and into a multilayer coating flat roof. Porous granules are protected from precipitation by vapor and waterproofing films.

2. Fibrous include non-combustible basalt insulation in the form of stitched mats or glued boards. Mineral wool insulation TechnoNIKOL, Parok, Rockwool, which is made from thin threads of molten volcanic rock, has stable elasticity and low thermal conductivity due to the air-saturated structure. Randomly fastened basalt fibers allow steam and air to pass through, do not retain moisture, do not melt with significant heating and serve as an obstacle to the spread of fire. The fire-retardant characteristics of mineral wool allow the use of insulation in baths, wooden structures of houses, garages and workshops with combustible materials.

Long fibers of glass wool are non-combustible types of thermal insulation. Rolled cloth, mats and plates of the Izover, Knauf and Ursa brands are produced using a technology that excludes the presence of sharp fragments and dust. Glass wool with a reflective foil surface is used as insulation for walls and ceilings in baths, saunas, frame house, metal garage. Eco-friendly material does not decompose, does not grow moldy, fungal microorganisms and rodents do not start in it. Universal mats and rolls with high fire resistance are laid between wooden rafters pitched roofs, floor joists and attic floors. Low cost and practicality makes it possible to choose glass wool for insulation of external walls in city apartments.

3. Cellular fire-resistant foam glass insulation has low thermal conductivity, high strength and low density. The foam material does not let water and steam through, does not rot, does not emit harmful substances, and is impregnable for rodents. Foam glass plates are used to insulate the walls and ceilings of basements, facades, plinths, flat roofs and attic floors. The disadvantage of cellular environmentally friendly insulation is the high price, which pays off with a long service life.

Name of insulation	Thermal conductivity, W/m K	Application range, 0 С	Melting point, 0 С	Fire protection efficiency, h
Expanded clay	0,1–0,18	not limited	+1300	1,5
Perlite	0,06–0,11	–200…+900	+980	1,5
Vermiculite	0,048–0,06	–50…+1200	+1350	1,5–4
Foam glass	0,04–0,08	–260…+230	+800	1,5
glass wool	0,03–0,046	–60…+250	+450	1
Basalt wool	0,035–0,039	–70…+600	+700	4

Application methods

Reviews of builders and customers will help you choose and buy non-combustible insulation for a specific house design or for special buildings, such as a bathhouse, garage, workshop. Description of the installation and operation process in various conditions makes it possible to evaluate the positive qualities and disadvantages of thermal insulation. You can check the fire resistance of the material by observing the skin chimneys, fireplaces, stoves with open combustion of fuel.

Loose insulation is more often used to insulate horizontal surfaces of the floor, ceilings, flat roofs. Produce a dry backfill on the vapor barrier from the side warm room and covered with a water-repellent film. Expanded clay, perlite and vermiculite are added to cement mortars and screed to insulate concrete slabs. Loose fireproof insulation increases fire safety frame-type houses and walls with a layer between the brickwork.

Traditional thermal insulation with basalt or glass wool pitched roofs from the side of the residential attic, they are performed between the supporting rafters. Laying does not require additional fastening. In the same way, the attic floors between the lags are insulated. Mineral fiber protects against ignition and rapid spread of fire wooden structures Houses. Plates and canvas with a foil surface are glued with metallized tape to create a continuous heat-resistant barrier.

The refractory coating of the house is provided by slabs and foam glass blocks. Fragility during impacts and significant weight somewhat complicates the installation of the cladding on the facades of the building. But the low thermal conductivity and absolute water resistance of the material have found application in basements and basements.

Rates

Popular fire-resistant thermal insulation is sold at optimal prices from the manufacturer:

Name	Size, mm	Price, rub with VAT		The supplier
		cubic meter	roll/pack
Expanded clay fraction	0–5	3625		Trading House AsboCem
	5–10	2250
	10–40	1350
Fraction Vermiculite	0,16–3	8 600		Rosvermiculite
plate	1200x600x20	60 000
Perlite M75/100 fractions	1–10	1390/1440		Rosevroproduct
Fiberglass:
Izover canvas	5000x1200x100		750	Isolux
Izover with foil canvas	12500x1200x50		1 750
Basalt wool:
TechnoNIKOL plate 6 pcs	1200x600x100		600	Isolux
Rockwool plate 5 pcs	1200x600x100		627
Rockwool foil canvas	5000x1000x50		1 170
Foam glass:
Slabs 50–120 thick	600x450		18 500	Foam glass

Not only reduce the heat exchange of rooms with environment but also ensure the fire safety of buildings. Basalt fire retardant material is used for industrial and domestic buildings of any kind, not excluding baths, steam rooms, chimneys, boilers and the like.

The characteristics and advantages of basalt insulation are explained by the origin of the material, and the choice of insulation modification depends on the conditions of use.

Origin and production of basalt fiber

For the first time basalt fibers were found in the places of volcanic eruptions. Molten rock (basalt itself) falls to the surface of the earth and solidifies, turning into unusually strong fibers.

Subsequently, the found natural material began to be made artificially. For this, the rock is heated up to 1500 degrees. It is then poured into a special blown drum where jets of liquid stone solidify into fibers about 50 millimeters long and about 7 microns thick.

Longer threads are formed using phenol-formaldehyde resin. At the final stage, the resulting fibers are pressed, turning into basalt wool.

The structure of the stone insulating material fully corresponds to the "design" of its prototype - cotton wool: the thermal resistance of the material is provided by the presence of many air bubbles located between the hairs.

Under the general name "mineral wool", together with the material from basalt, falls glass wool, made from molten glass, and slag wool (from blast-furnace slag).

But basalt fire retardant insulation is considered the best. It does not absorb moisture from the air, as its “compatriots” (all other types of mineral wool) do, turning from thermal insulation into a heat conductor.

Compared to slag, basalt material is more environmentally friendly. It is easier to work with it than with glass wool (it pricks your hands less).

Advantages and disadvantages of the material

The advantages of using basalt fiber materials are determined by their properties, including:

• incombustibility (high melting point - 1114 degrees);
• the absence of harmful fumes and smoke when heated to critical temperatures (basalt - a natural stone, and phenol-formaldehyde resin in certified materials is neutralized at the production stage or not used at all);
• vapor permeability (0.3 - 0.6 mg / m * h * Pa);
• hydrophobicity (basalt insulation does not absorb moisture from the air);
• no shrinkage;
• vibration resistance;
• a wide range of densities, increasing the range of applications for fire-retardant material;
• resistance to acid-base environments;
• high strength (plates with a strength of 80 kPa are produced, their deformation during compression does not exceed 10%, such material can be used for insulation from the outside of exploited flat roofs);
• good soundproofing (due to the soft fibrous structure of basalt fiber wool);
• excellent thermal insulation (from 0.034 to 0.048 W / m * C);
• small dead weight and thickness (basalt insulation does not burden the protected structures).

Some advantages under certain conditions look like disadvantages. For example, construction according to European standards is carried out from vapor-tight materials. And for wooden architecture, construction of bricks, foam and aerated concrete, on the contrary, it is important that the vapor permeability of the insulation is higher than the same indicator of the walls.

In addition, hydrophobicity extends only to the moisture contained in the air. If water gets on the surface of rock wool, it will be successfully absorbed.

The same applies to condensate. Therefore, if a dew point is likely to occur, the basalt insulation must be insulated from the side of the wall with a vapor-tight film.

The disadvantages also include high dustiness during operation, poor adhesion to the adhesive and the need to use expensive vapor-permeable paints. In addition, when using cheap material modifications, the release of formaldehyde vapors should be expected.

Applications

Depending on the variety, basalt insulation is used not only to provide thermal insulation for walls, floors, and roofs of buildings. Non-combustible material is indispensable in the formation of a fire belt outside and inside buildings.

A rolled sheet of basalt is wrapped around metal supports, wooden poles, cable channels of industrial buildings, air ducts and communication elements of air conditioning systems.

In the event of a fire, fire and smoke spread throughout the building mainly through ventilation systems penetrating through several rooms. The metal of the air ducts is able to deform and burn out under the influence of high temperatures.

The flame, obeying forced or natural draft, instantly spreads throughout the structure, and this is dangerous for people's lives and the safety of property.

The use of basalt fire protection for air ducts and air conditioning systems helps in the event of a fire to prevent their depressurization and ignition of ceilings at the intersections with ventilation ducts.

Features of using different types of insulation

The use of basalt fiber is recognized as the simplest way to organize a fire barrier, which makes it possible to increase the fire resistance of air ducts up to three hours. Stone fiber is applied by spraying. In this case, a uniform coating is formed on the treated surface.

Only an experienced operator with specialized equipment can work with such complex material. In addition, this method of creating fire protection requires careful surface preparation (cleaning, priming), which ensures high-quality adhesion of the fibrous material and increases labor costs, which is a disadvantage of this method.

A feature of the formation of a fire-retardant barrier of an air duct using basalt mats or slabs is the use of a metal bandage.

The disadvantage of this method is obvious: when the bandage burns out during a fire, the protective layer of the structure is destroyed (falls apart). But in Russia and on the territory of the CIS countries, basalt fire-retardant systems are widespread due to the cheapness and incombustibility of stone wool.

Fire barrier "Bizon" is a basalt fabric of bonded fibers, covered with foil on both sides. This material is made without adhesives and binders.

Thanks to the polished foil, up to 97% of the heat is reflected, which can potentially be transferred to the ventilation ducts in a critical situation (in the event of a fire). Rolled material is supplied in 20 meter lengths, 1 meter wide.

The most effective method of complex refractory protection ventilation systems . This method is a joint use of rubber butylphenol mastics and basalt foil sheets. different thickness. Stages of forming a refractory barrier:

1. processing with mastic (heat resistance 1300°C) of the surface of the air duct and fasteners;
2. wrapping ventilation duct basalt canvas (foil layer outside);
3. mastic processing of basalt canvas;
4. creation of the second layer of basalt canvas.

Installation subtleties

The fire-retardant layer of basalt wool is formed after thorough cleaning, degreasing the surface and subsequent application of a fire-resistant adhesive to it. Glue is applied using standard painting tools (brush and spatula).

The material is cut using standard scissors or a sharp knife.

During all operations with basalt wool, precautions should be taken (protect eyes with goggles, respiratory organs with a mask, and hands with gloves).

After working with such dusty material, the used overalls are thrown away, since it is impossible to clean or wash them. Immediately after applying the adhesive to the structural elements (until the adhesive has hardened), the web is mounted.

The edges of the material at the joints formed during the installation process are fixed with aluminum tape. When cutting the canvas, provide a margin for overlap at the joints of at least 5 centimeters.

It is important to cover all fastening and enclosing elements (studs and brackets) with a basalt sheet. This is the only way to guarantee complete safety of the building. Air ducts do not need further finishing.

Of great importance is the quality control of the seams, the correct choice of materials: basalt fire-retardant fabric of sufficient thickness and glue with suitable characteristics. It is necessary to correctly select the type of surface of the insulating material, each version of which differs in the parameters of thermal conductivity, sound insulation and density.

Varieties and labeling

Insulation rolled basalt fire retardant is produced in several modifications. This is manifested in the marking as follows: the foil material is indicated by the letter “F”, the presence of silicon is indicated by the letter “K”. If the letter “C” is included in the marking, the insulation has a fiberglass lining on one side, if “C2” is on both sides, “CC” is fiberglass. And the designation "MBOR-5" indicates that the basalt insulation is without lining.

Basalt fire retardant roll materials has a thickness of 5 to 16 mm. They can be used at temperatures from -200 to +900 degrees. Density varies from 500 to 1900 g/sq. m - for MBOR. From 600 to 2000gsm m - for insulation with foil, from 625 to 2025 g / sq. m - for basalt fabric with fiberglass.